/*
tests/test_methods_and_attributes.cpp -- constructors, deconstructors, attribute access,
__str__, argument and return value conventions
Copyright (c) 2016 Wenzel Jakob <wenzel.jakob@epfl.ch>
All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
#include "pybind11_tests.h"
#include "constructor_stats.h"
#if !defined(PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_CAST)
template <typename... Args>
using overload_cast_ = pybind11::detail::overload_cast_impl<Args...>;
#endif
class ExampleMandA {
public:
ExampleMandA() { print_default_created(this); }
ExampleMandA(int value) : value(value) { print_created(this, value); }
ExampleMandA(const ExampleMandA &e) : value(e.value) { print_copy_created(this); }
ExampleMandA(ExampleMandA &&e) : value(e.value) { print_move_created(this); }
~ExampleMandA() { print_destroyed(this); }
std::string toString() {
return "ExampleMandA[value=" + std::to_string(value) + "]";
}
void operator=(const ExampleMandA &e) { print_copy_assigned(this); value = e.value; }
void operator=(ExampleMandA &&e) { print_move_assigned(this); value = e.value; }
void add1(ExampleMandA other) { value += other.value; } // passing by value
void add2(ExampleMandA &other) { value += other.value; } // passing by reference
void add3(const ExampleMandA &other) { value += other.value; } // passing by const reference
void add4(ExampleMandA *other) { value += other->value; } // passing by pointer
void add5(const ExampleMandA *other) { value += other->value; } // passing by const pointer
void add6(int other) { value += other; } // passing by value
void add7(int &other) { value += other; } // passing by reference
void add8(const int &other) { value += other; } // passing by const reference
void add9(int *other) { value += *other; } // passing by pointer
void add10(const int *other) { value += *other; } // passing by const pointer
ExampleMandA self1() { return *this; } // return by value
ExampleMandA &self2() { return *this; } // return by reference
const ExampleMandA &self3() { return *this; } // return by const reference
ExampleMandA *self4() { return this; } // return by pointer
const ExampleMandA *self5() { return this; } // return by const pointer
int internal1() { return value; } // return by value
int &internal2() { return value; } // return by reference
const int &internal3() { return value; } // return by const reference
int *internal4() { return &value; } // return by pointer
const int *internal5() { return &value; } // return by const pointer
py::str overloaded() { return "()"; }
py::str overloaded(int) { return "(int)"; }
py::str overloaded(int, float) { return "(int, float)"; }
py::str overloaded(float, int) { return "(float, int)"; }
py::str overloaded(int, int) { return "(int, int)"; }
py::str overloaded(float, float) { return "(float, float)"; }
py::str overloaded(int) const { return "(int) const"; }
py::str overloaded(int, float) const { return "(int, float) const"; }
py::str overloaded(float, int) const { return "(float, int) const"; }
py::str overloaded(int, int) const { return "(int, int) const"; }
py::str overloaded(float, float) const { return "(float, float) const"; }
static py::str overloaded(float) { return "static float"; }
int value = 0;
};
struct TestProperties {
int value = 1;
static int static_value;
int get() const { return value; }
void set(int v) { value = v; }
static int static_get() { return static_value; }
static void static_set(int v) { static_value = v; }
};
int TestProperties::static_value = 1;
struct TestPropertiesOverride : TestProperties {
int value = 99;
static int static_value;
};
int TestPropertiesOverride::static_value = 99;
struct TestPropRVP {
UserType v1{1};
UserType v2{1};
static UserType sv1;
static UserType sv2;
const UserType &get1() const { return v1; }
const UserType &get2() const { return v2; }
UserType get_rvalue() const { return v2; }
void set1(int v) { v1.set(v); }
void set2(int v) { v2.set(v); }
};
UserType TestPropRVP::sv1(1);
UserType TestPropRVP::sv2(1);
// py::arg/py::arg_v testing: these arguments just record their argument when invoked
class ArgInspector1 { public: std::string arg = "(default arg inspector 1)"; };
class ArgInspector2 { public: std::string arg = "(default arg inspector 2)"; };
class ArgAlwaysConverts { };
namespace pybind11 { namespace detail {
template <> struct type_caster<ArgInspector1> {
public:
PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(ArgInspector1, _("ArgInspector1"));
bool load(handle src, bool convert) {
value.arg = "loading ArgInspector1 argument " +
std::string(convert ? "WITH" : "WITHOUT") + " conversion allowed. "
"Argument value = " + (std::string) str(src);
return true;
}
static handle cast(const ArgInspector1 &src, return_value_policy, handle) {
return str(src.arg).release();
}
};
template <> struct type_caster<ArgInspector2> {
public:
PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(ArgInspector2, _("ArgInspector2"));
bool load(handle src, bool convert) {
value.arg = "loading ArgInspector2 argument " +
std::string(convert ? "WITH" : "WITHOUT") + " conversion allowed. "
"Argument value = " + (std::string) str(src);
return true;
}
static handle cast(const ArgInspector2 &src, return_value_policy, handle) {
return str(src.arg).release();
}
};
template <> struct type_caster<ArgAlwaysConverts> {
public:
PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(ArgAlwaysConverts, _("ArgAlwaysConverts"));
bool load(handle, bool convert) {
return convert;
}
static handle cast(const ArgAlwaysConverts &, return_value_policy, handle) {
return py::none().release();
}
};
}}
// test_custom_caster_destruction
class DestructionTester {
public:
DestructionTester() { print_default_created(this); }
~DestructionTester() { print_destroyed(this); }
DestructionTester(const DestructionTester &) { print_copy_created(this); }
DestructionTester(DestructionTester &&) { print_move_created(this); }
DestructionTester &operator=(const DestructionTester &) { print_copy_assigned(this); return *this; }
DestructionTester &operator=(DestructionTester &&) { print_move_assigned(this); return *this; }
};
namespace pybind11 { namespace detail {
template <> struct type_caster<DestructionTester> {
PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(DestructionTester, _("DestructionTester"));
bool load(handle, bool) { return true; }
static handle cast(const DestructionTester &, return_value_policy, handle) {
return py::bool_(true).release();
}
};
}}
// Test None-allowed py::arg argument policy
class NoneTester { public: int answer = 42; };
int none1(const NoneTester &obj) { return obj.answer; }
int none2(NoneTester *obj) { return obj ? obj->answer : -1; }
int none3(std::shared_ptr<NoneTester> &obj) { return obj ? obj->answer : -1; }
int none4(std::shared_ptr<NoneTester> *obj) { return obj && *obj ? (*obj)->answer : -1; }
int none5(std::shared_ptr<NoneTester> obj) { return obj ? obj->answer : -1; }
struct StrIssue {
int val = -1;
StrIssue() = default;
StrIssue(int i) : val{i} {}
};
// Issues #854, #910: incompatible function args when member function/pointer is in unregistered base class
class UnregisteredBase {
public:
void do_nothing() const {}
void increase_value() { rw_value++; ro_value += 0.25; }
void set_int(int v) { rw_value = v; }
int get_int() const { return rw_value; }
double get_double() const { return ro_value; }
int rw_value = 42;
double ro_value = 1.25;
};
class RegisteredDerived : public UnregisteredBase {
public:
using UnregisteredBase::UnregisteredBase;
double sum() const { return rw_value + ro_value; }
};
TEST_SUBMODULE(methods_and_attributes, m) {
// test_methods_and_attributes
py::class_<ExampleMandA> emna(m, "ExampleMandA");
emna.def(py::init<>())
.def(py::init<int>())
.def(py::init<const ExampleMandA&>())
.def("add1", &ExampleMandA::add1)
.def("add2", &ExampleMandA::add2)
.def("add3", &ExampleMandA::add3)
.def("add4", &ExampleMandA::add4)
.def("add5", &ExampleMandA::add5)
.def("add6", &ExampleMandA::add6)
.def("add7", &ExampleMandA::add7)
.def("add8", &ExampleMandA::add8)
.def("add9", &ExampleMandA::add9)
.def("add10", &ExampleMandA::add10)
.def("self1", &ExampleMandA::self1)
.def("self2", &ExampleMandA::self2)
.def("self3", &ExampleMandA::self3)
.def("self4", &ExampleMandA::self4)
.def("self5", &ExampleMandA::self5)
.def("internal1", &ExampleMandA::internal1)
.def("internal2", &ExampleMandA::internal2)
.def("internal3", &ExampleMandA::internal3)
.def("internal4", &ExampleMandA::internal4)
.def("internal5", &ExampleMandA::internal5)
#if defined(PYBIND11_OVERLOAD_CAST)
.def("overloaded", py::overload_cast<>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def("overloaded", py::overload_cast<int>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def("overloaded", py::overload_cast<int, float>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def("overloaded", py::overload_cast<float, int>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def("overloaded", py::overload_cast<int, int>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def("overloaded", py::overload_cast<float, float>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def("overloaded_float", py::overload_cast<float, float>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def("overloaded_const", py::overload_cast<int >(&ExampleMandA::overloaded, py::const_))
.def("overloaded_const", py::overload_cast<int, float>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded, py::const_))
.def("overloaded_const", py::overload_cast<float, int>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded, py::const_))
.def("overloaded_const", py::overload_cast<int, int>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded, py::const_))
.def("overloaded_const", py::overload_cast<float, float>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded, py::const_))
#else
// Use both the traditional static_cast method and the C++11 compatible overload_cast_
.def("overloaded", overload_cast_<>()(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def("overloaded", overload_cast_<int>()(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def("overloaded", overload_cast_<int, float>()(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def("overloaded", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(float, int)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def("overloaded", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int, int)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def("overloaded", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(float, float)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def("overloaded_float", overload_cast_<float, float>()(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def("overloaded_const", overload_cast_<int >()(&ExampleMandA::overloaded, py::const_))
.def("overloaded_const", overload_cast_<int, float>()(&ExampleMandA::overloaded, py::const_))
.def("overloaded_const", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(float, int) const>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def("overloaded_const", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int, int) const>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def("overloaded_const", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(float, float) const>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
#endif
// test_no_mixed_overloads
// Raise error if trying to mix static/non-static overloads on the same name:
.def_static("add_mixed_overloads1", []() {
auto emna = py::reinterpret_borrow<py::class_<ExampleMandA>>(py::module::import("pybind11_tests.methods_and_attributes").attr("ExampleMandA"));
emna.def ("overload_mixed1", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int, int)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def_static("overload_mixed1", static_cast<py::str ( *)(float )>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded));
})
.def_static("add_mixed_overloads2", []() {
auto emna = py::reinterpret_borrow<py::class_<ExampleMandA>>(py::module::import("pybind11_tests.methods_and_attributes").attr("ExampleMandA"));
emna.def_static("overload_mixed2", static_cast<py::str ( *)(float )>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded))
.def ("overload_mixed2", static_cast<py::str (ExampleMandA::*)(int, int)>(&ExampleMandA::overloaded));
})
.def("__str__", &ExampleMandA::toString)
.def_readwrite("value", &ExampleMandA::value);
// test_copy_method
// Issue #443: can't call copied methods in Python 3
emna.attr("add2b") = emna.attr("add2");
// test_properties, test_static_properties, test_static_cls
py::class_<TestProperties>(m, "TestProperties")
.def(py::init<>())
.def_readonly("def_readonly", &TestProperties::value)
.def_readwrite("def_readwrite", &TestProperties::value)
.def_property("def_writeonly", nullptr,
[](TestProperties& s,int v) { s.value = v; } )
.def_property("def_property_writeonly", nullptr, &TestProperties::set)
.def_property_readonly("def_property_readonly", &TestProperties::get)
.def_property("def_property", &TestProperties::get, &TestProperties::set)
.def_property("def_property_impossible", nullptr, nullptr)
.def_readonly_static("def_readonly_static", &TestProperties::static_value)
.def_readwrite_static("def_readwrite_static", &TestProperties::static_value)
.def_property_static("def_writeonly_static", nullptr,
[](py::object, int v) { TestProperties::static_value = v; })
.def_property_readonly_static("def_property_readonly_static",
[](py::object) { return TestProperties::static_get(); })
.def_property_static("def_property_writeonly_static", nullptr,
[](py::object, int v) { return TestProperties::static_set(v); })
.def_property_static("def_property_static",
[](py::object) { return TestProperties::static_get(); },
[](py::object, int v) { TestProperties::static_set(v); })
.def_property_static("static_cls",
[](py::object cls) { return cls; },
[](py::object cls, py::function f) { f(cls); });
py::class_<TestPropertiesOverride, TestProperties>(m, "TestPropertiesOverride")
.def(py::init<>())
.def_readonly("def_readonly", &TestPropertiesOverride::value)
.def_readonly_static("def_readonly_static", &TestPropertiesOverride::static_value);
auto static_get1 = [](py::object) -> const UserType & { return TestPropRVP::sv1; };
auto static_get2 = [](py::object) -> const UserType & { return TestPropRVP::sv2; };
auto static_set1 = [](py::object, int v) { TestPropRVP::sv1.set(v); };
auto static_set2 = [](py::object, int v) { TestPropRVP::sv2.set(v); };
auto rvp_copy = py::return_value_policy::copy;
// test_property_return_value_policies
py::class_<TestPropRVP>(m, "TestPropRVP")
.def(py::init<>())
.def_property_readonly("ro_ref", &TestPropRVP::get1)
.def_property_readonly("ro_copy", &TestPropRVP::get2, rvp_copy)
.def_property_readonly("ro_func", py::cpp_function(&TestPropRVP::get2, rvp_copy))
.def_property("rw_ref", &TestPropRVP::get1, &TestPropRVP::set1)
.def_property("rw_copy", &TestPropRVP::get2, &TestPropRVP::set2, rvp_copy)
.def_property("rw_func", py::cpp_function(&TestPropRVP::get2, rvp_copy), &TestPropRVP::set2)
.def_property_readonly_static("static_ro_ref", static_get1)
.def_property_readonly_static("static_ro_copy", static_get2, rvp_copy)
.def_property_readonly_static("static_ro_func", py::cpp_function(static_get2, rvp_copy))
.def_property_static("static_rw_ref", static_get1, static_set1)
.def_property_static("static_rw_copy", static_get2, static_set2, rvp_copy)
.def_property_static("static_rw_func", py::cpp_function(static_get2, rvp_copy), static_set2)
// test_property_rvalue_policy
.def_property_readonly("rvalue", &TestPropRVP::get_rvalue)
.def_property_readonly_static("static_rvalue", [](py::object) { return UserType(1); });
// test_metaclass_override
struct MetaclassOverride { };
py::class_<MetaclassOverride>(m, "MetaclassOverride", py::metaclass((PyObject *) &PyType_Type))
.def_property_readonly_static("readonly", [](py::object) { return 1; });
#if !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
// test_dynamic_attributes
class DynamicClass {
public:
DynamicClass() { print_default_created(this); }
~DynamicClass() { print_destroyed(this); }
};
py::class_<DynamicClass>(m, "DynamicClass", py::dynamic_attr())
.def(py::init());
class CppDerivedDynamicClass : public DynamicClass { };
py::class_<CppDerivedDynamicClass, DynamicClass>(m, "CppDerivedDynamicClass")
.def(py::init());
#endif
// test_noconvert_args
//
// Test converting. The ArgAlwaysConverts is just there to make the first no-conversion pass
// fail so that our call always ends up happening via the second dispatch (the one that allows
// some conversion).
class ArgInspector {
public:
ArgInspector1 f(ArgInspector1 a, ArgAlwaysConverts) { return a; }
std::string g(ArgInspector1 a, const ArgInspector1 &b, int c, ArgInspector2 *d, ArgAlwaysConverts) {
return a.arg + "\n" + b.arg + "\n" + std::to_string(c) + "\n" + d->arg;
}
static ArgInspector2 h(ArgInspector2 a, ArgAlwaysConverts) { return a; }
};
py::class_<ArgInspector>(m, "ArgInspector")
.def(py::init<>())
.def("f", &ArgInspector::f, py::arg(), py::arg() = ArgAlwaysConverts())
.def("g", &ArgInspector::g, "a"_a.noconvert(), "b"_a, "c"_a.noconvert()=13, "d"_a=ArgInspector2(), py::arg() = ArgAlwaysConverts())
.def_static("h", &ArgInspector::h, py::arg().noconvert(), py::arg() = ArgAlwaysConverts())
;
m.def("arg_inspect_func", [](ArgInspector2 a, ArgInspector1 b, ArgAlwaysConverts) { return a.arg + "\n" + b.arg; },
py::arg().noconvert(false), py::arg_v(nullptr, ArgInspector1()).noconvert(true), py::arg() = ArgAlwaysConverts());
m.def("floats_preferred", [](double f) { return 0.5 * f; }, py::arg("f"));
m.def("floats_only", [](double f) { return 0.5 * f; }, py::arg("f").noconvert());
m.def("ints_preferred", [](int i) { return i / 2; }, py::arg("i"));
m.def("ints_only", [](int i) { return i / 2; }, py::arg("i").noconvert());
// test_bad_arg_default
// Issue/PR #648: bad arg default debugging output
#if !defined(NDEBUG)
m.attr("debug_enabled") = true;
#else
m.attr("debug_enabled") = false;
#endif
m.def("bad_arg_def_named", []{
auto m = py::module::import("pybind11_tests");
m.def("should_fail", [](int, UnregisteredType) {}, py::arg(), py::arg("a") = UnregisteredType());
});
m.def("bad_arg_def_unnamed", []{
auto m = py::module::import("pybind11_tests");
m.def("should_fail", [](int, UnregisteredType) {}, py::arg(), py::arg() = UnregisteredType());
});
// test_accepts_none
py::class_<NoneTester, std::shared_ptr<NoneTester>>(m, "NoneTester")
.def(py::init<>());
m.def("no_none1", &none1, py::arg().none(false));
m.def("no_none2", &none2, py::arg().none(false));
m.def("no_none3", &none3, py::arg().none(false));
m.def("no_none4", &none4, py::arg().none(false));
m.def("no_none5", &none5, py::arg().none(false));
m.def("ok_none1", &none1);
m.def("ok_none2", &none2, py::arg().none(true));
m.def("ok_none3", &none3);
m.def("ok_none4", &none4, py::arg().none(true));
m.def("ok_none5", &none5);
// test_str_issue
// Issue #283: __str__ called on uninitialized instance when constructor arguments invalid
py::class_<StrIssue>(m, "StrIssue")
.def(py::init<int>())
.def(py::init<>())
.def("__str__", [](const StrIssue &si) {
return "StrIssue[" + std::to_string(si.val) + "]"; }
);
// test_unregistered_base_implementations
//
// Issues #854/910: incompatible function args when member function/pointer is in unregistered
// base class The methods and member pointers below actually resolve to members/pointers in
// UnregisteredBase; before this test/fix they would be registered via lambda with a first
// argument of an unregistered type, and thus uncallable.
py::class_<RegisteredDerived>(m, "RegisteredDerived")
.def(py::init<>())
.def("do_nothing", &RegisteredDerived::do_nothing)
.def("increase_value", &RegisteredDerived::increase_value)
.def_readwrite("rw_value", &RegisteredDerived::rw_value)
.def_readonly("ro_value", &RegisteredDerived::ro_value)
// These should trigger a static_assert if uncommented
//.def_readwrite("fails", &UserType::value) // should trigger a static_assert if uncommented
//.def_readonly("fails", &UserType::value) // should trigger a static_assert if uncommented
.def_property("rw_value_prop", &RegisteredDerived::get_int, &RegisteredDerived::set_int)
.def_property_readonly("ro_value_prop", &RegisteredDerived::get_double)
// This one is in the registered class:
.def("sum", &RegisteredDerived::sum)
;
using Adapted = decltype(py::method_adaptor<RegisteredDerived>(&RegisteredDerived::do_nothing));
static_assert(std::is_same<Adapted, void (RegisteredDerived::*)() const>::value, "");
// test_custom_caster_destruction
// Test that `take_ownership` works on types with a custom type caster when given a pointer
// default policy: don't take ownership:
m.def("custom_caster_no_destroy", []() { static auto *dt = new DestructionTester(); return dt; });
m.def("custom_caster_destroy", []() { return new DestructionTester(); },
py::return_value_policy::take_ownership); // Takes ownership: destroy when finished
m.def("custom_caster_destroy_const", []() -> const DestructionTester * { return new DestructionTester(); },
py::return_value_policy::take_ownership); // Likewise (const doesn't inhibit destruction)
m.def("destruction_tester_cstats", &ConstructorStats::get<DestructionTester>, py::return_value_policy::reference);
}