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<refentry id='pam3'>
<refmeta>
<refentrytitle>pam</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
<refmiscinfo class='setdesc'>Linux-PAM Manual</refmiscinfo>
</refmeta>
<refnamediv id='pam3-name'>
<refname>pam</refname>
<refpurpose>Pluggable Authentication Modules Library</refpurpose>
</refnamediv>
<refsynopsisdiv id='pam3-synopsis'>
<funcsynopsis>
<funcsynopsisinfo>#include <security/pam_appl.h></funcsynopsisinfo>
<funcsynopsisinfo>#include <security/pam_modules.h></funcsynopsisinfo>
<funcsynopsisinfo>#include <security/pam_ext.h></funcsynopsisinfo>
</funcsynopsis>
</refsynopsisdiv>
<refsect1 id='pam3-description'>
<title>DESCRIPTION</title>
<para>
<emphasis remap='B'>PAM</emphasis> is a system of libraries
that handle the authentication tasks of applications (services)
on the system. The library provides a stable general interface
(Application Programming Interface - API) that privilege granting
programs (such as
<citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
</citerefentry> and <citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>)
defer to to perform standard authentication tasks.
</para>
<refsect2 id='pam3-initialization_and_cleanup'>
<title>Initialization and Cleanup</title>
<para>
The
<citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_start</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry> function creates the PAM context and initiates the
PAM transaction. It is the first of the PAM functions that needs to
be called by an application. The transaction state is contained
entirely within the structure identified by this handle, so it is
possible to have multiple transactions in parallel. But it is not
possible to use the same handle for different transactions, a new
one is needed for every new context.
</para>
<para>
The
<citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_end</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry> function terminates the PAM transaction and is the last
function an application should call in the PAM context. Upon return
the handle pamh is no longer valid and all memory associated with it
will be invalid. It can be called at any time to terminate a PAM
transaction.
</para>
</refsect2>
<refsect2 id='pam3-authentication'>
<title>Authentication</title>
<para>
The
<citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_authenticate</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>
function is used to
authenticate the user. The user is required to provide an
authentication token depending upon the authentication service,
usually this is a password, but could also be a finger print.
</para>
<para>
The
<citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_setcred</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>
function manages the user's credentials.
</para>
</refsect2>
<refsect2 id='pam3-account_management'>
<title>Account Management</title>
<para>
The
<citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_acct_mgmt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry> function is used to determine if the user's account is
valid. It checks for authentication token and account expiration and
verifies access restrictions. It is typically called after the user
has been authenticated.
</para>
</refsect2>
<refsect2 id='pam3-password_management'>
<title>Password Management</title>
<para>
The
<citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_chauthtok</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry> function is used to change the authentication token
for a given user on request or because the token has expired.
</para>
</refsect2>
<refsect2 id='pam3-session_management'>
<title>Session Management</title>
<para>
The
<citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_open_session</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry> function sets up a user session for a previously
successful authenticated user. The session should later be terminated
with a call to
<citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_close_session</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>.
</para>
</refsect2>
<refsect2 id='pam3-conversation'>
<title>Conversation</title>
<para>
The PAM library uses an application-defined callback to allow
a direct communication between a loaded module and the application.
This callback is specified by the
<emphasis>struct pam_conv</emphasis> passed to
<citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_start</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry> at the start of the transaction. See
<citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_conv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>
for details.
</para>
</refsect2>
<refsect2 id='pam3-data'>
<title>Data Objects</title>
<para>
The
<citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_set_item</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>
and
<citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_get_item</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>
functions allows applications and PAM service modules to set and
retrieve PAM informations.
</para>
<para>
The
<citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_get_user</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>
function is the preferred method to obtain the username.
</para>
<para>
The
<citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_set_data</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>
and
<citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_get_data</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>
functions allows PAM service modules to set and retrieve free-form
data from one invocation to another.
</para>
</refsect2>
<refsect2 id='pam3-miscellaneous'>
<title>Environment and Error Management</title>
<para>
The
<citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_putenv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>,
<citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_getenv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry> and
<citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_getenvlist</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>
functions are for maintaining a set of private environment variables.
</para>
<para>
The
<citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_strerror</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry> function returns a pointer to a string describing the
given PAM error code.
</para>
</refsect2>
</refsect1>
<refsect1 id='pam3-return_values'>
<title>RETURN VALUES</title>
<para>
The following return codes are known by PAM:
</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>PAM_ABORT</term>
<listitem>
<para>Critical error, immediate abort.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PAM_ACCT_EXPIRED</term>
<listitem>
<para>User account has expired.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PAM_AUTHINFO_UNAVAIL</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Authentication service cannot retrieve authentication info.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PAM_AUTHTOK_DISABLE_AGING</term>
<listitem>
<para>Authentication token aging disabled.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PAM_AUTHTOK_ERR</term>
<listitem>
<para>Authentication token manipulation error.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PAM_AUTHTOK_EXPIRED</term>
<listitem>
<para>Authentication token expired.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PAM_AUTHTOK_LOCK_BUSY</term>
<listitem>
<para>Authentication token lock busy.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PAM_AUTHTOK_RECOVERY_ERR</term>
<listitem>
<para>Authentication information cannot be recovered.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PAM_AUTH_ERR</term>
<listitem>
<para>Authentication failure.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PAM_BUF_ERR</term>
<listitem>
<para>Memory buffer error.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PAM_CONV_ERR</term>
<listitem>
<para>Conversation failure.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PAM_CRED_ERR</term>
<listitem>
<para>Failure setting user credentials.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PAM_CRED_EXPIRED</term>
<listitem>
<para>User credentials expired.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PAM_CRED_INSUFFICIENT</term>
<listitem>
<para>Insufficient credentials to access authentication data.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PAM_CRED_UNAVAIL</term>
<listitem>
<para>Authentication service cannot retrieve user credentials.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PAM_IGNORE</term>
<listitem>
<para>The return value should be ignored by PAM dispatch.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PAM_MAXTRIES</term>
<listitem>
<para>Have exhausted maximum number of retries for service.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PAM_MODULE_UNKNOWN</term>
<listitem>
<para>Module is unknown.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PAM_NEW_AUTHTOK_REQD</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Authentication token is no longer valid; new one required.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PAM_NO_MODULE_DATA</term>
<listitem>
<para>No module specific data is present.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PAM_OPEN_ERR</term>
<listitem>
<para>Failed to load module.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PAM_PERM_DENIED</term>
<listitem>
<para>Permission denied.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PAM_SERVICE_ERR</term>
<listitem>
<para>Error in service module.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PAM_SESSION_ERR</term>
<listitem>
<para>Cannot make/remove an entry for the specified session.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PAM_SUCCESS</term>
<listitem>
<para>Success.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PAM_SYMBOL_ERR</term>
<listitem>
<para>Symbol not found.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PAM_SYSTEM_ERR</term>
<listitem>
<para>System error.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PAM_TRY_AGAIN</term>
<listitem>
<para>Failed preliminary check by password service.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PAM_USER_UNKNOWN</term>
<listitem>
<para>User not known to the underlying authentication module.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
<refsect1 id='see_also'><title>SEE ALSO</title>
<para>
<citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_acct_mgmt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>, <citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_authenticate</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>, <citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_chauthtok</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>, <citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_close_session</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>, <citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_conv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>, <citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_end</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>, <citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_get_data</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>, <citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_getenv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>, <citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_getenvlist</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>, <citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_get_item</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>, <citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_get_user</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>, <citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_open_session</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>, <citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_putenv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>, <citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_set_data</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>, <citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_set_item</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>, <citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_setcred</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>, <citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_start</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>, <citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>pam_strerror</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
</citerefentry>
</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1 id='pam3-notes'><title>NOTES</title>
<para>
The <emphasis>libpam</emphasis> interfaces are only thread-safe if each
thread within the multithreaded application uses its own PAM handle.
</para>
</refsect1>
</refentry>