/* help.c - core analysis suite
*
* Copyright (C) 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002 Mission Critical Linux, Inc.
* Copyright (C) 2002-2020 David Anderson
* Copyright (C) 2002-2020 Red Hat, Inc. All rights reserved.
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
* the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
* (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*/
#include "defs.h"
static void reshuffle_cmdlist(void);
static int sort_command_name(const void *, const void *);
static void display_commands(void);
static void display_copying_info(void);
static void display_warranty_info(void);
static void display_output_info(void);
static void display_input_info(void);
static void display_README(void);
static char *gnu_public_license[];
static char *gnu_public_license_v3[];
static char *version_info[];
static char *output_info[];
static char *input_info[];
static char *README[];
static void dump_registers(void);
#define GPLv2 2
#define GPLv3 3
#if defined(GDB_5_3) || defined(GDB_6_0) || defined(GDB_6_1)
static int GPL_version = GPLv2;
#else
static int GPL_version = GPLv3;
#endif
static
char *program_usage_info[] = {
"",
"USAGE:",
"",
" crash [OPTION]... NAMELIST MEMORY-IMAGE[@ADDRESS] (dumpfile form)",
" crash [OPTION]... [NAMELIST] (live system form)",
"",
"OPTIONS:",
"",
" NAMELIST",
" This is a pathname to an uncompressed kernel image (a vmlinux",
" file), or a Xen hypervisor image (a xen-syms file) which has",
" been compiled with the \"-g\" option. If using the dumpfile form,",
" a vmlinux file may be compressed in either gzip or bzip2 formats.",
"",
" MEMORY-IMAGE",
" A kernel core dump file created by the netdump, diskdump, LKCD",
" kdump, xendump or kvmdump facilities.",
"",
" If a MEMORY-IMAGE argument is not entered, the session will be",
" invoked on the live system, which typically requires root privileges",
" because of the device file used to access system RAM. By default, ",
" /dev/crash will be used if it exists. If it does not exist, then ",
" /dev/mem will be used; but if the kernel has been configured with ",
" CONFIG_STRICT_DEVMEM, then /proc/kcore will be used. It is permissible",
" to explicitly enter /dev/crash, /dev/mem or /proc/kcore.",
"",
" An @ADDRESS value must be appended to the MEMORY-IMAGE if the dumpfile",
" is a raw RAM dumpfile that has no header information describing the file",
" contents. Multiple MEMORY-IMAGE@ADDRESS ordered pairs may be entered,",
" with each dumpfile containing a contiguous block of RAM, where the ADDRESS",
" value is the physical start address of the block expressed in hexadecimal.",
" The physical address value(s) will be used to create a temporary ELF header",
" in /var/tmp, which will only exist during the crash session. If a raw RAM",
" dumpile represents a live memory source, such as that specified by the QEMU",
" mem-path argument of a memory-backend-file object, then \"live:\" must be",
" prepended to the MEMORY-IMAGE name.",
"",
" mapfile",
" If the NAMELIST file is not the same kernel that is running",
" (live system form), or the kernel that was running when the system",
" crashed (dumpfile form), then the System.map file of the original ",
" kernel should be entered on the command line.",
"",
" -h [option]",
" --help [option]",
" Without an option argument, display a crash usage help message.",
" If the option argument is a crash command name, the help page",
" for that command is displayed. If it is the string \"input\", a",
" page describing the various crash command line input options is",
" displayed. If it is the string \"output\", a page describing command",
" line output options is displayed. If it is the string \"all\", then",
" all of the possible help messages are displayed. After the help",
" message is displayed, crash exits.",
"",
" -s ",
" Silently proceed directly to the \"crash>\" prompt without displaying",
" any version, GPL, or crash initialization data during startup, and by",
" default, runtime command output is not passed to any scrolling command.",
"",
" -i file",
" Execute the command(s) contained in \"file\" prior to displaying ",
" the \"crash>\" prompt for interactive user input.",
"",
" -d num ",
" Set the internal debug level. The higher the number, the more",
" debugging data will be printed when crash initializes and runs.",
"",
" -S ",
" Use /boot/System.map as the mapfile.",
"",
" -e vi | emacs",
" Set the readline(3) command line editing mode to \"vi\" or \"emacs\". ",
" The default editing mode is \"vi\".",
"",
" -f ",
" Force the usage of a compressed vmlinux file if its original",
" name does not start with \"vmlinux\".",
"",
" -k ",
" Indicate that the NAMELIST file is an LKCD \"Kerntypes\" debuginfo file.",
"",
" -g [namelist]",
" Determine if a vmlinux or xen-syms namelist file contains debugging data.",
"",
" -t ",
" Display the system-crash timestamp and exit.",
"",
" -L ",
" Attempt to lock all of its virtual address space into memory by",
" calling mlockall(MCL_CURRENT|MCL_FUTURE) during initialization.",
" If the system call fails, an error message will be displayed,",
" but the session continues.",
"",
" -c tty-device",
" Open the tty-device as the console used for debug messages.",
"",
" -p page-size",
" If a processor's page size cannot be determined by the dumpfile, ",
" and the processor default cannot be used, use page-size.",
"",
" -o filename",
" Only used with the MEMORY-IMAGE@ADDRESS format for raw RAM dumpfiles,",
" specifies a filename of a new ELF vmcore that will be created and used",
" as the dumpfile. It will be saved to allow future use as a standalone",
" vmcore, replacing the original raw RAM dumpfile.",
"",
" -m option=value",
" --machdep option=value",
" Pass an option and value pair to machine-dependent code. These",
" architecture-specific option/pairs should only be required in",
" very rare circumstances:",
"",
" X86_64:",
" phys_base=<physical-address>",
" irq_eframe_link=<value>",
" irq_stack_gap=<value>",
" max_physmem_bits=<value>",
" kernel_image_size=<value>",
" vm=orig (pre-2.6.11 virtual memory address ranges)",
" vm=2.6.11 (2.6.11 and later virtual memory address ranges)",
" vm=xen (Xen kernel virtual memory address ranges)",
" vm=xen-rhel4 (RHEL4 Xen kernel virtual address ranges)",
" vm=5level (5-level page tables)",
" page_offset=<PAGE_OFFSET-value>",
" PPC64:",
" vm=orig",
" vm=2.6.14 (4-level page tables)",
" IA64:",
" phys_start=<physical-address>",
" init_stack_size=<size>",
" vm=4l (4-level page tables)",
" ARM:",
" phys_base=<physical-address>",
" ARM64:",
" phys_offset=<physical-address>",
" kimage_voffset=<kimage_voffset-value>",
" max_physmem_bits=<value>",
" X86:",
" page_offset=<CONFIG_PAGE_OFFSET-value>",
"",
" -x ",
" Automatically load extension modules from a particular directory.",
" The directory is determined by the following order of precedence:",
"",
" (1) the directory specified in the CRASH_EXTENSIONS shell ",
" environment variable",
" (2) /usr/lib64/crash/extensions (64-bit architectures)",
" (3) /usr/lib/crash/extensions (32-bit architectures)",
" (4) the ./extensions subdirectory of the current directory",
"",
" --active",
" Track only the active task on each cpu.",
"",
" --buildinfo",
" Display the crash binary's build date, the user ID of the builder,",
" the hostname of the machine where the build was done, the target",
" architecture, the version number, and the compiler version.",
"",
" --memory_module modname",
" Use the modname as an alternative kernel module to the crash.ko",
" module that creates the /dev/crash device.",
"",
" --memory_device device",
" Use device as an alternative device to the /dev/crash, /dev/mem",
" or /proc/kcore devices.",
"",
" --log dumpfile",
" Dump the contents of the kernel log buffer. A kernel namelist",
" argument is not necessary, but the dumpfile must contain the",
" VMCOREINFO data taken from the original /proc/vmcore ELF header.",
"",
" --no_kallsyms",
" Do not use kallsyms-generated symbol information contained within",
" kernel module object files.",
"",
" --no_modules",
" Do not access or display any kernel module related information.",
"",
" --no_ikconfig",
" Do not attempt to read configuration data that was built into",
" kernels configured with CONFIG_IKCONFIG.",
"",
" --no_data_debug",
" Do not verify the validity of all structure member offsets and",
" structure sizes that it uses.",
"",
" --no_kmem_cache",
" Do not initialize the kernel's slab cache infrastructure, and",
" commands that use kmem_cache-related data will not work.",
"",
" --no_elf_notes",
" Do not use the registers from the ELF NT_PRSTATUS notes saved",
" in a compressed kdump header for backtraces.",
"",
" --kmem_cache_delay",
" Delay the initialization of the kernel's slab cache infrastructure",
" until it is required by a run-time command.",
"",
" --readnow",
" Pass this flag to the embedded gdb module, which will override",
" the two-stage strategy that it uses for reading symbol tables",
" from the NAMELIST. If module symbol tables are loaded during",
" runtime with the \"mod\" command, the same override will occur.",
"",
" --smp ",
" Specify that the system being analyzed is an SMP kernel.",
"",
" -v",
" --version",
" Display the version of the crash utility, the version of the",
" embedded gdb module, GPL information, and copyright notices.",
"",
" --cpus number",
" Specify the number of cpus in the SMP system being analyzed.",
"",
" --osrelease dumpfile",
" Display the OSRELEASE vmcoreinfo string from a kdump dumpfile",
" header.",
"",
" --hyper",
" Force the session to be that of a Xen hypervisor.",
"",
" --p2m_mfn pfn",
" When a Xen Hypervisor or its dom0 kernel crashes, the dumpfile",
" is typically analyzed with either the Xen hypervisor or the dom0",
" kernel. It is also possible to analyze any of the guest domU",
" kernels if the pfn_to_mfn_list_list pfn value of the guest kernel",
" is passed on the command line along with its NAMELIST and the ",
" dumpfile.",
"",
" --xen_phys_start physical-address",
" Supply the base physical address of the Xen hypervisor's text",
" and static data for older xendump dumpfiles that did not pass",
" that information in the dumpfile header.",
"",
" --zero_excluded",
" If the makedumpfile(8) facility has filtered a compressed kdump",
" dumpfile to exclude various types of non-essential pages, or has",
" marked a compressed or ELF kdump dumpfile as incomplete due to",
" an ENOSPC or other error during its creation, any attempt to",
" read missing pages will fail. With this flag, reads from any",
" of those pages will return zero-filled memory.",
"",
" --no_panic",
" Do not attempt to find the task that was running when the kernel",
" crashed. Set the initial context to that of the \"swapper\" task",
" on cpu 0.",
"",
" --more ",
" Use /bin/more as the command output scroller, overriding the",
" default of /usr/bin/less and any settings in either ./.crashrc",
" or $HOME/.crashrc.",
"",
" --less ",
" Use /usr/bin/less as the command output scroller, overriding any",
" settings in either ./.crashrc or $HOME/.crashrc.",
"",
" --CRASHPAGER",
" Use the output paging command defined in the CRASHPAGER shell",
" environment variable, overriding any settings in either ./.crashrc ",
" or $HOME/.crashrc.",
"",
" --no_scroll",
" Do not pass run-time command output to any scrolling command.",
"",
" --no_strip",
" Do not strip cloned kernel text symbol names.",
"",
" --no_crashrc",
" Do not execute the commands in either $HOME/.crashrc or ./.crashrc.",
"",
" --mod directory",
" When loading the debuginfo data of kernel modules with the \"mod -S\"",
" command, search for their object files in directory instead of in ",
" the standard location.",
"",
" --src directory",
" Search for the kernel source code in directory instead of in the",
" standard location that is compiled into the debuginfo data.",
"",
" --reloc size",
" When analyzing live x86 kernels configured with a CONFIG_PHYSICAL_START ",
" value that is larger than its CONFIG_PHYSICAL_ALIGN value, then it will",
" be necessary to enter a relocation size equal to the difference between",
" the two values.",
"",
" --hash count",
" Set the number of internal hash queue heads used for list gathering",
" and verification. The default count is 32768.",
"",
" --kaslr offset | auto",
" If x86, x86_64 or s390x kernel was configured with CONFIG_RANDOMIZE_BASE,",
" the offset value is equal to the difference between the symbol values ",
" compiled into the vmlinux file and their relocated KASLR value. If",
" set to auto, the KASLR offset value will be automatically calculated.",
"",
" --minimal",
" Bring up a session that is restricted to the log, dis, rd, sym,",
" eval, set and exit commands. This option may provide a way to",
" extract some minimal/quick information from a corrupted or truncated",
" dumpfile, or in situations where one of the several kernel subsystem ",
" initialization routines would abort the crash session.",
"",
" --kvmhost [32|64]",
" When examining an x86 KVM guest dumpfile, this option specifies",
" that the KVM host that created the dumpfile was an x86 (32-bit)",
" or an x86_64 (64-bit) machine, overriding the automatically",
" determined value.",
"",
" --kvmio <size>",
" override the automatically-calculated KVM guest I/O hole size.",
"",
" --offline [show|hide]",
" Show or hide command output that is associated with offline cpus,",
" overriding any settings in either ./.crashrc or $HOME/.crashrc.",
"",
"FILES:",
"",
" .crashrc",
" Initialization commands. The file can be located in the user's",
" HOME directory and/or the current directory. Commands found in",
" the .crashrc file in the HOME directory are executed before",
" those in the current directory's .crashrc file.",
"",
"ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES:",
"",
" EDITOR ",
" Command input is read using readline(3). If EDITOR is set to",
" emacs or vi then suitable keybindings are used. If EDITOR is",
" not set, then vi is used. This can be overridden by \"set vi\" or",
" \"set emacs\" commands located in a .crashrc file, or by entering",
" \"-e emacs\" on the crash command line.",
"",
" CRASHPAGER",
" If CRASHPAGER is set, its value is used as the name of the program",
" to which command output will be sent. If not, then command output",
" output is sent to \"/usr/bin/less -E -X\" by default.",
"",
" CRASH_MODULE_PATH",
" Specifies an alternative directory tree to search for kernel",
" module object files.",
"",
" CRASH_EXTENSIONS",
" Specifies a directory containing extension modules that will be",
" loaded automatically if the -x command line option is used.",
"",
NULL
};
void
program_usage(int form)
{
if (form == SHORT_FORM) {
fprintf(fp, "\nUsage:\n\n");
fprintf(fp, "%s\n%s\n", program_usage_info[3],
program_usage_info[4]);
fprintf(fp, "\nEnter \"%s -h\" for details.\n",
pc->program_name);
clean_exit(1);
} else {
FILE *scroll;
char *scroll_command;
char **p;
if ((scroll_command = setup_scroll_command()) &&
(scroll = popen(scroll_command, "w")))
fp = scroll;
else
scroll = NULL;
for (p = program_usage_info; *p; p++) {
fprintf(fp, *p, pc->program_name);
fprintf(fp, "\n");
}
fflush(fp);
if (scroll)
pclose(scroll);
clean_exit(0);
}
}
/*
* Get an updated count of commands for subsequent help menu display,
* reshuffling the deck if this is the first time or if something's changed.
*/
void
help_init(void)
{
struct command_table_entry *cp;
struct extension_table *ext;
for (pc->ncmds = 0, cp = pc->cmd_table; cp->name; cp++) {
if (!(cp->flags & HIDDEN_COMMAND))
pc->ncmds++;
}
for (ext = extension_table; ext; ext = ext->next) {
for (cp = ext->command_table; cp->name; cp++) {
if (!(cp->flags & (CLEANUP|HIDDEN_COMMAND)))
pc->ncmds++;
}
}
if (!pc->cmdlist) {
pc->cmdlistsz = pc->ncmds;
if ((pc->cmdlist = (char **)
malloc(sizeof(char *) * pc->cmdlistsz)) == NULL)
error(FATAL,
"cannot malloc command list space\n");
} else if (pc->ncmds > pc->cmdlistsz) {
pc->cmdlistsz = pc->ncmds;
if ((pc->cmdlist = (char **)realloc(pc->cmdlist,
sizeof(char *) * pc->cmdlistsz)) == NULL)
error(FATAL,
"cannot realloc command list space\n");
}
reshuffle_cmdlist();
}
/*
* If the command list is modified during runtime, re-shuffle the list
* for proper help menu display.
*/
static void
reshuffle_cmdlist(void)
{
int i, cnt;
struct command_table_entry *cp;
struct extension_table *ext;
for (i = 0; i < pc->cmdlistsz; i++)
pc->cmdlist[i] = NULL;
for (cnt = 0, cp = pc->cmd_table; cp->name; cp++) {
if (!(cp->flags & HIDDEN_COMMAND))
pc->cmdlist[cnt++] = cp->name;
}
for (ext = extension_table; ext; ext = ext->next) {
for (cp = ext->command_table; cp->name; cp++) {
if (!(cp->flags & (CLEANUP|HIDDEN_COMMAND)))
pc->cmdlist[cnt++] = cp->name;
}
}
if (cnt > pc->cmdlistsz)
error(FATAL, "help table malfunction!\n");
qsort((void *)pc->cmdlist, (size_t)cnt,
sizeof(char *), sort_command_name);
}
/*
* The help list is in alphabetical order, with exception of the "q" command,
* which has historically always been the last command in the list.
*/
static int
sort_command_name(const void *name1, const void *name2)
{
char **s1, **s2;
s1 = (char **)name1;
s2 = (char **)name2;
if (STREQ(*s1, "q"))
return 1;
return strcmp(*s1, *s2);
}
/*
* Get help for a command, to dump an internal table, or the GNU public
* license copying/warranty information.
*/
void
cmd_help(void)
{
int c;
int oflag;
oflag = 0;
while ((c = getopt(argcnt, args,
"efNDdmM:ngcaBbHhkKsvVoptTzLxOr")) != EOF) {
switch(c)
{
case 'e':
dump_extension_table(VERBOSE);
return;
case 'f':
dump_filesys_table(VERBOSE);
return;
case 'n':
case 'D':
dumpfile_memory(DUMPFILE_MEM_DUMP);
return;
case 'x':
dump_text_value_cache(VERBOSE);
return;
case 'd':
dump_dev_table();
return;
case 'M':
dump_machdep_table(stol(optarg, FAULT_ON_ERROR, NULL));
return;
case 'm':
dump_machdep_table(0);
return;
case 'g':
dump_gdb_data();
return;
case 'N':
dump_net_table();
return;
case 'a':
dump_alias_data();
return;
case 'b':
dump_shared_bufs();
return;
case 'B':
dump_build_data();
return;
case 'c':
dump_numargs_cache();
return;
case 'H':
dump_hash_table(VERBOSE);
return;
case 'h':
dump_hash_table(!VERBOSE);
return;
case 'k':
dump_kernel_table(!VERBOSE);
return;
case 'K':
dump_kernel_table(VERBOSE);
return;
case 's':
dump_symbol_table();
return;
case 'V':
dump_vm_table(VERBOSE);
return;
case 'v':
dump_vm_table(!VERBOSE);
return;
case 'O':
dump_offset_table(NULL, TRUE);
return;
case 'o':
oflag = TRUE;
break;
case 'T':
dump_task_table(VERBOSE);
return;
case 't':
dump_task_table(!VERBOSE);
return;
case 'p':
dump_program_context();
return;
case 'z':
fprintf(fp, "help options:\n");
fprintf(fp, " -a - alias data\n");
fprintf(fp, " -b - shared buffer data\n");
fprintf(fp, " -B - build data\n");
fprintf(fp, " -c - numargs cache\n");
fprintf(fp, " -d - device table\n");
fprintf(fp, " -D - dumpfile contents/statistics\n");
fprintf(fp, " -e - extension table data\n");
fprintf(fp, " -f - filesys table\n");
fprintf(fp, " -g - gdb data\n");
fprintf(fp, " -h - hash_table data\n");
fprintf(fp, " -H - hash_table data (verbose)\n");
fprintf(fp, " -k - kernel_table\n");
fprintf(fp, " -K - kernel_table (verbose)\n");
fprintf(fp, " -L - LKCD page cache environment\n");
fprintf(fp, " -M <num> machine specific\n");
fprintf(fp, " -m - machdep_table\n");
fprintf(fp, " -N - net_table\n");
fprintf(fp, " -n - dumpfile contents/statistics\n");
fprintf(fp, " -o - offset_table and size_table\n");
fprintf(fp, " -p - program_context\n");
fprintf(fp, " -r - dump registers from dumpfile header\n");
fprintf(fp, " -s - symbol table data\n");
fprintf(fp, " -t - task_table\n");
fprintf(fp, " -T - task_table plus context_array\n");
fprintf(fp, " -v - vm_table\n");
fprintf(fp, " -V - vm_table (verbose)\n");
fprintf(fp, " -x - text cache\n");
fprintf(fp, " -z - help options\n");
return;
case 'L':
dumpfile_memory(DUMPFILE_ENVIRONMENT);
return;
case 'r':
dump_registers();
return;
default:
argerrs++;
break;
}
}
if (argerrs)
cmd_usage(pc->curcmd, COMPLETE_HELP);
if (!args[optind]) {
if (oflag)
dump_offset_table(NULL, FALSE);
else
display_help_screen("");
return;
}
do {
if (oflag)
dump_offset_table(args[optind], FALSE);
else
cmd_usage(args[optind], COMPLETE_HELP|MUST_HELP);
optind++;
} while (args[optind]);
}
static void
dump_registers(void)
{
if (pc->flags2 & QEMU_MEM_DUMP_ELF) {
dump_registers_for_qemu_mem_dump();
return;
} else if (DISKDUMP_DUMPFILE()) {
dump_registers_for_compressed_kdump();
return;
} else if (NETDUMP_DUMPFILE() || KDUMP_DUMPFILE()) {
dump_registers_for_elf_dumpfiles();
return;
} else if (VMSS_DUMPFILE()) {
dump_registers_for_vmss_dump();
return;
}
error(FATAL, "-r option not supported on %s\n",
ACTIVE() ? "a live system" : "this dumpfile type");
}
/*
* Format and display the help menu.
*/
void
display_help_screen(char *indent)
{
int i, j, rows;
char **namep;
help_init();
fprintf(fp, "\n%s", indent);
rows = (pc->ncmds + (HELP_COLUMNS-1)) / HELP_COLUMNS;
for (i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
namep = &pc->cmdlist[i];
for (j = 0; j < HELP_COLUMNS; j++) {
fprintf(fp,"%-15s", *namep);
namep += rows;
if ((namep - pc->cmdlist) >= pc->ncmds)
break;
}
fprintf(fp,"\n%s", indent);
}
fprintf(fp, "\n%s%s version: %-6s gdb version: %s\n", indent,
pc->program_name, pc->program_version, pc->gdb_version);
fprintf(fp,
"%sFor help on any command above, enter \"help <command>\".\n",
indent);
fprintf(fp, "%sFor help on input options, enter \"help input\".\n",
indent);
fprintf(fp, "%sFor help on output options, enter \"help output\".\n",
indent);
#ifdef NO_LONGER_TRUE
fprintf(fp, "%sFor the most recent version: "
"http://www.missioncriticallinux.com/download\n\n", indent);
#else
fprintf(fp, "\n");
#endif
}
/*
* Used for generating HTML pages, dump the commands in the order
* they would be seen on the help menu, i.e., from left-to-right, row-by-row.
* Line ends are signaled with a "BREAK" string.
*/
static void
display_commands(void)
{
int i, j, rows;
char **namep;
help_init();
rows = (pc->ncmds + (HELP_COLUMNS-1)) / HELP_COLUMNS;
for (i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
namep = &pc->cmdlist[i];
for (j = 0; j < HELP_COLUMNS; j++) {
fprintf(fp,"%s\n", *namep);
namep += rows;
if ((namep - pc->cmdlist) >= pc->ncmds) {
fprintf(fp, "BREAK\n");
break;
}
}
}
}
/*
* Help data for a command must be formatted using the following template:
"command-name",
"command description line",
"argument-usage line",
"description...",
"description...",
"description...",
NULL,
* The first line is concatenated with the second line, and will follow the
* help command's "NAME" header.
* The first and third lines will also be concatenated, and will follow the
* help command's "SYNOPSIS" header. If the command has no arguments, enter
* a string consisting of a space, i.e., " ".
* The fourth and subsequent lines will follow the help command's "DESCRIPTION"
* header.
*
* The program name can be referenced by using the %%s format. The final
* entry in each command's help data string list must be a NULL.
*/
char *help_foreach[] = {
"foreach",
"display command data for multiple tasks in the system",
"[[pid | taskp | name | state | [kernel | user | gleader]] ...]\n"
" command [flag] [argument]",
" This command allows for an examination of various kernel data associated",
" with any, or all, tasks in the system, without having to set the context",
" to each targeted task.\n",
" pid perform the command(s) on this PID.",
" taskp perform the command(s) on task referenced by this hexadecimal",
" task_struct pointer.",
" name perform the command(s) on all tasks with this name. If the",
" task name can be confused with a foreach command name, then",
" precede the name string with a \"\\\". If the name string is",
" enclosed within \"'\" characters, then the encompassed string",
" must be a POSIX extended regular expression that will be used",
" to match task names.",
" user perform the command(s) on all user (non-kernel) threads.",
" gleader perform the command(s) on all user (non-kernel) thread group leaders.",
" kernel perform the command(s) on all kernel threads.",
" active perform the command(s) on the active thread on each CPU.",
" state perform the command(s) on all tasks in the specified state, which",
" may be one of: RU, IN, UN, ST, ZO, TR, SW, DE, WA, PA, ID or NE.\n",
" If none of the task-identifying arguments above are entered, the command",
" will be performed on all tasks.\n",
" command select one or more of the following commands to be run on the tasks",
" selected, or on all tasks:\n",
" bt run the \"bt\" command (optional flags: -r -t -l -e -R -f -F",
" -o -s -x -d)",
" vm run the \"vm\" command (optional flags: -p -v -m -R -d -x)",
" task run the \"task\" command (optional flags: -R -d -x)",
" files run the \"files\" command (optional flag: -c -R)",
" net run the \"net\" command (optional flags: -s -S -R -d -x)",
" set run the \"set\" command",
" ps run the \"ps\" command (optional flags: -G -s -p -c -t -l -a",
" -g -r -y)",
" sig run the \"sig\" command (optional flag: -g)",
" vtop run the \"vtop\" command (optional flags: -c -u -k)\n",
" flag Pass this optional flag to the command selected.",
" argument Pass this argument to the command selected.",
" ",
" A header containing the PID, task address, cpu and command name will be",
" pre-pended before the command output for each selected task. Consult the",
" help page of each of the command types above for details.",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" Display the stack traces for all tasks:\n",
" %s> foreach bt",
" PID: 4752 TASK: c7680000 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"xterm\"",
" #0 [c7681edc] schedule at c01135f6",
" (void)",
" #1 [c7681f34] schedule_timeout at c01131ff",
" (24)",
" #2 [c7681f64] do_select at c0132838",
" (5, c7681fa4, c7681fa0)",
" #3 [c7681fbc] sys_select at c0132dad",
" (5, 8070300, 8070380, 0, 0)",
" #4 [bffffb0c] system_call at c0109944",
" EAX: 0000008e EBX: 00000005 ECX: 08070300 EDX: 08070380 ",
" DS: 002b ESI: 00000000 ES: 002b EDI: 00000000 ",
" SS: 002b ESP: bffffadc EBP: bffffb0c ",
" CS: 0023 EIP: 402259ee ERR: 0000008e EFLAGS: 00000246 ",
" ",
" PID: 557 TASK: c5600000 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"nfsd\"",
" #0 [c5601f38] schedule at c01135f6",
" (void)",
" #1 [c5601f90] schedule_timeout at c01131ff",
" (c5600000)",
" #2 [c5601fb8] svc_recv at c805363a",
" (c0096f40, c5602800, 7fffffff, 100, c65c9f1c)",
" #3 [c5601fec] (nfsd module) at c806e303",
" (c5602800, c5602800, c0096f40, 6c6e0002, 50)",
" #4 [c65c9f24] kernel_thread at c010834f",
" (0, 0, ext2_file_inode_operations)",
" ",
" PID: 824 TASK: c7c84000 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"mingetty\"",
" ...\n",
" Display the task_struct structure for each \"bash\" command:\n",
" %s> foreach bash task",
" ...\n",
" Display the open files for all tasks:\n",
" %s> foreach files",
" ...\n",
" Display the state of tasks whose name contains a match to \"event.*\":\n",
" %s> foreach 'event.*' task -R state",
" PID: 99 TASK: ffff8804750d5500 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"events/0\"",
" state = 1,",
" ",
" PID: 100 TASK: ffff8804750d4ac0 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"events/1\"",
" state = 1,",
" ",
" PID: 101 TASK: ffff8804750d4080 CPU: 2 COMMAND: \"events/2\"",
" state = 1,",
" ...\n",
" Display the stack traces for all blocked (TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE) tasks:\n",
" %s> foreach UN bt",
" PID: 428 TASK: ffff880036b6c560 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"jbd2/dm-1-8\"",
" #0 [ffff880035779a70] __schedule at ffffffff815df272",
" #1 [ffff880035779b08] schedule at ffffffff815dfacf",
" #2 [ffff880035779b18] io_schedule at ffffffff815dfb7f",
" #3 [ffff880035779b38] sleep_on_page at ffffffff81119a4e",
" #4 [ffff880035779b48] __wait_on_bit at ffffffff815e039f",
" #5 [ffff880035779b98] wait_on_page_bit at ffffffff81119bb8",
" #6 [ffff880035779be8] filemap_fdatawait_range at ffffffff81119ccc",
" #7 [ffff880035779cd8] filemap_fdatawait at ffffffff81119d8b",
" #8 [ffff880035779ce8] jbd2_journal_commit_transaction at ffffffff8123a99c",
" #9 [ffff880035779e58] kjournald2 at ffffffff8123ee7b",
" #10 [ffff880035779ee8] kthread at ffffffff8108fb9c",
" #11 [ffff880035779f48] kernel_thread_helper at ffffffff815ebaf4",
" ...\n",
NULL
};
char *help_ascii[] = {
"ascii",
"translate a hexadecimal string to ASCII",
"value ...",
" Translates 32-bit or 64-bit hexadecimal values to ASCII. If no argument",
" is entered, an ASCII chart is displayed.",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" Translate the hexadecimal value of 0x62696c2f7273752f to ASCII:",
"\n %s> ascii 62696c2f7273752f",
" 62696c2f7273752f: /usr/lib",
"\n Display an ASCII chart:",
"\n %s> ascii",
" ",
" 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7",
" +-------------------------------",
" 0 | NUL DLE SP 0 @ P ' p",
" 1 | SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q",
" 2 | STX DC2 \" 2 B R b r",
" 3 | ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s",
" 4 | EOT DC4 $ 4 D T d t",
" 5 | ENQ NAK \% 5 E U e u",
" 6 | ACK SYN & 6 F V f v",
" 7 | BEL ETB ` 7 G W g w",
" 8 | BS CAN ( 8 H X h x",
" 9 | HT EM ) 9 I Y i y",
" A | LF SUB * : J Z j z",
" B | VT ESC + ; K [ k {",
" C | FF FS , < L \\ l |",
" D | CR GS _ = M ] m }",
" E | SO RS . > N ^ n ~",
" F | SI US / ? O - o DEL",
NULL
};
char *help_quit[] = {
"quit",
"exit this session",
" ",
" Bail out of the current %s session.",
"\nNOTE",
" This command is equivalent to the \"exit\" command.",
NULL
};
char *help_exit[] = {
"exit",
"exit this session",
" ",
" Bail out of the current %s session.",
"\nNOTE",
" This command is equivalent to the \"q\" command.",
NULL
};
char *help_help[] = {
"help",
"get help",
"[command | all] [-<option>]",
" When entered with no argument, a list of all currently available %s",
" commands is listed. If a name of a %s command is entered, a man-like",
" page for the command is displayed. If \"all\" is entered, help pages",
" for all commands will be displayed. If neither of the above is entered,",
" the argument string will be passed on to the gdb help command.",
" ",
" A number of internal debug, statistical, and other dumpfile related",
" data is available with the following options:",
" ",
" -a - alias data",
" -b - shared buffer data",
" -B - build data",
" -c - numargs cache",
" -d - device table",
" -D - dumpfile contents/statistics",
" -e - extension table data",
" -f - filesys table",
" -g - gdb data",
" -h - hash_table data",
" -H - hash_table data (verbose)",
" -k - kernel_table",
" -K - kernel_table (verbose)",
" -L - LKCD page cache environment",
" -M <num> machine specific",
" -m - machdep_table",
" -N - net_table",
" -n - dumpfile contents/statistics",
" -o - offset_table and size_table",
" -p - program_context",
" -r - dump registers from dumpfile header",
" -s - symbol table data",
" -t - task_table",
" -T - task_table plus context_array",
" -v - vm_table",
" -V - vm_table (verbose)",
" -x - text cache",
" -z - help options",
NULL
};
char *help_set[] = {
"set",
"set a process context or internal %s variable",
"[[-a] [pid | taskp] | [-c cpu] | -p] | [%s_variable [setting]] | -v",
" This command either sets a new context, or gets the current context for",
" display. The context can be set by the use of:\n",
" pid a process PID.",
" taskp a hexadecimal task_struct pointer.",
" -a sets the pid or task as the active task on its cpu (dumpfiles only).",
" -c cpu sets the context to the active task on a cpu (dumpfiles only).",
" -p sets the context to the panic task, or back to the %s task on",
" a live system.",
" -v display the current state of internal %s variables.",
"",
" If no argument is entered, the current context is displayed. The context",
" consists of the PID, the task pointer, the CPU, and task state. The task",
" state shows the bits found in both the task_struct state and exit_state",
" fields.",
" ",
" This command may also be used to set internal %s variables. If no value",
" argument is entered, the current value of the %s variable is shown. These",
" are the %s variables, acceptable arguments, and purpose:\n",
" scroll on | off controls output scrolling.",
" scroll less /usr/bin/less as the output scrolling program.",
" scroll more /bin/more as the output scrolling program.",
" scroll CRASHPAGER use CRASHPAGER environment variable as the",
" output scrolling program.",
" radix 10 | 16 sets output radix to 10 or 16.",
" refresh on | off controls internal task list refresh.",
" print_max number set maximum number of array elements to print.",
" print_array on | off if on, set gdb's printing of arrays to \"pretty\"",
" format, with one line per element.",
" console device-name sets debug console device.",
" debug number sets %s debug level.",
" core on | off if on, drops core when the next error message",
" is displayed.",
" hash on | off controls internal list verification.",
" silent on | off turns off initialization messages; turns off",
" %s prompt during input file execution. ",
" (scrolling is turned off if silent is on)",
" edit vi | emacs set line editing mode (from .%src file only).",
" namelist filename name of kernel (from .%src file only).",
" zero_excluded on | off controls whether excluded pages, or pages that",
" are missing from an incomplete dumpfile, should",
" return zero-filled memory when read.",
" null-stop on | off if on, gdb's printing of character arrays will",
" stop at the first NULL encountered.",
" gdb on | off if on, the %s session will be run in a mode",
" where all commands will be passed directly to",
" gdb, and the command prompt will change to ",
" \"gdb>\"; when running in this mode, native %s",
" commands may be executed by preceding them with",
" the \"crash\" directive.",
" scope text-addr sets the text scope for viewing the definition",
" of data structures; the \"text-addr\" argument",
" must be a kernel or module text address, which",
" may be expressed symbolically or as a hexadecimal",
" value.",
" offline show | hide show or hide command output that is associated",
" with offline cpus.",
" redzone on | off if on, CONFIG_SLUB object addresses displayed by",
" the kmem command will point to the SLAB_RED_ZONE",
" padding inserted at the beginning of the object.",
" error default | redirect | filename set the destination of error messages.",
" \"default\": error messages are always displayed",
" on the console; if the output of a command is",
" piped to an external command or redirected",
" to a file, the error messages are also sent",
" to the pipe or file.",
" \"redirect\": if the output of a command is piped",
" to an external command or redirected to a file,",
" error messages are only sent to the pipe or",
" file; otherwise they are displayed on the",
" console.",
" \"filename\": error messages are only sent to the",
" specified filename; they are not displayed on",
" the console and are not sent to a pipe or file.",
" ",
" Internal variables may be set in four manners:\n",
" 1. entering the set command in $HOME/.%src.",
" 2. entering the set command in .%src in the current directory.",
" 3. executing an input file containing the set command.",
" 4. during runtime with this command.\n",
" During initialization, $HOME/.%src is read first, followed by the",
" .%src file in the current directory. Set commands in the .%src file",
" in the current directory override those in $HOME/.%src. Set commands ",
" entered with this command or by runtime input file override those",
" defined in either .%src file. Multiple set command arguments or argument",
" pairs may be entered in one command line.",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" Set the current context to task c2fe8000:\n",
" %s> set c2fe8000",
" PID: 15917",
" COMMAND: \"bash\"",
" TASK: c2fe8000 ",
" CPU: 0",
" STATE: TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE\n",
" Set the context back to the panicking task:\n",
" %s> set -p",
" PID: 698",
" COMMAND: \"gen12\"",
" TASK: f9d78000",
" CPU: 2",
" STATE: TASK_RUNNING (PANIC)\n",
" Turn off output scrolling:\n",
" %s> set scroll off",
" scroll: off (/usr/bin/less)",
" ",
" Show the current state of %s internal variables:\n",
" %s> set -v",
" scroll: on (/usr/bin/less)",
" radix: 10 (decimal)",
" refresh: on",
" print_max: 256",
" print_array: off",
" console: /dev/pts/2",
" debug: 0",
" core: off",
" hash: on",
" silent: off",
" edit: vi",
" namelist: vmlinux",
" zero_excluded: off",
" null-stop: on",
" gdb: off",
" scope: (not set)",
" offline: show",
" redzone: on",
" error: default",
" ",
" Show the current context:\n",
" %s> set",
" PID: 1525",
" COMMAND: \"bash\"",
" TASK: c1ede000",
" CPU: 0",
" STATE: TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE\n",
NULL
};
char *help_p[] = {
"p",
"print the value of an expression",
"[-x|-d][-u] [expression | symbol[:cpuspec]]",
" This command passes its arguments on to gdb \"print\" command for evaluation.",
"",
" expression an expression to be evaluated.",
" symbol a kernel symbol.",
" :cpuspec CPU specification for a per-cpu symbol:",
" : CPU of the currently selected task.",
" :a[ll] all CPUs.",
" :#[-#][,...] CPU list(s), e.g. \"1,3,5\", \"1-3\",",
" or \"1,3,5-7,10\".",
" -x override default output format with hexadecimal format.",
" -d override default output format with decimal format.",
" -u the expression evaluates to a user address reference.",
"",
" The default output format is decimal, but that can be changed at any time",
" with the two built-in aliases \"hex\" and \"dec\". Alternatively, there",
" are two other built-in aliases, \"px\" and \"pd\", which force the command",
" output to be displayed in hexadecimal or decimal, without changing the",
" default mode. ",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" Print the contents of jiffies:\n",
" %s> p jiffies",
" jiffies = $6 = 166532620",
" %s> px jiffies",
" jiffies = $7 = 0x9ed174b",
" %s> pd jiffies",
" jiffies = $8 = 166533160",
" ",
" Print the contents of the vm_area_struct \"init_mm\":\n",
" %s> p init_mm",
" init_mm = $5 = {",
" mmap = 0xc022d540, ",
" mmap_avl = 0x0, ",
" mmap_cache = 0x0, ",
" pgd = 0xc0101000, ",
" count = {",
" counter = 0x6",
" }, ",
" map_count = 0x1, ",
" mmap_sem = {",
" count = {",
" counter = 0x1",
" }, ",
" waking = 0x0, ",
" wait = 0x0",
" }, ",
" context = 0x0, ",
" start_code = 0xc0000000, ",
" end_code = 0xc022b4c8, ",
" start_data = 0x0, ",
" end_data = 0xc0250388, ",
" start_brk = 0x0, ",
" brk = 0xc02928d8, ",
" start_stack = 0x0, ",
" arg_start = 0x0, ",
" arg_end = 0x0, ",
" env_start = 0x0, ",
" env_end = 0x0, ",
" rss = 0x0, ",
" total_vm = 0x0, ",
" locked_vm = 0x0, ",
" def_flags = 0x0, ",
" cpu_vm_mask = 0x0, ",
" swap_cnt = 0x0, ",
" swap_address = 0x0, ",
" segments = 0x0",
" }",
"",
" If a per-cpu symbol is entered as a argument, its data type",
" and all of its per-cpu addresses are displayed:",
" ",
" %s> p irq_stat",
" PER-CPU DATA TYPE:",
" irq_cpustat_t irq_stat;",
" PER-CPU ADDRESSES:",
" [0]: ffff88021e211540",
" [1]: ffff88021e251540",
" [2]: ffff88021e291540",
" [3]: ffff88021e2d1540",
" ",
" To display the contents a per-cpu symbol for CPU 1, append",
" a cpu-specifier:",
" ",
" %s> p irq_stat:1",
" per_cpu(irq_stat, 1) = $29 = {",
" __softirq_pending = 0, ",
" __nmi_count = 209034, ",
" apic_timer_irqs = 597509876, ",
" irq_spurious_count = 0, ",
" icr_read_retry_count = 2, ",
" x86_platform_ipis = 0, ",
" apic_perf_irqs = 209034, ",
" apic_irq_work_irqs = 0, ",
" irq_resched_count = 264922233, ",
" irq_call_count = 7036692, ",
" irq_tlb_count = 4750442, ",
" irq_thermal_count = 0, ",
" irq_threshold_count = 0",
" }",
" ",
NULL
};
char *help_ps[] = {
"ps",
"display process status information",
"[-k|-u|-G|-y policy] [-s] [-p|-c|-t|-[l|m][-C cpu]|-a|-g|-r|-S|-A]\n [pid | task | command] ...",
" This command displays process status for selected, or all, processes" ,
" in the system. If no arguments are entered, the process data is",
" is displayed for all processes. Specific processes may be selected",
" by using the following identifier formats:\n",
" pid a process PID.",
" task a hexadecimal task_struct pointer.",
" command a command name. If a command name is made up of letters that",
" are all numerical values, precede the name string with a \"\\\".",
" If the command string is enclosed within \"'\" characters, then",
" the encompassed string must be a POSIX extended regular expression",
" that will be used to match task names.",
" ",
" The process list may be further restricted by the following options:\n",
" -k restrict the output to only kernel threads.",
" -u restrict the output to only user tasks.",
" -G display only the thread group leader in a thread group.",
" -y policy restrict the output to tasks having a specified scheduling policy",
" expressed by its integer value or by its (case-insensitive) name;",
" multiple policies may be entered in a comma-separated list:",
" 0 or NORMAL",
" 1 or FIFO",
" 2 or RR",
" 3 or BATCH",
" 4 or ISO",
" 5 or IDLE",
" 6 or DEADLINE",
" ",
" The process identifier types may be mixed. For each task, the following",
" items are displayed:",
" ",
" 1. the process PID.",
" 2. the parent process PID.",
" 3. the CPU number that the task ran on last.",
" 4. the task_struct address or the kernel stack pointer of the process.",
" (see -s option below)",
" 5. the task state (RU, IN, UN, ZO, ST, TR, DE, SW, WA, PA, ID, NE).",
" 6. the percentage of physical memory being used by this task.",
" 7. the virtual address size of this task in kilobytes.",
" 8. the resident set size of this task in kilobytes.",
" 9. the command name.",
" ",
" The default output shows the task_struct address of each process under a",
" column titled \"TASK\". This can be changed to show the kernel stack ",
" pointer under a column titled \"KSTACKP\".",
" ",
" -s replace the TASK column with the KSTACKP column.",
" ",
" On SMP machines, the active task on each CPU will be highlighted by an",
" angle bracket (\">\") preceding its information. If the crash variable",
" \"offline\" is set to \"hide\", the active task on an offline CPU will",
" be highlighted by a \"-\" preceding its information.",
" ",
" Alternatively, information regarding parent-child relationships,",
" per-task time usage data, argument/environment data, thread groups,",
" or resource limits may be displayed:",
" ",
" -p display the parental hierarchy of selected, or all, tasks.",
" -c display the children of selected, or all, tasks.",
" -t display the task run time, start time, and cumulative user",
" and system times.",
" -l display the task's last-run timestamp value, using either the",
" task_struct's last_run value, the task_struct's timestamp value",
" or the task_struct's sched_entity last_arrival value, whichever",
" applies, of selected, or all, tasks; the list is sorted with the",
" most recently-run task (with the largest timestamp) shown first,",
" followed by the task's current state.",
" -m similar to -l, but the timestamp value is translated into days,",
" hours, minutes, seconds, and milliseconds since the task was",
" last run on a cpu.",
" -C cpus only usable with the -l or -m options, dump the timestamp data",
" in per-cpu blocks, where the cpu[s] can be specified as \"1,3,5\",",
" \"1-3\", \"1,3,5-7,10\", \"all\", or \"a\" (shortcut for \"all\").",
" -a display the command line arguments and environment strings of",
" selected, or all, user-mode tasks.",
" -g display tasks by thread group, of selected, or all, tasks.",
" -r display resource limits (rlimits) of selected, or all, tasks.",
" -S display a summary consisting of the number of tasks in a task state.",
" -A display only the active task on each cpu.",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" Show the process status of all current tasks:\n",
" %s> ps",
" PID PPID CPU TASK ST %MEM VSZ RSS COMM",
" > 0 0 3 c024c000 RU 0.0 0 0 [swapper]",
" > 0 0 0 c0dce000 RU 0.0 0 0 [swapper]",
" 0 0 1 c0fa8000 RU 0.0 0 0 [swapper]",
" > 0 0 2 c009a000 RU 0.0 0 0 [swapper]",
" 1 0 1 c0098000 IN 0.0 1096 476 init",
" 2 1 1 c0090000 IN 0.0 0 0 [kflushd]",
" 3 1 1 c000e000 IN 0.0 0 0 [kpiod]",
" 4 1 3 c000c000 IN 0.0 0 0 [kswapd]",
" 5 1 1 c0008000 IN 0.0 0 0 [mdrecoveryd]",
" 253 1 2 fbc4c000 IN 0.0 1088 376 portmap",
" 268 1 2 fbc82000 IN 0.1 1232 504 ypbind",
" 274 268 2 fa984000 IN 0.1 1260 556 ypbind",
" 321 1 1 fabf6000 IN 0.1 1264 608 syslogd",
" 332 1 1 fa9be000 RU 0.1 1364 736 klogd",
" 346 1 2 fae88000 IN 0.0 1112 472 atd",
" 360 1 2 faeb2000 IN 0.1 1284 592 crond",
" 378 1 2 fafd6000 IN 0.1 1236 560 inetd",
" 392 1 0 fb710000 IN 0.1 2264 1468 named",
" 406 1 3 fb768000 IN 0.1 1284 560 lpd",
" 423 1 1 fb8ac000 IN 0.1 1128 528 rpc.statd",
" 434 1 2 fb75a000 IN 0.0 1072 376 rpc.rquotad",
" 445 1 2 fb4a4000 IN 0.0 1132 456 rpc.mountd",
" 460 1 1 fa938000 IN 0.0 0 0 [nfsd]",
" 461 1 1 faa86000 IN 0.0 0 0 [nfsd]",
" 462 1 0 fac48000 IN 0.0 0 0 [nfsd]",
" 463 1 0 fb4ca000 IN 0.0 0 0 [nfsd]",
" 464 1 0 fb4c8000 IN 0.0 0 0 [nfsd]",
" 465 1 2 fba6e000 IN 0.0 0 0 [nfsd]",
" 466 1 1 fba6c000 IN 0.0 0 0 [nfsd]",
" 467 1 2 fac04000 IN 0.0 0 0 [nfsd]",
" 468 461 2 fa93a000 IN 0.0 0 0 [lockd]",
" 469 468 2 fa93e000 IN 0.0 0 0 [rpciod]",
" 486 1 0 fab54000 IN 0.1 1596 880 amd",
" 523 1 2 fa84e000 IN 0.1 1884 1128 sendmail",
" 538 1 0 fa82c000 IN 0.0 1112 416 gpm",
" 552 1 3 fa70a000 IN 0.1 2384 1220 httpd",
" 556 552 3 fa776000 IN 0.1 2572 1352 httpd",
" 557 552 2 faba4000 IN 0.1 2572 1352 httpd",
" 558 552 1 fa802000 IN 0.1 2572 1352 httpd",
" 559 552 3 fa6ee000 IN 0.1 2572 1352 httpd",
" 560 552 3 fa700000 IN 0.1 2572 1352 httpd",
" 561 552 0 fa6f0000 IN 0.1 2572 1352 httpd",
" 562 552 3 fa6ea000 IN 0.1 2572 1352 httpd",
" 563 552 0 fa67c000 IN 0.1 2572 1352 httpd",
" 564 552 3 fa674000 IN 0.1 2572 1352 httpd",
" 565 552 3 fa66a000 IN 0.1 2572 1352 httpd",
" 582 1 2 fa402000 IN 0.2 2968 1916 xfs",
" 633 1 2 fa1ec000 IN 0.2 5512 2248 innd",
" 636 1 3 fa088000 IN 0.1 2536 804 actived",
" 676 1 0 fa840000 IN 0.0 1060 384 mingetty",
" 677 1 1 fa590000 IN 0.0 1060 384 mingetty",
" 678 1 2 fa3b8000 IN 0.0 1060 384 mingetty",
" 679 1 0 fa5b8000 IN 0.0 1060 384 mingetty",
" 680 1 1 fa3a4000 IN 0.0 1060 384 mingetty",
" 681 1 2 fa30a000 IN 0.0 1060 384 mingetty",
" 683 1 3 fa5d8000 IN 0.0 1052 280 update",
" 686 378 1 fa3aa000 IN 0.1 2320 1136 in.rlogind",
" 687 686 2 f9e52000 IN 0.1 2136 1000 login",
" 688 687 0 f9dec000 IN 0.1 1732 976 bash",
" > 700 688 1 f9d62000 RU 0.0 1048 256 gen12",
" ",
" Display the parental hierarchy of the \"%s\" process on a live system:\n",
" %s> ps -p 4249",
" PID: 0 TASK: c0252000 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"swapper\"",
" PID: 1 TASK: c009a000 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"init\"",
" PID: 632 TASK: c73b6000 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"prefdm\"",
" PID: 637 TASK: c5a4a000 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"prefdm\"",
" PID: 649 TASK: c179a000 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"kwm\"",
" PID: 683 TASK: c1164000 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"kfm\"",
" PID: 1186 TASK: c165a000 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"xterm\"",
" PID: 1188 TASK: c705e000 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"bash\"",
" PID: 4249 TASK: c6b9a000 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"crash\"",
" ",
" Display all children of the \"kwm\" window manager:\n",
" %s> ps -c kwm",
" PID: 649 TASK: c179a000 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"kwm\"",
" PID: 682 TASK: c2d58000 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"kwmsound\"",
" PID: 683 TASK: c1164000 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"kfm\"",
" PID: 685 TASK: c053c000 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"krootwm\"",
" PID: 686 TASK: c13fa000 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"kpanel\"",
" PID: 687 TASK: c13f0000 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"kbgndwm\"",
" ",
" Display all threads in a firefox session:\n",
" %s> ps firefox",
" PID PPID CPU TASK ST %MEM VSZ RSS COMM",
" 21273 21256 6 ffff81003ec15080 IN 46.3 1138276 484364 firefox",
" 21276 21256 6 ffff81003f49e7e0 IN 46.3 1138276 484364 firefox",
" 21280 21256 0 ffff81003ec1d7e0 IN 46.3 1138276 484364 firefox",
" 21286 21256 6 ffff81000b0d1820 IN 46.3 1138276 484364 firefox",
" 21287 21256 2 ffff81000b0d10c0 IN 46.3 1138276 484364 firefox",
" 26975 21256 5 ffff81003b5c1820 IN 46.3 1138276 484364 firefox",
" 26976 21256 5 ffff810023232820 IN 46.3 1138276 484364 firefox",
" 26977 21256 4 ffff810021a11820 IN 46.3 1138276 484364 firefox",
" 26978 21256 5 ffff810003159040 IN 46.3 1138276 484364 firefox",
" 26979 21256 5 ffff81003a058820 IN 46.3 1138276 484364 firefox",
" ",
" Display only the thread group leader in the firefox session:\n",
" %s> ps -G firefox",
" PID PPID CPU TASK ST %MEM VSZ RSS COMM",
" 21273 21256 0 ffff81003ec15080 IN 46.3 1138276 484364 firefox",
" ",
" Show the time usage data for pid 10318:\n",
" %s> ps -t 10318",
" PID: 10318 TASK: f7b85550 CPU: 5 COMMAND: \"bash\"",
" RUN TIME: 1 days, 01:35:32",
" START TIME: 5209",
" UTIME: 95",
" STIME: 57",
" ",
" Show the process status of PID 1, task f9dec000, and all nfsd tasks:\n",
" %s> ps 1 f9dec000 nfsd",
" PID PPID CPU TASK ST %MEM VSZ RSS COMM",
" 1 0 1 c0098000 IN 0.0 1096 476 init",
" 688 687 0 f9dec000 IN 0.1 1732 976 bash",
" 460 1 1 fa938000 IN 0.0 0 0 [nfsd]",
" 461 1 1 faa86000 IN 0.0 0 0 [nfsd]",
" 462 1 0 fac48000 IN 0.0 0 0 [nfsd]",
" 463 1 0 fb4ca000 IN 0.0 0 0 [nfsd]",
" 464 1 0 fb4c8000 IN 0.0 0 0 [nfsd]",
" 465 1 2 fba6e000 IN 0.0 0 0 [nfsd]",
" 466 1 1 fba6c000 IN 0.0 0 0 [nfsd]",
" 467 1 2 fac04000 IN 0.0 0 0 [nfsd]",
" ",
" Show all kernel threads:\n",
" %s> ps -k",
" PID PPID CPU TASK ST %MEM VSZ RSS COMM",
" 0 0 1 c0fac000 RU 0.0 0 0 [swapper]",
" 0 0 0 c0252000 RU 0.0 0 0 [swapper]",
" 2 1 1 c0fa0000 IN 0.0 0 0 [kflushd]",
" 3 1 1 c03de000 IN 0.0 0 0 [kpiod]",
" 4 1 1 c03dc000 IN 0.0 0 0 [kswapd]",
" 5 1 0 c0092000 IN 0.0 0 0 [mdrecoveryd]",
" 336 1 0 c4a9a000 IN 0.0 0 0 [rpciod]",
" 337 1 0 c4830000 IN 0.0 0 0 [lockd]",
" 487 1 1 c4ba6000 IN 0.0 0 0 [nfsd]",
" 488 1 0 c18c6000 IN 0.0 0 0 [nfsd]",
" 489 1 0 c0cac000 IN 0.0 0 0 [nfsd]",
" 490 1 0 c056a000 IN 0.0 0 0 [nfsd]",
" 491 1 0 c0860000 IN 0.0 0 0 [nfsd]",
" 492 1 1 c0254000 IN 0.0 0 0 [nfsd]",
" 493 1 0 c0a86000 IN 0.0 0 0 [nfsd]",
" 494 1 0 c0968000 IN 0.0 0 0 [nfsd]",
" ",
" Display a summary consisting of the number of tasks in a task state:\n",
" %s> ps -S",
" RU: 5",
" IN: 259",
" UN: 31",
" ZO: 1",
" ",
" Display only the active task, on each cpu:\n",
" %s> ps -A",
" PID PPID CPU TASK ST %MEM VSZ RSS COMM",
" > 10 2 1 ffff880212969710 IN 0.0 0 0 [migration/1]",
" > 0 0 3 ffff884026d43520 RU 0.0 0 0 [swapper]",
" > 6582 1 2 ffff880f49c52040 RU 0.0 42202472 33368 oracle",
" > 9497 1 0 ffff880549ec2ab0 RU 0.0 42314692 138664 oracle",
" ",
" Show all tasks sorted by their task_struct's last_run, timestamp, or",
" sched_entity last_arrival timestamp value, whichever applies:\n",
" %s> ps -l",
" [20811245123] [IN] PID: 37 TASK: f7153030 CPU: 2 COMMAND: \"events/2\"",
" [20811229959] [IN] PID: 1756 TASK: f2a5a570 CPU: 2 COMMAND: \"ntpd\"",
" [20800696644] [IN] PID: 1456 TASK: f2b1f030 CPU: 4 COMMAND: \"irqbalance\"",
" [20617047229] [IN] PID: 2324 TASK: f57f9570 CPU: 5 COMMAND: \"flush-253:0\"",
" [20617029209] [IN] PID: 49 TASK: f7167030 CPU: 4 COMMAND: \"bdi-default\"",
" [20438025365] [IN] PID: 345 TASK: f55c7ab0 CPU: 3 COMMAND: \"mpt_poll_0\"",
" [20103026046] [IN] PID: 728 TASK: f72ba570 CPU: 3 COMMAND: \"edac-poller\"",
" [20000189409] [IN] PID: 35 TASK: f7153ab0 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"events/0\"",
" [20000179905] [IN] PID: 48 TASK: f7167570 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"sync_supers\"",
" [19997120354] [IN] PID: 36 TASK: f7153570 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"events/1\"",
" [19991059209] [IN] PID: 38 TASK: f715fab0 CPU: 3 COMMAND: \"events/3\"",
" [19988091608] [IN] PID: 39 TASK: f715f570 CPU: 4 COMMAND: \"events/4\"",
" [19985076530] [IN] PID: 40 TASK: f715f030 CPU: 5 COMMAND: \"events/5\"",
" [19982019106] [IN] PID: 41 TASK: f7161ab0 CPU: 6 COMMAND: \"events/6\"",
" [19982016294] [IN] PID: 29 TASK: f7109ab0 CPU: 6 COMMAND: \"ksoftirqd/6\"",
" [19838402345] [RU] PID: 2331 TASK: f297f570 CPU: 7 COMMAND: \"bash\"",
" [19837129436] [IN] PID: 2326 TASK: f2ad5030 CPU: 6 COMMAND: \"sshd\"",
" [19289476417] [IN] PID: 1772 TASK: f5665570 CPU: 5 COMMAND: \"sendmail\"",
" ...\n",
" Show the most-recently run tasks on cpu 0 using both the -l and the -m",
" options:\n",
" %s> ps -m -C0",
" CPU: 0",
" [ 0 00:00:00.003] [RU] PID: 1205 TASK: dee03f20 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"insmod\"",
" [ 0 00:00:00.006] [RU] PID: 770 TASK: df9e9940 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"rsyslogd\"",
" [ 0 00:00:00.009] [IN] PID: 603 TASK: df9bcbc0 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"udevd\"",
" [ 0 00:00:00.010] [IN] PID: 348 TASK: df9ecbc0 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"udevd\"",
" [ 0 00:00:00.013] [IN] PID: 934 TASK: df9171a0 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"hald\"",
" [ 0 00:00:00.023] [IN] PID: 6 TASK: df443f20 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"events/0\"",
" [ 0 00:00:00.029] [IN] PID: 15 TASK: df46b280 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"kblockd/0\"",
" [ 0 00:00:00.101] [IN] PID: 1168 TASK: dee01940 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"bash\"",
" [ 0 00:00:01.404] [IN] PID: 272 TASK: dfa48ca0 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"flush-8:0\"",
" ...",
" ",
" %s> ps -l -C0",
" CPU: 0",
" [137146164748] [RU] PID: 1205 TASK: dee03f20 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"insmod\"",
" [137142534372] [RU] PID: 770 TASK: df9e9940 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"rsyslogd\"",
" [137140168469] [IN] PID: 603 TASK: df9bcbc0 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"udevd\"",
" [137138826427] [IN] PID: 348 TASK: df9ecbc0 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"udevd\"",
" [137135214599] [IN] PID: 934 TASK: df9171a0 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"hald\"",
" [137125651275] [IN] PID: 6 TASK: df443f20 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"events/0\"",
" [137119564815] [IN] PID: 15 TASK: df46b280 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"kblockd/0\"",
" [137047715027] [IN] PID: 1168 TASK: dee01940 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"bash\"",
" [135744209052] [IN] PID: 272 TASK: dfa48ca0 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"flush-8:0\"",
" ... ",
" ",
" Show the kernel stack pointer of each user task:\n",
" %s> ps -us",
" PID PPID CPU KSTACKP ST %MEM VSZ RSS COMM",
" 1 0 0 c009bedc IN 0.0 1096 52 init",
" 239 1 0 c15e7ed8 IN 0.2 1332 224 pump",
" 280 1 1 c7cbdedc IN 0.2 1092 208 portmap",
" 295 1 0 c7481edc IN 0.0 1232 0 ypbind",
" 301 295 0 c7c7bf28 IN 0.1 1260 124 ypbind",
" 376 1 1 c5053f28 IN 0.0 1316 40 automount",
" 381 1 0 c34ddf28 IN 0.2 1316 224 automount",
" 391 1 1 c2777f28 IN 0.2 1316 224 automount",
" ...",
" ",
" Display the argument and environment data for the automount task:\n",
" %s> ps -a automount",
" PID: 3948 TASK: f722ee30 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"automount\"",
" ARG: /usr/sbin/automount --timeout=60 /net program /etc/auto.net",
" ENV: SELINUX_INIT=YES",
" CONSOLE=/dev/console",
" TERM=linux",
" INIT_VERSION=sysvinit-2.85",
" PATH=/sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin",
" LC_MESSAGES=en_US",
" RUNLEVEL=3",
" runlevel=3",
" PWD=/",
" LANG=ja_JP.UTF-8",
" PREVLEVEL=N",
" previous=N",
" HOME=/",
" SHLVL=2",
" _=/usr/sbin/automount",
" ",
" Display the tasks in the thread group containing task c20ab0b0:\n",
" %s> ps -g c20ab0b0",
" PID: 6425 TASK: f72f50b0 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"firefox-bin\"",
" PID: 6516 TASK: f71bf1b0 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"firefox-bin\"",
" PID: 6518 TASK: d394b930 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"firefox-bin\"",
" PID: 6520 TASK: c20aa030 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"firefox-bin\"",
" PID: 6523 TASK: c20ab0b0 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"firefox-bin\"",
" PID: 6614 TASK: f1f181b0 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"firefox-bin\"",
" ",
" Display the tasks in the thread group for each instance of the",
" program named \"multi-thread\":\n",
" %s> ps -g multi-thread",
" PID: 2522 TASK: 1003f0dc7f0 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"multi-thread\"",
" PID: 2523 TASK: 10037b13030 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"multi-thread\"",
" PID: 2524 TASK: 1003e064030 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"multi-thread\"",
" PID: 2525 TASK: 1003e13a7f0 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"multi-thread\"",
" ",
" PID: 2526 TASK: 1002f82b7f0 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"multi-thread\"",
" PID: 2527 TASK: 1003e1737f0 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"multi-thread\"",
" PID: 2528 TASK: 10035b4b7f0 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"multi-thread\"",
" PID: 2529 TASK: 1003f0c37f0 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"multi-thread\"",
" PID: 2530 TASK: 10035597030 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"multi-thread\"",
" PID: 2531 TASK: 100184be7f0 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"multi-thread\"",
" ",
" Display the resource limits of \"bash\" task 13896:\n",
" %s> ps -r 13896",
" PID: 13896 TASK: cf402000 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"bash\"",
" RLIMIT CURRENT MAXIMUM",
" CPU (unlimited) (unlimited)",
" FSIZE (unlimited) (unlimited)",
" DATA (unlimited) (unlimited)",
" STACK 10485760 (unlimited)",
" CORE (unlimited) (unlimited)",
" RSS (unlimited) (unlimited)",
" NPROC 4091 4091",
" NOFILE 1024 1024",
" MEMLOCK 4096 4096",
" AS (unlimited) (unlimited)",
" LOCKS (unlimited) (unlimited)",
" ",
" Search for task names matching a POSIX regular expression:\n",
" %s> ps 'migration*'",
" PID PPID CPU TASK ST %MEM VSZ RSS COMM",
" 8 2 0 ffff8802128a2e20 IN 0.0 0 0 [migration/0]",
" 10 2 1 ffff880212969710 IN 0.0 0 0 [migration/1]",
" 15 2 2 ffff880212989710 IN 0.0 0 0 [migration/2]",
" 20 2 3 ffff8802129a9710 IN 0.0 0 0 [migration/3]",
NULL
};
char *help_rd[] = {
"rd",
"read memory",
"[-adDsSupxmfNR][-8|-16|-32|-64][-o offs][-e addr][-r file][address|symbol]\n"
" [count]",
" This command displays the contents of memory, with the output formatted",
" in several different manners. The starting address may be entered either",
" symbolically or by address. The default output size is the size of a long",
" data type, and the default output format is hexadecimal. When hexadecimal",
" output is used, the output will be accompanied by an ASCII translation.\n",
" -p address argument is a physical address.",
" -u address argument is a user virtual address; only required on",
" processors with common user and kernel virtual address spaces.",
" -m address argument is a xen host machine address.",
" -f address argument is a dumpfile offset.",
" -d display output in signed decimal format (default is hexadecimal).",
" -D display output in unsigned decimal format (default is hexadecimal).",
" -s displays output symbolically when appropriate.",
" -S[S] displays output symbolically when appropriate; if the memory",
" contents reference a slab cache object, the name of the slab cache",
" will be displayed in brackets. If -S is entered twice, and the",
" memory contents reference a slab cache object, both the memory",
" contents and the name of the slab cache will be displayed in",
" brackets.",
" -x do not display ASCII translation at end of each line.",
#ifdef NOTDEF
" -o Shows offset value from the starting address.",
#endif
" -8 display output in 8-bit values.",
" -16 display output in 16-bit values.",
" -32 display output in 32-bit values (default on 32-bit machines).",
" -64 display output in 64-bit values (default on 64-bit machines).",
" -a display output in ASCII characters if the memory contains printable",
" ASCII characters; if no count argument is entered, stop at the first",
" non-printable character.",
" -N display output in network byte order (only valid for 16- and 32-bit",
" values)",
" -R display memory in reverse order; memory will be displayed up to and",
" including the address argument, requiring the count argument to be",
" greater than 1 in order to display memory before the specified",
" address.",
" -o offs offset the starting address by offs.",
" -e addr display memory until reaching specified ending hexadecimal address.",
" -r file dumps raw data to the specified output file; the number of bytes that",
" are copied to the file must be specified either by a count argument",
" or by the -e option.",
" address starting hexadecimal address:",
" 1 the default presumes a kernel virtual address.",
" 2. -p specifies a physical address.",
" 3. -u specifies a user virtual address, but is only necessary on",
" processors with common user and kernel virtual address spaces.",
" symbol symbol of starting address to read.",
" count number of memory locations to display; if entered, it must be the",
" last argument on the command line; if not entered, the count defaults",
" to 1, or unlimited for -a; when used with the -r option, it is the",
" number of bytes to be written to the file.",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" Display the kernel's version string:\n",
" %s> rd -a linux_banner",
" c082a020: Linux version 2.6.32-119.el6.i686 (mockbuild@hs20-bc2-4.buil",
" c082a05c: d.redhat.com) (gcc version 4.4.4 20100726 (Red Hat 4.4.4-13)",
" c082a098: (GCC) ) #1 SMP Tue Mar 1 18:16:57 EST 2011",
"",
" Display the same block of memory, first without symbols, again",
" with symbols, and then with symbols and slab cache references:\n",
" %s> rd f6e31f70 28",
" f6e31f70: f6e31f6c f779c180 c04a4032 00a9dd40 l.....y.2@J.@...",
" f6e31f80: 00000fff c0472da0 f6e31fa4 f779c180 .....-G.......y.",
" f6e31f90: fffffff7 00a9b70f f6e31000 c04731ee .............1G.",
" f6e31fa0: f6e31fa4 00000000 00000000 00000000 ................",
" f6e31fb0: 00000000 00a9dd40 c0404f17 00000000 ....@....O@.....",
" f6e31fc0: 00a9dd40 00000fff 00a9dd40 00a9b70f @.......@.......",
" f6e31fd0: bf9e2718 ffffffda c040007b 0000007b .'......{.@.{...",
" %s> rd -s f6e31f70 28",
" f6e31f70: f6e31f6c f779c180 kmsg_read 00a9dd40 ",
" f6e31f80: 00000fff vfs_read+159 f6e31fa4 f779c180 ",
" f6e31f90: fffffff7 00a9b70f f6e31000 sys_read+60 ",
" f6e31fa0: f6e31fa4 00000000 00000000 00000000 ",
" f6e31fb0: 00000000 00a9dd40 syscall_call+7 00000000 ",
" f6e31fc0: 00a9dd40 00000fff 00a9dd40 00a9b70f ",
" f6e31fd0: bf9e2718 ffffffda startup_32+123 0000007b ",
" %s> rd -S f6e31f70 28",
" f6e31f70: [size-4096] [filp] kmsg_read 00a9dd40 ",
" f6e31f80: 00000fff vfs_read+159 [size-4096] [filp] ",
" f6e31f90: fffffff7 00a9b70f [size-4096] sys_read+60 ",
" f6e31fa0: [size-4096] 00000000 00000000 00000000 ",
" f6e31fb0: 00000000 00a9dd40 syscall_call+7 00000000 ",
" f6e31fc0: 00a9dd40 00000fff 00a9dd40 00a9b70f ",
" f6e31fd0: bf9e2718 ffffffda startup_32+123 0000007b ",
" %s> rd -SS f6e31f70 28",
" f6e31f70: [f6e31f6c:size-4096] [f779c180:filp] kmsg_read 00a9dd40 ",
" f6e31f80: 00000fff vfs_read+159 [f6e31fa4:size-4096] [f779c180:filp] ",
" f6e31f90: fffffff7 00a9b70f [f6e31000:size-4096] sys_read+60 ",
" f6e31fa0: [f6e31fa4:size-4096] 00000000 00000000 00000000 ",
" f6e31fb0: 00000000 00a9dd40 syscall_call+7 00000000 ",
" f6e31fc0: 00a9dd40 00000fff 00a9dd40 00a9b70f ",
" f6e31fd0: bf9e2718 ffffffda startup_32+123 0000007b ",
"",
" Read jiffies in hexadecimal and decimal format:\n",
" %s> rd jiffies",
" c0213ae0: 0008cc3a :...\n",
" %s> rd -d jiffies",
" c0213ae0: 577376\n",
" Access the same memory in different sizes:\n",
" %s> rd -64 kernel_version",
" c0226a6c: 35312d352e322e32 2.2.5-15\n",
" %s> rd -32 kernel_version 2",
" c0226a6c: 2e322e32 35312d35 2.2.5-15\n",
" %s> rd -16 kernel_version 4",
" c0226a6c: 2e32 2e32 2d35 3531 2.2.5-15\n",
" %s> rd -8 kernel_version 8 ",
" c0226a6c: 32 2e 32 2e 35 2d 31 35 2.2.5-15",
"\n Read the range of memory from c009bf2c to c009bf60:\n",
" %s> rd c009bf2c -e c009bf60",
" c009bf2c: c009bf64 c01328c3 c009bf64 c0132838 d....(..d...8(..",
" c009bf3c: 0000002a 00000004 c57d77e8 00000104 *........w}.....",
" c009bf4c: 0000000b c009a000 7fffffff 00000000 ................",
" c009bf5c: 00000000 ....",
NULL
};
char *help_wr[] = {
"wr",
"write memory",
"[-u|-k|-p] [-8|-16|-32|-64] [address|symbol] value",
" This command modifies the contents of memory. The starting address may be",
" entered either symbolically or by address. The default modification size ",
" is the size of a long data type. Write permission must exist on the",
" /dev/mem. When writing to memory on a live system, this command should ",
" obviously be used with great care.\n",
" -u address argument is a user virtual address.",
" -k address argument is a kernel virtual address.",
" -p address argument is a physical address.",
" -8 write data in an 8-bit value.",
" -16 write data in a 16-bit value.",
" -32 write data in a 32-bit values (default on 32-bit machines).",
" -64 write data in a 64-bit values (default on 64-bit machines).",
" address address to write. The address is considered virtual unless the",
" -p option is used. If a virtual address is specified, the",
" -u or -k options are necessary only if the address space cannot",
" be determined from the address value itself. If a user virtual",
" address is specified, the address space of the current context",
" implied. The address must be expressed in hexadecimal format.",
" symbol symbol of starting address to write.",
" value the value of the data to write.",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" Turn on a debug flag:\n",
" %s> wr my_debug_flag 1",
NULL
};
char *help_bt[] = {
"bt",
"backtrace",
"[-a|-c cpu(s)|-g|-r|-t|-T|-l|-e|-E|-f|-F|-o|-O|-v|-p] [-R ref] [-s [-x|d]]"
"\n [-I ip] [-S sp] [pid | task]",
" Display a kernel stack backtrace. If no arguments are given, the stack",
" trace of the current context will be displayed.\n",
" -a displays the stack traces of the active task on each CPU.",
" (only applicable to crash dumps)",
" -A same as -a, but also displays vector registers (S390X only).",
" -p display the stack trace of the panic task only.",
" (only applicable to crash dumps)",
" -c cpu display the stack trace of the active task on one or more CPUs,",
" which can be specified using the format \"3\", \"1,8,9\", \"1-23\",",
" or \"1,8,9-14\". (only applicable to crash dumps)",
#ifdef GDB_5_3
" -g use gdb stack trace code. (alpha only)",
#else
" -g displays the stack traces of all threads in the thread group of",
#endif
" the target task; the thread group leader will be displayed first.",
" -r display raw stack data, consisting of a memory dump of the two",
" pages of memory containing the task_union structure.",
" -t display all text symbols found from the last known stack location",
" to the top of the stack. (helpful if the back trace fails)",
" -T display all text symbols found from just above the task_struct or",
" thread_info to the top of the stack. (helpful if the back trace",
" fails or the -t option starts too high in the process stack).",
" -l show file and line number of each stack trace text location.",
" -e search the stack for possible kernel and user mode exception frames.",
" -E search the IRQ stacks (x86, x86_64, arm64, and ppc64), and the",
" exception stacks (x86_64) for possible exception frames; all other",
" arguments except for -c will be ignored since this is not a context-",
" sensitive operation.",
" -f display all stack data contained in a frame; this option can be",
" used to determine the arguments passed to each function; on ia64,",
" the argument register contents are dumped.",
" -F[F] similar to -f, except that the stack data is displayed symbolically",
" when appropriate; if the stack data references a slab cache object,",
" the name of the slab cache will be displayed in brackets; on ia64,",
" the substitution is done to the argument register contents. If -F",
" is entered twice, and the stack data references a slab cache object,",
" both the address and the name of the slab cache will be displayed",
" in brackets.",
" -v check the kernel stack of all tasks for evidence of stack overflows.",
" It does so by verifying the thread_info.task pointer, ensuring that",
" the thread_info.cpu is a valid cpu number, and checking the end of ",
" the stack for the STACK_END_MAGIC value.",
" -o arm64: use optional backtrace method; not supported on Linux 4.14 or",
" later kernels.",
" x86: use old backtrace method, permissible only on kernels that were",
" compiled without the -fomit-frame_pointer.",
" x86_64: use old backtrace method, which dumps potentially stale",
" kernel text return addresses found on the stack.",
" -O arm64: use optional backtrace method by default; subsequent usage",
" of this option toggles the backtrace method.",
" x86: use old backtrace method by default, permissible only on kernels",
" that were compiled without the -fomit-frame_pointer; subsequent usage",
" of this option toggles the backtrace method.",
" x86_64: use old backtrace method by default; subsequent usage of this",
" option toggles the backtrace method.",
" -R ref display stack trace only if there is a reference to this symbol",
" or text address.",
" -s display the symbol name plus its offset.",
" -x when displaying a symbol offset with the -s option, override the",
" default output format with hexadecimal format.",
" -d when displaying a symbol offset with the -s option, override the",
" default output format with decimal format.",
" -I ip use ip as the starting text location.",
" -S sp use sp as the starting stack frame address.",
" pid displays the stack trace(s) of this pid.",
" taskp displays the stack trace the the task referenced by this hexadecimal",
" task_struct pointer.\n",
" Multiple pid and taskp arguments may be specified.\n",
" Note that all examples below are for x86 only. The output format will differ",
" for other architectures. x86 backtraces from kernels that were compiled",
" with the --fomit-frame-pointer CFLAG occasionally will drop stack frames,",
" or display a stale frame reference. When in doubt as to the accuracy of a",
" backtrace, the -t or -T options may help fill in the blanks.\n",
"EXAMPLES",
" Display the stack trace of the active task(s) when the kernel panicked:\n",
" %s> bt -a",
" PID: 286 TASK: c0b3a000 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"in.rlogind\"",
" #0 [c0b3be90] crash_save_current_state at c011aed0",
" #1 [c0b3bea4] panic at c011367c",
" #2 [c0b3bee8] tulip_interrupt at c01bc820",
" #3 [c0b3bf08] handle_IRQ_event at c010a551",
" #4 [c0b3bf2c] do_8259A_IRQ at c010a319",
" #5 [c0b3bf3c] do_IRQ at c010a653",
" #6 [c0b3bfbc] ret_from_intr at c0109634",
" EAX: 00000000 EBX: c0e68280 ECX: 00000000 EDX: 00000004 EBP: c0b3bfbc",
" DS: 0018 ESI: 00000004 ES: 0018 EDI: c0e68284 ",
" CS: 0010 EIP: c012f803 ERR: ffffff09 EFLAGS: 00000246 ",
" #7 [c0b3bfbc] sys_select at c012f803",
" #8 [c0b3bfc0] system_call at c0109598",
" EAX: 0000008e EBX: 00000004 ECX: bfffc9a0 EDX: 00000000 ",
" DS: 002b ESI: bfffc8a0 ES: 002b EDI: 00000000 ",
" SS: 002b ESP: bfffc82c EBP: bfffd224 ",
" CS: 0023 EIP: 400d032e ERR: 0000008e EFLAGS: 00000246 ",
"\n Display the stack trace of the active task on CPU 0 and 1:\n",
" %s> bt -c 0,1",
" PID: 0 TASK: ffffffff81a8d020 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"swapper\"",
" #0 [ffff880002207e90] crash_nmi_callback at ffffffff8102fee6",
" #1 [ffff880002207ea0] notifier_call_chain at ffffffff8152d525",
" #2 [ffff880002207ee0] atomic_notifier_call_chain at ffffffff8152d58a",
" #3 [ffff880002207ef0] notify_die at ffffffff810a155e",
" #4 [ffff880002207f20] do_nmi at ffffffff8152b1eb",
" #5 [ffff880002207f50] nmi at ffffffff8152aab0",
" [exception RIP: native_safe_halt+0xb]",
" RIP: ffffffff8103eacb RSP: ffffffff81a01ea8 RFLAGS: 00000296",
" RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: 0000000000000000 RCX: 0000000000000000",
" RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000000000001 RDI: ffffffff81de5228",
" RBP: ffffffff81a01ea8 R8: 0000000000000000 R9: 0000000000000000",
" R10: 0012099429a6bea3 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: ffffffff81c066c0",
" R13: 0000000000000000 R14: ffffffffffffffff R15: ffffffff81de1000",
" ORIG_RAX: ffffffffffffffff CS: 0010 SS: 0018",
" --- <NMI exception stack> ---",
" #6 [ffffffff81a01ea8] native_safe_halt at ffffffff8103eacb",
" #7 [ffffffff81a01eb0] default_idle at ffffffff810167bd",
" #8 [ffffffff81a01ed0] cpu_idle at ffffffff81009fc6",
" ",
" PID: 38 TASK: ffff88003eaae040 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"khungtaskd\"",
" #0 [ffff88003ad97ce8] machine_kexec at ffffffff81038f3b",
" #1 [ffff88003ad97d48] crash_kexec at ffffffff810c5da2",
" #2 [ffff88003ad97e18] panic at ffffffff8152721a",
" #3 [ffff88003ad97e98] watchdog at ffffffff810e6346",
" #4 [ffff88003ad97ee8] kthread at ffffffff8109af06",
" #5 [ffff88003ad97f48] kernel_thread at ffffffff8100c20a",
"\n Display the stack traces of task f2814000 and PID 1592:\n",
" %s> bt f2814000 1592",
" PID: 1018 TASK: f2814000 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"java\"",
" #0 [f2815db4] schedule at c011af85",
" #1 [f2815de4] __down at c010600f",
" #2 [f2815e14] __down_failed at c01061b3",
" #3 [f2815e24] stext_lock (via drain_cpu_caches) at c025fa55",
" #4 [f2815ec8] kmem_cache_shrink_nr at c013a53e",
" #5 [f2815ed8] do_try_to_free_pages at c013f402",
" #6 [f2815f04] try_to_free_pages at c013f8d2",
" #7 [f2815f1c] _wrapped_alloc_pages at c01406bd",
" #8 [f2815f40] __alloc_pages at c014079d",
" #9 [f2815f60] __get_free_pages at c014083e",
" #10 [f2815f68] do_fork at c011cebb",
" #11 [f2815fa4] sys_clone at c0105ceb",
" #12 [f2815fc0] system_call at c010740c",
" EAX: 00000078 EBX: 00000f21 ECX: bc1ffbd8 EDX: bc1ffbe0",
" DS: 002b ESI: 00000000 ES: 002b EDI: bc1ffd04",
" SS: 002b ESP: 0807316c EBP: 080731bc",
" CS: 0023 EIP: 4012881e ERR: 00000078 EFLAGS: 00000296",
" ",
" PID: 1592 TASK: c0cec000 CPU: 3 COMMAND: \"httpd\"",
" #0 [c0ceded4] schedule at c011af85",
" #1 [c0cedf04] pipe_wait at c0153083",
" #2 [c0cedf58] pipe_read at c015317f",
" #3 [c0cedf7c] sys_read at c0148be6",
" #4 [c0cedfc0] system_call at c010740c",
" EAX: 00000003 EBX: 00000004 ECX: bffed4a3 EDX: 00000001 ",
" DS: 002b ESI: 00000001 ES: 002b EDI: bffed4a3 ",
" SS: 002b ESP: bffed458 EBP: bffed488 ",
" CS: 0023 EIP: 4024f1d4 ERR: 00000003 EFLAGS: 00000286 ",
" ",
" In order to examine each stack frame's contents use the bt -f option.",
" From the extra frame data that is displayed, the arguments passed to each",
" function can be determined. Re-examining the PID 1592 trace above:",
" ",
" %s> bt -f 1592",
" PID: 1592 TASK: c0cec000 CPU: 3 COMMAND: \"httpd\"",
" #0 [c0ceded4] schedule at c011af85",
" [RA: c0153088 SP: c0ceded4 FP: c0cedf04 SIZE: 52]",
" c0ceded4: c0cedf00 c0cec000 ce1a6000 00000003 ",
" c0cedee4: c0cec000 f26152c0 cfafc8c0 c0cec000 ",
" c0cedef4: ef70a0a0 c0cec000 c0cedf28 c0cedf54 ",
" c0cedf04: c0153088 ",
" #1 [c0cedf04] pipe_wait at c0153083",
" [RA: c0153184 SP: c0cedf08 FP: c0cedf58 SIZE: 84]",
" c0cedf08: 00000000 c0cec000 00000000 00000000 ",
" c0cedf18: 00000000 c0a41fa0 c011d38b c0394120 ",
" c0cedf28: 00000000 c0cec000 ceeebf30 ce4adf30 ",
" c0cedf38: 00000000 d4b60ce0 00000000 c0cedf58 ",
" c0cedf48: e204f820 ef70a040 00000001 c0cedf78 ",
" c0cedf58: c0153184 ",
" #2 [c0cedf58] pipe_read at c015317f",
" [RA: c0148be8 SP: c0cedf5c FP: c0cedf7c SIZE: 36]",
" c0cedf5c: ef70a040 c0cec000 00000000 00000000 ",
" c0cedf6c: 00000001 f27ae680 ffffffea c0cedfbc ",
" c0cedf7c: c0148be8 ",
" #3 [c0cedf7c] sys_read at c0148be6",
" [RA: c0107413 SP: c0cedf80 FP: c0cedfc0 SIZE: 68]",
" c0cedf80: f27ae680 bffed4a3 00000001 f27ae6a0 ",
" c0cedf90: 40160370 24000000 4019ba28 00000000 ",
" c0cedfa0: 00000000 fffffffe bffba207 fffffffe ",
" c0cedfb0: c0cec000 00000001 bffed4a3 bffed488 ",
" c0cedfc0: c0107413 ",
" #4 [c0cedfc0] system_call at c010740c",
" EAX: 00000003 EBX: 00000004 ECX: bffed4a3 EDX: 00000001 ",
" DS: 002b ESI: 00000001 ES: 002b EDI: bffed4a3 ",
" SS: 002b ESP: bffed458 EBP: bffed488 ",
" CS: 0023 EIP: 4024f1d4 ERR: 00000003 EFLAGS: 00000286 ",
" [RA: 4024f1d4 SP: c0cedfc4 FP: c0cedffc SIZE: 60]",
" c0cedfc4: 00000004 bffed4a3 00000001 00000001 ",
" c0cedfd4: bffed4a3 bffed488 00000003 0000002b ",
" c0cedfe4: 0000002b 00000003 4024f1d4 00000023 ",
" c0cedff4: 00000286 bffed458 0000002b ",
" ",
" Typically the arguments passed to a function will be the last values",
" that were pushed onto the stack by the next higher-numbered function, i.e.,",
" the lowest stack addresses in the frame above the called function's",
" stack frame. That can be verified by disassembling the calling function.",
" For example, the arguments passed from sys_read() to pipe_read() above",
" are the file pointer, the user buffer address, the count, and a pointer",
" to the file structure's f_pos field. Looking at the frame #3 data for",
" sys_read(), the last four items pushed onto the stack (lowest addresses)",
" are f27ae680, bffed4a3, 00000001, and f27ae6a0 -- which are the 4 arguments",
" above, in that order. Note that the first (highest address) stack content",
" in frame #2 data for pipe_read() is c0148be8, which is the return address",
" back to sys_read(). ",
" ",
" Dump the text symbols found in the current context's stack:\n",
" %s> bt -t",
" PID: 1357 TASK: c1aa0000 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"lockd\"",
" START: schedule at c01190e0",
" [c1aa1f28] dput at c0157dbc",
" [c1aa1f4c] schedule_timeout at c0124cd4",
" [c1aa1f78] svc_recv at cb22c4d8 [sunrpc]",
" [c1aa1f98] put_files_struct at c011eb21",
" [c1aa1fcc] nlmclnt_proc at cb237bef [lockd]",
" [c1aa1ff0] kernel_thread at c0105826",
" [c1aa1ff8] nlmclnt_proc at cb237a60 [lockd]",
" ",
" Search the current stack for possible exception frames:\n",
" %s> bt -e",
" PID: 286 TASK: c0b3a000 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"in.rlogind\"",
" ",
" KERNEL-MODE EXCEPTION FRAME AT c0b3bf44:",
" EAX: 00000000 EBX: c0e68280 ECX: 00000000 EDX: 00000004 EBP: c0b3bfbc",
" DS: 0018 ESI: 00000004 ES: 0018 EDI: c0e68284 ",
" CS: 0010 EIP: c012f803 ERR: ffffff09 EFLAGS: 00000246 ",
" ",
" USER-MODE EXCEPTION FRAME AT c0b3bfc4:",
" EAX: 0000008e EBX: 00000004 ECX: bfffc9a0 EDX: 00000000 ",
" DS: 002b ESI: bfffc8a0 ES: 002b EDI: 00000000 ",
" SS: 002b ESP: bfffc82c EBP: bfffd224 ",
" CS: 0023 EIP: 400d032e ERR: 0000008e EFLAGS: 00000246 ",
" ",
" Display the back trace from a dumpfile that resulted from the execution",
" of the %s utility's \"sys -panic\" command:\n",
" %s> bt",
" PID: 12523 TASK: c610c000 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"crash\"",
" #0 [c610de64] die at c01076ec",
" #1 [c610de74] do_invalid_op at c01079bc",
" #2 [c610df2c] error_code (via invalid_op) at c0107256",
" EAX: 0000001d EBX: c024a4c0 ECX: c02f13c4 EDX: 000026f6 EBP: c610c000",
" DS: 0018 ESI: 401de2e0 ES: 0018 EDI: c610c000",
" CS: 0010 EIP: c011bbb4 ERR: ffffffff EFLAGS: 00010296",
" #3 [c610df68] panic at c011bbb4",
" #4 [c610df78] do_exit at c011f1fe",
" #5 [c610dfc0] system_call at c0107154",
" EAX: 00000001 EBX: 00000000 ECX: 00001000 EDX: 401df154",
" DS: 002b ESI: 401de2e0 ES: 002b EDI: 00000000",
" SS: 002b ESP: bffebf0c EBP: bffebf38",
" CS: 0023 EIP: 40163afd ERR: 00000001 EFLAGS: 00000246",
" ",
" Display the back trace from a dumpfile that resulted from an attempt to",
" insmod the sample \"crash.c\" kernel module that comes as part of the",
" Red Hat netdump package:\n",
" %s> bt",
" PID: 1696 TASK: c74de000 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"insmod\"",
" #0 [c74dfdcc] die at c01076ec",
" #1 [c74dfddc] do_page_fault at c0117bbc",
" #2 [c74dfee0] error_code (via page_fault) at c0107256",
" EAX: 00000013 EBX: cb297000 ECX: 00000000 EDX: c5962000 EBP: c74dff28",
" DS: 0018 ESI: 00000000 ES: 0018 EDI: 00000000",
" CS: 0010 EIP: cb297076 ERR: ffffffff EFLAGS: 00010282",
" #3 [c74dff1c] crash_init at cb297076 [crash]",
" #4 [c74dff2c] sys_init_module at c011d233",
" #5 [c74dffc0] system_call at c0107154",
" EAX: 00000080 EBX: 08060528 ECX: 08076450 EDX: 0000000a",
" DS: 002b ESI: 0804b305 ES: 002b EDI: 08074ed0",
" SS: 002b ESP: bffe9a90 EBP: bffe9ac8",
" CS: 0023 EIP: 4012066e ERR: 00000080 EFLAGS: 00000246",
" ",
" Display the symbol name plus its offset in each frame, overriding",
" the current output format with hexadecimal:\n",
" %s> bt -sx",
" PID: 1499 TASK: ffff88006af43cc0 CPU: 2 COMMAND: \"su\"",
" #0 [ffff8800664a1c90] machine_kexec+0x167 at ffffffff810327b7",
" #1 [ffff8800664a1ce0] crash_kexec+0x60 at ffffffff810a9ec0",
" #2 [ffff8800664a1db0] oops_end+0xb0 at ffffffff81504160",
" #3 [ffff8800664a1dd0] general_protection+0x25 at ffffffff81503435",
" [exception RIP: kmem_cache_alloc+120]",
" RIP: ffffffff8113cf88 RSP: ffff8800664a1e88 RFLAGS: 00010086",
" RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: ff88006ef56840ff RCX: ffffffff8114e9e4",
" RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 00000000000080d0 RDI: ffffffff81796020",
" RBP: ffffffff81796020 R8: ffff88000a3137a0 R9: 0000000000000000",
" R10: ffff88007ac97300 R11: 0000000000000400 R12: 00000000000080d0",
" R13: 0000000000000292 R14: 00000000000080d0 R15: 00000000000000c0",
" ORIG_RAX: ffffffffffffffff CS: 0010 SS: 0018",
" #4 [ffff8800664a1ed0] get_empty_filp+0x74 at ffffffff8114e9e4",
" #5 [ffff8800664a1ef0] sock_alloc_fd+0x23 at ffffffff8142f553",
" #6 [ffff8800664a1f10] sock_map_fd+0x23 at ffffffff8142f693",
" #7 [ffff8800664a1f50] sys_socket+0x43 at ffffffff814302a3",
" #8 [ffff8800664a1f80] system_call_fastpath+0x16 at ffffffff81013042",
" RIP: 00007f5720b368e7 RSP: 00007fff52b629a8 RFLAGS: 00010206",
" RAX: 0000000000000029 RBX: ffffffff81013042 RCX: 0000000000000000",
" RDX: 0000000000000009 RSI: 0000000000000003 RDI: 0000000000000010",
" RBP: 000000000066f320 R8: 0000000000000001 R9: 0000000000000000",
" R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000202 R12: ffff88007ac97300",
" R13: 0000000000000000 R14: 00007f571e104a80 R15: 00007f571e305048",
" ORIG_RAX: 0000000000000029 CS: 0033 SS: 002b",
"",
" The following three examples show the difference in the display of",
" the same stack frame's contents using -f, -F, and -FF:",
" ",
" %s> bt -f",
" ...",
" #4 [ffff810072b47f10] vfs_write at ffffffff800789d8",
" ffff810072b47f18: ffff81007e020380 ffff81007e2c2880 ",
" ffff810072b47f28: 0000000000000002 fffffffffffffff7 ",
" ffff810072b47f38: 00002b141825d000 ffffffff80078f75 ",
" #5 [ffff810072b47f40] sys_write at ffffffff80078f75",
" ...",
" %s> bt -F",
" ...",
" #4 [ffff810072b47f10] vfs_write at ffffffff800789d8",
" ffff810072b47f18: [files_cache] [filp] ",
" ffff810072b47f28: 0000000000000002 fffffffffffffff7 ",
" ffff810072b47f38: 00002b141825d000 sys_write+69 ",
" #5 [ffff810072b47f40] sys_write at ffffffff80078f75",
" ...",
" %s> bt -FF",
" ...",
" #4 [ffff810072b47f10] vfs_write at ffffffff800789d8",
" ffff810072b47f18: [ffff81007e020380:files_cache] [ffff81007e2c2880:filp]",
" ffff810072b47f28: 0000000000000002 fffffffffffffff7 ",
" ffff810072b47f38: 00002b141825d000 sys_write+69 ",
" #5 [ffff810072b47f40] sys_write at ffffffff80078f75",
" ...",
"",
" Check the kernel stack of all tasks for evidence of a stack overflow:\n",
" %s> bt -v",
" PID: 5823 TASK: ffff88102aae0040 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"flush-253:0\"",
" possible stack overflow: thread_info.task: 102efb5adc0 != ffff88102aae0040",
" possible stack overflow: 40ffffffff != STACK_END_MAGIC",
NULL
};
char *help_btop[] = {
"btop",
"bytes to page",
"address ...",
" This command translates a hexadecimal address to its page number.",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" %s> btop 512a000",
" 512a000: 512a",
NULL
};
char *help_extend[] = {
"extend",
"extend the %s command set",
"[shared-object ...] | [-u [shared-object ...]]",
" This command dynamically loads or unloads %s extension shared object",
" libraries:\n",
" shared-object load the specified shared object file; more than one",
" one object file may be entered.",
" -u shared-object unload the specified shared object file; if no file",
" arguments are specified, unload all objects.",
"\n If the shared-object filename is not expressed with a fully-qualified",
" pathname, the following directories will be searched in the order shown,",
" and the first instance of the file that is found will be selected:\n",
" 1. the current working directory",
" 2. the directory specified in the CRASH_EXTENSIONS environment variable",
" 3. /usr/lib64/crash/extensions (64-bit architectures)",
" 4. /usr/lib/crash/extensions",
"\n If no arguments are entered, the current set of shared object files and ",
" a list of their commands will be displayed. The registered commands",
" contained in each shared object file will appear automatically in the ",
" \"help\" command screen.",
"\n An example of a shared object prototype file, and how to compile it",
" into a shared object, is appended below.",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" Load two shared object files:\n",
" %s> extend extlib1.so extlib2.so",
" ./extlib1.so: shared object loaded",
" ./extlib2.so: shared object loaded",
"\n Display the current set of shared object files and their commands:\n",
" %s> extend",
" SHARED OBJECT COMMANDS",
" ./extlib1.so echo util bin",
" ./extlib2.so smp show",
"\n Unload one of the shared object files:\n",
" %s> extend -u extlib1.so",
" ./extlib1.so: shared object unloaded",
"\n Unload all currently-loaded object files:\n",
" %s> extend -u",
" ./extlib2.so: shared object unloaded",
"\nCREATING A SHARED OBJECT",
" The extend command loads shared object files using dlopen(3), which in",
" turn calls the shared object's constructor function. The shared object's",
" constructor function should register its command set by calling ",
" register_extension(), passing it a pointer to an array of one or more",
" structures of the following type:",
" ",
" struct command_table_entry {",
" char *name;",
" cmd_func_t func;",
" char **help_data,",
" ulong flags;",
" };",
" ",
" Each command_table_entry structure contains the ASCII name of a command,",
" the command's function address, a pointer to an array of help data strings,",
" and a flags field. The help_data field is optional; if it is non-NULL, it",
" should point to an array of character strings used by the \"help\"",
" command, and during command failures. The flags field currently has two",
" available bit settings, REFRESH_TASK_TABLE, which should be set if it is ",
" preferable to reload the current set of running processes just prior to ",
" executing the command (on a live system) and MINIMAL, which should be ",
" set if the command should be available in minimal mode. Terminate the array",
" of command_table_entry structures with an entry with a NULL command name. ",
" ",
" Below is an example shared object file consisting of just one command, ",
" called \"echo\", which simply echoes back all arguments passed to it.",
" Note the comments contained within it for further details. Cut and paste",
" the following output into a file, and call it, for example, \"echo.c\".",
" Then compiled in either of two manners. Either manually like so:",
" ",
" gcc -shared -rdynamic -o echo.so echo.c -fPIC -D<machine-type> $(TARGET_CFLAGS)",
" ",
" where <machine-type> must be one of the MACHINE_TYPE #define's in defs.h,",
" and where $(TARGET_CFLAGS) is the same as it is declared in the top-level",
" Makefile after a build is completed. Or alternatively, the \"echo.c\" file",
" can be copied into the \"extensions\" subdirectory, and compiled automatically",
" like so:",
" ",
" make extensions",
" ",
" The echo.so file may be dynamically linked into %s during runtime, or",
" during initialization by putting \"extend echo.so\" into a .%src file",
" located in the current directory, or in the user's $HOME directory.",
" ",
"---------------------------------- cut here ----------------------------------",
" ",
"#include \"defs.h\" /* From the crash source top-level directory */",
"",
"void echo_init(void); /* constructor function */",
"void echo_fini(void); /* destructor function (optional) */",
"",
"void cmd_echo(void); /* Declare the commands and their help data. */",
"char *help_echo[];",
"",
"static struct command_table_entry command_table[] = {",
" { \"echo\", cmd_echo, help_echo, 0}, /* One or more commands, */",
" { NULL }, /* terminated by NULL, */",
"};",
"",
"",
"void __attribute__((constructor))",
"echo_init(void) /* Register the command set. */",
"{ ",
" register_extension(command_table);",
"}",
" ",
"/* ",
" * This function is called if the shared object is unloaded. ",
" * If desired, perform any cleanups here. ",
" */",
"void __attribute__((destructor))",
"echo_fini(void) { }",
"",
"",
"/* ",
" * Arguments are passed to the command functions in the global args[argcnt]",
" * array. See getopt(3) for info on dash arguments. Check out defs.h and",
" * other %s commands for usage of the myriad of utility routines available",
" * to accomplish what your task.",
" */",
"void",
"cmd_echo(void)",
"{",
" int c;",
"",
" while ((c = getopt(argcnt, args, \"\")) != EOF) {",
" switch(c)",
" {",
" default:",
" argerrs++;",
" break;",
" }",
" }",
"",
" if (argerrs)",
" cmd_usage(pc->curcmd, SYNOPSIS);",
"",
" while (args[optind]) ",
" fprintf(fp, \"%%s \", args[optind++]);",
"",
" fprintf(fp, \"\\n\");",
"}",
"",
"/* ",
" * The optional help data is simply an array of strings in a defined format.",
" * For example, the \"help echo\" command will use the help_echo[] string",
" * array below to create a help page that looks like this:",
" * ",
" * NAME",
" * echo - echoes back its arguments",
" *",
" * SYNOPSIS",
" * echo arg ...",
" *",
" * DESCRIPTION",
" * This command simply echoes back its arguments.",
" *",
" * EXAMPLE",
" * Echo back all command arguments:",
" *",
" * crash> echo hello, world",
" * hello, world",
" *",
" */",
" ",
"char *help_echo[] = {",
" \"echo\", /* command name */",
" \"echoes back its arguments\", /* short description */",
" \"arg ...\", /* argument synopsis, or \" \" if none */",
" ",
" \" This command simply echoes back its arguments.\",",
" \"\\nEXAMPLE\",",
" \" Echo back all command arguments:\\n\",",
" \" %s> echo hello, world\",",
" \" hello, world\",",
" NULL",
"};",
"",
NULL
};
char *help_mach[] = {
"mach",
"machine specific data",
"[-m | -c -[xd] | -o]",
" This command displays data specific to a machine type.\n",
" -m Display the physical memory map (x86, x86_64 and ia64 only).",
" -c Display each cpu's cpuinfo structure (x86, x86_64 and ia64 only).",
" Display each cpu's x8664_pda structure (x86_64 only),",
" Display the hwrpb_struct, and each cpu's percpu_struct (alpha only).",
" -x override default output format with hexadecimal format.",
" -d override default output format with decimal format.",
" -o Display the OPAL console log (ppc64 only).",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" %s> mach",
" MACHINE TYPE: i686",
" MEMORY SIZE: 512 MB",
" CPUS: 2",
" HYPERVISOR: KVM",
" PROCESSOR SPEED: 1993 Mhz",
" HZ: 100",
" PAGE SIZE: 4096",
// " L1 CACHE SIZE: 32",
" KERNEL VIRTUAL BASE: c0000000",
" KERNEL VMALLOC BASE: e0800000",
" KERNEL STACK SIZE: 8192",
" ",
" Display the system physical memory map:\n",
" %s> mach -m",
" PHYSICAL ADDRESS RANGE TYPE",
" 0000000000000000 - 00000000000a0000 E820_RAM",
" 00000000000f0000 - 0000000000100000 E820_RESERVED",
" 0000000000100000 - 000000001ff75000 E820_RAM",
" 000000001ff75000 - 000000001ff77000 E820_NVS",
" 000000001ff77000 - 000000001ff98000 E820_ACPI",
" 000000001ff98000 - 0000000020000000 E820_RESERVED",
" 00000000fec00000 - 00000000fec90000 E820_RESERVED",
" 00000000fee00000 - 00000000fee10000 E820_RESERVED",
" 00000000ffb00000 - 0000000100000000 E820_RESERVED",
" ",
" Display the OPAL console log:\n",
" %s> mach -o",
" [ 65.219056911,5] SkiBoot skiboot-5.4.0-218-ge0225cc-df9a248 starting...",
" [ 65.219065872,5] initial console log level: memory 7, driver 5",
" [ 65.219068917,6] CPU: P8 generation processor(max 8 threads/core)",
" [ 65.219071681,7] CPU: Boot CPU PIR is 0x0060 PVR is 0x004d0200",
" [ 65.219074685,7] CPU: Initial max PIR set to 0x1fff",
" [ 65.219607955,5] FDT: Parsing fdt @0xff00000",
" [ 494.026291523,7] BT: seq 0x25 netfn 0x0a cmd 0x48: Message sent to host",
" [ 494.027636927,7] BT: seq 0x25 netfn 0x0a cmd 0x48: IPMI MSG done",
NULL
};
char *help_bpf[] = {
"bpf",
"extended Berkeley Packet Filter (eBPF)",
"[[-p ID | -P] [-tTj]] [[-m ID] | -M] [-s] [-xd]",
" ",
" This command provides information on currently-loaded eBPF programs and maps.",
" With no arguments, basic information about each loaded eBPF program and map",
" is displayed. For each eBPF program, its ID number, the addresses of its ",
" bpf_prog and bpf_prog_aux data structures, its type, tag, and the IDs of the",
" eBPF maps that it uses are displayed. For each eBPF map, its ID number, the",
" address of its bpf_map data structure, its type, and the hexadecimal value of",
" its map_flags are displayed.",
" ",
" -p ID displays the basic information specific to the program ID, plus the",
" size in bytes of its translated bytecode, the size in bytes of its",
" jited code, the number of bytes locked into memory, the time that",
" the program was loaded, whether it is GPL compatible, and its UID.",
" -P same as -p, but displays the basic and extra data for all programs.",
" -m ID displays the basic information specific to the map ID, plus the",
" size in bytes of its key and value, the maximum number of key-value",
" pairs that can be stored within the map, the number of bytes locked",
" into memory, its name string, and its UID.",
" -M same as -m, but displays the basic and extra data for all maps.",
" -t translate the bytecode of the specified program ID.",
" -T same as -t, but also dump the bytecode of each instruction.",
" -j disassemble the jited code of the specified program ID.",
" -s with -p or -P, dump the bpf_prog and bpf_prog_aux data structures.",
" with -m or -M, dump the bpf_map structure.",
" -x with -s, override default output format with hexadecimal format.",
" -d with -s, override default output format with decimal format.",
" ",
"EXAMPLES",
" Display all loaded eBPF programs and maps:\n",
" %s> bpf",
" ID BPF_PROG BPF_PROG_AUX BPF_PROG_TYPE TAG USED_MAPS",
" 13 ffffbc00c06d1000 ffff9ff260f0c400 CGROUP_SKB 7be49e3934a125ba 13,14",
" 14 ffffbc00c0761000 ffff9ff260f0f600 CGROUP_SKB 2a142ef67aaad174 13,14",
" 15 ffffbc00c001d000 ffff9ff2618f9e00 CGROUP_SKB 7be49e3934a125ba 15,16",
" 16 ffffbc00c06c9000 ffff9ff2618f9400 CGROUP_SKB 2a142ef67aaad174 15,16",
" 19 ffffbc00c0d39000 ffff9ff2610fa000 CGROUP_SKB 7be49e3934a125ba 19,20",
" 20 ffffbc00c0d41000 ffff9ff2610f8e00 CGROUP_SKB 2a142ef67aaad174 19,20",
" 30 ffffbc00c065f000 ffff9ff1b64de200 KPROBE 69fed6de18629d7a 32",
" 31 ffffbc00c065b000 ffff9ff1b64df200 KPROBE 69fed6de18629d7a 37",
" 32 ffffbc00c0733000 ffff9ff1b64dc600 KPROBE 69fed6de18629d7a 38",
" 33 ffffbc00c0735000 ffff9ff1b64dca00 KPROBE 69fed6de18629d7a 39",
" 34 ffffbc00c0737000 ffff9ff1b64dfc00 KPROBE 4abbddae72a6ee17 33,36,34",
" 36 ffffbc00c0839000 ffff9ff1b64dd000 KPROBE da4fc6a3f41761a2 32",
" 41 ffffbc00c07ec000 ffff9ff207b70400 TRACEPOINT e2094f9f46284bf6 55,54",
" 44 ffffbc00c07ee000 ffff9ff1b64dc800 PERF_EVENT 19578a12836c4115 62",
" 46 ffffbc00c07f0000 ffff9ff207b70400 SOCKET_FILTER 1fcfc04afd689133 64",
" ",
" ID BPF_MAP BPF_MAP_TYPE MAP_FLAGS",
" 13 ffff9ff260f0ec00 LPM_TRIE 00000001",
" 14 ffff9ff260f0de00 LPM_TRIE 00000001",
" 15 ffff9ff2618fbe00 LPM_TRIE 00000001",
" 16 ffff9ff2618fb800 LPM_TRIE 00000001",
" 19 ffff9ff2610faa00 LPM_TRIE 00000001",
" 20 ffff9ff2610fb800 LPM_TRIE 00000001",
" 32 ffff9ff260d74000 HASH 00000000",
" 33 ffff9ff260d76400 LRU_HASH 00000000",
" 34 ffff9ff260d70000 LRU_HASH 00000002",
" 35 ffff9ff260d73800 LRU_HASH 00000004",
" 36 ffff9ff1b4f44000 ARRAY_OF_MAPS 00000000",
" 37 ffff9ff260d77c00 PERCPU_HASH 00000000",
" 38 ffff9ff260d70800 HASH 00000001",
" 39 ffff9ff260d76c00 PERCPU_HASH 00000001",
" 54 ffff9ff260dd2c00 HASH 00000000",
" 55 ffff9ff260dd1400 HASH 00000000",
" 62 ffff9ff1ae784000 HASH 00000000",
" 64 ffff9ff1aea15000 ARRAY 00000000",
" ",
" Display additional data about program ID 20:\n",
" %s> bpf -p 20",
" ID BPF_PROG BPF_PROG_AUX BPF_PROG_TYPE TAG USED_MAPS",
" 20 ffffbc00c0d41000 ffff9ff2610f8e00 CGROUP_SKB 2a142ef67aaad174 19,20",
" XLATED: 296 JITED: 229 MEMLOCK: 4096",
" LOAD_TIME: Fri Apr 20 19:39:21 2018",
" GPL_COMPATIBLE: yes UID: 0",
" ",
" Display additional data about map ID 34:\n",
" %s> bpf -m 34",
" ID BPF_MAP BPF_MAP_TYPE MAP_FLAGS",
" 34 ffff9ff260d70000 LRU_HASH 00000000",
" KEY_SIZE: 4 VALUE_SIZE: 8 MAX_ENTRIES: 10000 MEMLOCK: 1953792",
" NAME: \"lru_hash_map\" UID: 0",
"",
" Disassemble the jited program of program ID 20:\n",
" %s> bpf -p 20 -j",
" ID BPF_PROG BPF_PROG_AUX BPF_PROG_TYPE TAG USED_MAPS",
" 20 ffffbc00c0d41000 ffff9ff2610f8e00 CGROUP_SKB 2a142ef67aaad174 19,20",
" XLATED: 296 JITED: 229 MEMLOCK: 4096",
" LOAD_TIME: Fri Apr 20 19:39:21 2018",
" GPL_COMPATIBLE: yes UID: 0",
" ",
" 0xffffffffc06887a2: push \%rbp ",
" 0xffffffffc06887a3: mov \%rsp,\%rbp ",
" 0xffffffffc06887a6: sub $0x40,\%rsp ",
" 0xffffffffc06887ad: sub $0x28,\%rbp ",
" 0xffffffffc06887b1: mov \%rbx,0x0(\%rbp) ",
" 0xffffffffc06887b5: mov \%r13,0x8(\%rbp) ",
" 0xffffffffc06887b9: mov \%r14,0x10(\%rbp) ",
" 0xffffffffc06887bd: mov \%r15,0x18(\%rbp) ",
" 0xffffffffc06887c1: xor \%eax,\%eax ",
" 0xffffffffc06887c3: mov \%rax,0x20(\%rbp) ",
" 0xffffffffc06887c7: mov \%rdi,\%rbx ",
" 0xffffffffc06887ca: movzwq 0xc0(\%rbx),\%r13 ",
" 0xffffffffc06887d2: xor \%r14d,\%r14d ",
" 0xffffffffc06887d5: cmp $0x8,\%r13 ",
" 0xffffffffc06887d9: jne 0xffffffffc068881b ",
" 0xffffffffc06887db: mov \%rbx,\%rdi ",
" 0xffffffffc06887de: mov $0xc,\%esi ",
" 0xffffffffc06887e3: mov \%rbp,\%rdx ",
" 0xffffffffc06887e6: add $0xfffffffffffffffc,\%rdx ",
" 0xffffffffc06887ea: mov $0x4,\%ecx ",
" 0xffffffffc06887ef: callq 0xffffffffb0865340 <bpf_skb_load_bytes>",
" 0xffffffffc06887f4: movabs $0xffff9ff2610faa00,\%rdi ",
" 0xffffffffc06887fe: mov \%rbp,\%rsi ",
" 0xffffffffc0688801: add $0xfffffffffffffff8,\%rsi ",
" 0xffffffffc0688805: movl $0x20,0x0(\%rsi) ",
" 0xffffffffc068880c: callq 0xffffffffb01fcba0 <bpf_map_lookup_elem>",
" 0xffffffffc0688811: cmp $0x0,\%rax ",
" 0xffffffffc0688815: je 0xffffffffc068881b ",
" 0xffffffffc0688817: or $0x2,\%r14d ",
" 0xffffffffc068881b: cmp $0xdd86,\%r13 ",
" 0xffffffffc0688822: jne 0xffffffffc0688864 ",
" 0xffffffffc0688824: mov \%rbx,\%rdi ",
" 0xffffffffc0688827: mov $0x8,\%esi ",
" 0xffffffffc068882c: mov \%rbp,\%rdx ",
" 0xffffffffc068882f: add $0xfffffffffffffff0,\%rdx ",
" 0xffffffffc0688833: mov $0x10,\%ecx ",
" 0xffffffffc0688838: callq 0xffffffffb0865340 <bpf_skb_load_bytes>",
" 0xffffffffc068883d: movabs $0xffff9ff2610fb800,\%rdi ",
" 0xffffffffc0688847: mov \%rbp,\%rsi ",
" 0xffffffffc068884a: add $0xffffffffffffffec,\%rsi ",
" 0xffffffffc068884e: movl $0x80,0x0(\%rsi) ",
" 0xffffffffc0688855: callq 0xffffffffb01fcba0 <bpf_map_lookup_elem>",
" 0xffffffffc068885a: cmp $0x0,\%rax ",
" 0xffffffffc068885e: je 0xffffffffc0688864 ",
" 0xffffffffc0688860: or $0x2,\%r14d ",
" 0xffffffffc0688864: mov $0x1,\%eax ",
" 0xffffffffc0688869: cmp $0x2,\%r14 ",
" 0xffffffffc068886d: jne 0xffffffffc0688871 ",
" 0xffffffffc068886f: xor \%eax,\%eax ",
" 0xffffffffc0688871: mov 0x0(\%rbp),\%rbx ",
" 0xffffffffc0688875: mov 0x8(\%rbp),\%r13 ",
" 0xffffffffc0688879: mov 0x10(\%rbp),\%r14 ",
" 0xffffffffc068887d: mov 0x18(\%rbp),\%r15 ",
" 0xffffffffc0688881: add $0x28,\%rbp ",
" 0xffffffffc0688885: leaveq ",
" 0xffffffffc0688886: retq ",
" ",
" Translate each bytecode instruction of program ID 13:\n",
" %s> bpf -p 13 -t",
" ID BPF_PROG BPF_PROG_AUX BPF_PROG_TYPE TAG USED_MAPS",
" 13 ffffbc00c06d1000 ffff9ff260f0c400 CGROUP_SKB 7be49e3934a125ba 13,14",
" XLATED: 296 JITED: 229 MEMLOCK: 4096",
" LOAD_TIME: Fri Apr 20 19:39:11 2018",
" GPL_COMPATIBLE: yes UID: 0",
" ",
" 0: (bf) r6 = r1",
" 1: (69) r7 = *(u16 *)(r6 +192)",
" 2: (b4) (u32) r8 = (u32) 0",
" 3: (55) if r7 != 0x8 goto pc+14",
" 4: (bf) r1 = r6",
" 5: (b4) (u32) r2 = (u32) 16",
" 6: (bf) r3 = r10",
" 7: (07) r3 += -4",
" 8: (b4) (u32) r4 = (u32) 4",
" 9: (85) call bpf_skb_load_bytes#6793152",
" 10: (18) r1 = map[id:13]",
" 12: (bf) r2 = r10",
" 13: (07) r2 += -8",
" 14: (62) *(u32 *)(r2 +0) = 32",
" 15: (85) call bpf_map_lookup_elem#73760",
" 16: (15) if r0 == 0x0 goto pc+1",
" 17: (44) (u32) r8 |= (u32) 2",
" 18: (55) if r7 != 0xdd86 goto pc+14",
" 19: (bf) r1 = r6",
" 20: (b4) (u32) r2 = (u32) 24",
" 21: (bf) r3 = r10",
" 22: (07) r3 += -16",
" 23: (b4) (u32) r4 = (u32) 16",
" 24: (85) call bpf_skb_load_bytes#6793152",
" 25: (18) r1 = map[id:14]",
" 27: (bf) r2 = r10",
" 28: (07) r2 += -20",
" 29: (62) *(u32 *)(r2 +0) = 128",
" 30: (85) call bpf_map_lookup_elem#73760",
" 31: (15) if r0 == 0x0 goto pc+1",
" 32: (44) (u32) r8 |= (u32) 2",
" 33: (b7) r0 = 1",
" 34: (55) if r8 != 0x2 goto pc+1",
" 35: (b7) r0 = 0",
" 36: (95) exit",
" ",
" Translate, and then dump each bytecode instruction of program ID 13:\n",
" %s> bpf -p 13 -T",
" ID BPF_PROG BPF_PROG_AUX BPF_PROG_TYPE TAG USED_MAPS",
" 13 ffffbc00c06d1000 ffff9ff260f0c400 CGROUP_SKB 7be49e3934a125ba 13,14",
" XLATED: 296 JITED: 229 MEMLOCK: 4096",
" LOAD_TIME: Fri Apr 20 19:39:11 2018",
" GPL_COMPATIBLE: yes UID: 0",
" ",
" 0: (bf) r6 = r1",
" bf 16 00 00 00 00 00 00",
" 1: (69) r7 = *(u16 *)(r6 +192)",
" 69 67 c0 00 00 00 00 00",
" 2: (b4) (u32) r8 = (u32) 0",
" b4 08 00 00 00 00 00 00",
" 3: (55) if r7 != 0x8 goto pc+14",
" 55 07 0e 00 08 00 00 00",
" 4: (bf) r1 = r6",
" bf 61 00 00 00 00 00 00",
" 5: (b4) (u32) r2 = (u32) 16",
" b4 02 00 00 10 00 00 00",
" 6: (bf) r3 = r10",
" bf a3 00 00 00 00 00 00",
" 7: (07) r3 += -4",
" 07 03 00 00 fc ff ff ff",
" 8: (b4) (u32) r4 = (u32) 4",
" b4 04 00 00 04 00 00 00",
" 9: (85) call bpf_skb_load_bytes#6793152",
" 85 00 00 00 c0 a7 67 00",
" 10: (18) r1 = map[id:13]",
" 18 01 00 00 00 7a 96 61 00 00 00 00 b2 9d ff ff",
" 12: (bf) r2 = r10",
" bf a2 00 00 00 00 00 00",
" 13: (07) r2 += -8",
" 07 02 00 00 f8 ff ff ff",
" 14: (62) *(u32 *)(r2 +0) = 32",
" 62 02 00 00 20 00 00 00",
" 15: (85) call bpf_map_lookup_elem#73760",
" 85 00 00 00 20 20 01 00",
" 16: (15) if r0 == 0x0 goto pc+1",
" 15 00 01 00 00 00 00 00",
" 17: (44) (u32) r8 |= (u32) 2",
" 44 08 00 00 02 00 00 00",
" 18: (55) if r7 != 0xdd86 goto pc+14",
" 55 07 0e 00 86 dd 00 00",
" 19: (bf) r1 = r6",
" bf 61 00 00 00 00 00 00",
" 20: (b4) (u32) r2 = (u32) 24",
" b4 02 00 00 18 00 00 00",
" 21: (bf) r3 = r10",
" bf a3 00 00 00 00 00 00",
" 22: (07) r3 += -16",
" 07 03 00 00 f0 ff ff ff",
" 23: (b4) (u32) r4 = (u32) 16",
" b4 04 00 00 10 00 00 00",
" 24: (85) call bpf_skb_load_bytes#6793152",
" 85 00 00 00 c0 a7 67 00",
" 25: (18) r1 = map[id:14]",
" 18 01 00 00 00 68 96 61 00 00 00 00 b2 9d ff ff",
" 27: (bf) r2 = r10",
" bf a2 00 00 00 00 00 00",
" 28: (07) r2 += -20",
" 07 02 00 00 ec ff ff ff",
" 29: (62) *(u32 *)(r2 +0) = 128",
" 62 02 00 00 80 00 00 00",
" 30: (85) call bpf_map_lookup_elem#73760",
" 85 00 00 00 20 20 01 00",
" 31: (15) if r0 == 0x0 goto pc+1",
" 15 00 01 00 00 00 00 00",
" 32: (44) (u32) r8 |= (u32) 2",
" 44 08 00 00 02 00 00 00",
" 33: (b7) r0 = 1",
" b7 00 00 00 01 00 00 00",
" 34: (55) if r8 != 0x2 goto pc+1",
" 55 08 01 00 02 00 00 00",
" 35: (b7) r0 = 0",
" b7 00 00 00 00 00 00 00",
" 36: (95) exit",
" 95 00 00 00 00 00 00 00",
" ",
" Display the bpf_map data structure for map ID 13:\n",
" %s> bpf -m 13 -s",
" ID BPF_MAP BPF_MAP_TYPE MAP_FLAGS",
" 13 ffff9ff260f0ec00 LPM_TRIE 00000001",
" KEY_SIZE: 8 VALUE_SIZE: 8 MAX_ENTRIES: 1 MEMLOCK: 4096",
" NAME: (unused) UID: 0",
" ",
" struct bpf_map {",
" ops = 0xffffffffb0e36720, ",
" inner_map_meta = 0x0, ",
" security = 0xffff9ff26873a158, ",
" map_type = BPF_MAP_TYPE_LPM_TRIE, ",
" key_size = 8, ",
" value_size = 8, ",
" max_entries = 1, ",
" map_flags = 1, ",
" pages = 1, ",
" id = 13, ",
" numa_node = -1, ",
" unpriv_array = false, ",
" user = 0xffffffffb14578a0, ",
" refcnt = {",
" counter = 3",
" }, ",
" usercnt = {",
" counter = 1",
" }, ",
" work = {",
" data = {",
" counter = 0",
" }, ",
" entry = {",
" next = 0x0, ",
" prev = 0x0",
" }, ",
" func = 0x0, ",
" lockdep_map = {",
" key = 0x0, ",
" class_cache = {0x0, 0x0}, ",
" name = 0x0, ",
" cpu = 0, ",
" ip = 0",
" }",
" }, ",
" name = \"\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\"",
" }",
" ",
" Display the bpf_prog and bpf_prog_aux structures for program ID 13:\n",
" %s> bpf -p 13 -s",
" ID BPF_PROG BPF_PROG_AUX BPF_PROG_TYPE TAG USED_MAPS",
" 13 ffffbc00c06d1000 ffff9ff260f0c400 CGROUP_SKB 7be49e3934a125ba 13,14",
" XLATED: 296 JITED: 229 MEMLOCK: 4096",
" LOAD_TIME: Fri Apr 20 19:39:10 2018",
" GPL_COMPATIBLE: yes UID: 0",
" ",
" struct bpf_prog {",
" pages = 1, ",
" jited = 1, ",
" jit_requested = 1, ",
" locked = 1, ",
" gpl_compatible = 1, ",
" cb_access = 0, ",
" dst_needed = 0, ",
" blinded = 0, ",
" is_func = 0, ",
" kprobe_override = 0, ",
" type = BPF_PROG_TYPE_CGROUP_SKB, ",
" len = 37, ",
" jited_len = 229, ",
" tag = \"{\\344\\236\\071\\064\\241\%\\272\", ",
" aux = ffff9ff260f0c400,",
" orig_prog = 0x0, ",
" bpf_func = 0xffffffffc0218a59, ",
" {",
" insns = 0xffffb0cf406d1030, ",
" insnsi = 0xffffb0cf406d1030",
" }",
" }",
" ",
" struct bpf_prog_aux {",
" refcnt = {",
" counter = 2",
" }, ",
" used_map_cnt = 2, ",
" max_ctx_offset = 20, ",
" stack_depth = 20, ",
" id = 13, ",
" func_cnt = 0, ",
" offload_requested = false, ",
" func = 0x0, ",
" jit_data = 0x0, ",
" ksym_tnode = {",
" node = {{",
" __rb_parent_color = 18446635988194065457, ",
" rb_right = 0x0, ",
" rb_left = 0x0",
" }, {",
" __rb_parent_color = 18446635988194065481, ",
" rb_right = 0x0, ",
" rb_left = 0x0",
" }}",
" }, ",
" ksym_lnode = {",
" next = 0xffff9db261966460, ",
" prev = 0xffffffffb85d1150",
" }, ",
" ops = 0xffffffffb7f09060, ",
" used_maps = 0xffff9db261e03600, ",
" prog = 0xffffb0cf406d1000, ",
" user = 0xffffffffb84578a0, ",
" load_time = 23962237943, ",
" name = \"\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\",",
" security = 0xffff9db266f9cf50, ",
" offload = 0x0, ",
" {",
" work = {",
" data = {",
" counter = 0",
" }, ",
" entry = {",
" next = 0x0, ",
" prev = 0x0",
" }, ",
" func = 0x0, ",
" lockdep_map = {",
" key = 0x0, ",
" class_cache = {0x0, 0x0}, ",
" name = 0x0, ",
" cpu = 0, ",
" ip = 0",
" }",
" }, ",
" rcu = {",
" next = 0x0, ",
" func = 0x0",
" }",
" }",
" }",
" ",
" Display the extra data about all programs:\n",
" %s> bpf -P",
" ID BPF_PROG BPF_PROG_AUX BPF_PROG_TYPE TAG USED_MAPS",
" 13 ffffbc00c06d1000 ffff9ff260f0c400 CGROUP_SKB 7be49e3934a125ba 13,14",
" XLATED: 296 JITED: 229 MEMLOCK: 4096",
" LOAD_TIME: Fri Apr 20 19:39:10 2018",
" GPL_COMPATIBLE: yes UID: 0",
" ",
" ID BPF_PROG BPF_PROG_AUX BPF_PROG_TYPE TAG USED_MAPS",
" 14 ffffbc00c0761000 ffff9ff260f0f600 CGROUP_SKB 2a142ef67aaad174 13,14",
" XLATED: 296 JITED: 229 MEMLOCK: 4096",
" LOAD_TIME: Fri Apr 20 19:39:10 2018",
" GPL_COMPATIBLE: yes UID: 0",
" ",
" ID BPF_PROG BPF_PROG_AUX BPF_PROG_TYPE TAG USED_MAPS",
" 15 ffffbc00c001d000 ffff9ff2618f9e00 CGROUP_SKB 7be49e3934a125ba 15,16",
" XLATED: 296 JITED: 229 MEMLOCK: 4096",
" LOAD_TIME: Fri Apr 20 19:39:11 2018",
" GPL_COMPATIBLE: yes UID: 0",
" ",
" ...",
" ",
" ID BPF_PROG BPF_PROG_AUX BPF_PROG_TYPE TAG USED_MAPS",
" 75 ffffbc00c0ed1000 ffff9ff2429c6400 KPROBE da4fc6a3f41761a2 107",
" XLATED: 5168 JITED: 2828 MEMLOCK: 8192",
" LOAD_TIME: Fri Apr 27 14:54:40 2018",
" GPL_COMPATIBLE: yes UID: 0",
" ",
" Display the extra data for all maps:\n",
" %s> bpf -M",
" ID BPF_MAP BPF_MAP_TYPE MAP_FLAGS",
" 13 ffff9ff260f0ec00 LPM_TRIE 00000001 ",
" KEY_SIZE: 8 VALUE_SIZE: 8 MAX_ENTRIES: 1 MEMLOCK: 4096",
" NAME: (unused) UID: 0",
" ",
" ID BPF_MAP BPF_MAP_TYPE MAP_FLAGS",
" 14 ffff9ff260f0de00 LPM_TRIE 00000001 ",
" KEY_SIZE: 20 VALUE_SIZE: 8 MAX_ENTRIES: 1 MEMLOCK: 4096",
" NAME: (unused) UID: 0",
" ",
" ...",
" ",
" ID BPF_MAP BPF_MAP_TYPE MAP_FLAGS",
" 108 ffff9ff1aeab9400 LRU_HASH 00000000 ",
" KEY_SIZE: 4 VALUE_SIZE: 8 MAX_ENTRIES: 1000 MEMLOCK: 147456",
" NAME: \"lru_hash_lookup\" UID: 0",
" ",
" To display all possible information that this command offers about",
" all programs and maps, enter:\n",
" %s> bpf -PM -jTs",
NULL
};
char *help_map[] = {
"map",
"store KVM dumpfile memory map data",
"[-a][-f [filename]]",
" The layout of KVM guest dumpfiles created with \"virsh dump\" does not allow",
" the crash utility to access the system's memory in a random access manner.",
" Therefore, during crash session initialization, a potentially time-consuming",
" dumpfile scan procedure is required to create a physical-memory-to-file-offset",
" map for use during the session.",
" ",
" This command may be used to append the memory map data to the dumpfile or",
" to store it in a permanent file. After this has been done, subsequent crash",
" sessions using the dumpfile will no longer require the scan procedure:",
" ",
" -a Append the memory map to the end of the KVM dumpfile.",
" -f Create a memory map file. If no filename argument is entered, the",
" filename will consist of the dumpfile name with \".map\" appended,",
" and will be located in the same directory as the dumpfile; it will",
" be recognized and used automatically during subsequent %s sessions.",
" However, if a \"filename\" argument is entered, and the default location",
" and naming convention are not used, then the new memory map file will",
" have to be added to the %s command line during invocation.",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" %s> map",
" MAP FILE IN USE: vmcore.map",
" %s> map -a",
" MAP FILE APPENDED TO: vmcore",
" %s> map -f",
" MAP FILE CREATED: vmcore.map",
" %s> map -f /tmp/vmcore.map",
" MAP FILE CREATED: /tmp/vmcore.map",
NULL
};
char *help_timer[] = {
"timer",
"timer queue data",
"[-r][-C cpu]",
" This command displays the timer queue entries, both old- and new-style,",
" in chronological order. In the case of the old-style timers, the",
" timer_table array index is shown; in the case of the new-style timers, ",
" the timer_list address is shown. On later kernels, the timer data is",
" per-cpu.\n",
" -r Display hrtimer timer queue entries, both old- and new-style, in",
" chronological order. In the case of the old-style hrtimers, the",
" expiration time is a single value; in the new-style hrtimers, the",
" expiration time is a range.",
" -C cpu Restrict the output to one or more CPUs, where multiple cpu[s] can",
" be specified, for example, as \"1,3,5\", \"1-3\", or \"1,3,5-7,10\".",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" Display the timer queue on an SMP system:\n",
" %s> timer",
" JIFFIES",
" 4296291038",
" ...",
" TIMER_BASES[1][BASE_STD]: ffff9801aba5aa00",
" EXPIRES TTE TIMER_LIST FUNCTION",
" 4296282997 -8041 ffff9801aba55ce0 ffffffff83a3bda0 <mce_timer_fn>",
" 4296283104 -7934 ffff97fd84bd35e0 ffffffff83ac6b70 <delayed_work_timer_fn>",
" 4296291061 23 ffffa6b283967de0 ffffffff83b29880 <process_timeout>",
" 4296291112 74 ffff9800c9b62ad8 ffffffff83e6b550 <cursor_timer_handler>",
" 4296291345 307 ffff980186d5ef88 ffffffff84146b80 <tcp_keepalive_timer>",
" 4296291484 446 ffff9801a7c54740 ffffffff84147f50 <tcp_write_timer>",
" 4296291997 959 ffffffffc073f880 ffffffff83ac6b70 <delayed_work_timer_fn>",
" 4296296213 5175 ffffa6b28339be18 ffffffff83b29880 <process_timeout>",
" 4296304383 13345 ffff980194ca72a8 ffffffff8412e4e0 <tw_timer_handler>",
" 4296305724 14686 ffff980194ca6918 ffffffff8412e4e0 <tw_timer_handler>",
" 4296306036 14998 ffff980194ca6d58 ffffffff8412e4e0 <tw_timer_handler>",
" 4296306883 15845 ffff980194ca7e58 ffffffff8412e4e0 <tw_timer_handler>",
" 4296307588 16550 ffff9801aaa27e58 ffffffff8412e4e0 <tw_timer_handler>",
" 4296307625 16587 ffff980194ca6a28 ffffffff8412e4e0 <tw_timer_handler>",
" 4296313542 22504 ffff980194ca7c38 ffffffff8412e4e0 <tw_timer_handler>",
" 4296317680 26642 ffff9800c9149c58 ffffffff840da870 <neigh_timer_handler>",
" 4296317744 26706 ffff9801a5354468 ffffffff83ac6b70 <delayed_work_timer_fn>",
" 4296343322 52284 ffff980194ca63c8 ffffffff8412e4e0 <tw_timer_handler>",
" 4296343581 52543 ffff980194ca7088 ffffffff8412e4e0 <tw_timer_handler>",
" 4296343597 52559 ffff9801aaa274c8 ffffffff8412e4e0 <tw_timer_handler>",
" 4296714205 423167 ffffffff84caf3c0 ffffffff83ac6b70 <delayed_work_timer_fn>",
" TIMER_BASES[1][BASE_DEF]: ffff9801aba5bc80",
" EXPIRES TTE TIMER_LIST FUNCTION",
" 4296291264 226 ffffffff855eb238 ffffffff83c08fb0 <writeout_period>",
" 4296319997 28959 ffffffffc06ede40 ffffffff83ac6b70 <delayed_work_timer_fn>",
" 4296506084 215046 ffff9801aba629c8 ffffffff83ac5ea0 <idle_worker_timeout>",
" ...",
" ",
" Display a new-style hrtimer queue:\n",
" %s> timer -r",
" ...",
" CPU: 2 HRTIMER_CPU_BASE: ffff9801aba9cf00",
" CLOCK: 0 HRTIMER_CLOCK_BASE: ffff9801aba9cf40 [ktime_get]",
" CURRENT",
" 1623742000000",
" SOFTEXPIRES EXPIRES TTE HRTIMER FUNCTION",
" 1623741000000 1623741000000 -1000000 ffff9801aba9d540 ffffffff83b3c8e0 <tick_sched_timer>",
" 1624024000000 1624024000000 282000000 ffff9801aba9d720 ffffffff83b7e7a0 <watchdog_timer_fn>",
" 1626000939806 1626010929804 2268929804 ffffa6b28399fa40 ffffffff83b2c1e0 <hrtimer_wakeup>",
" 1627576915615 1627576915615 3834915615 ffff9801a5727978 ffffffff83b365c0 <posix_timer_fn>",
" 1627637194488 1627647194487 3905194487 ffffa6b283977db0 ffffffff83b2c1e0 <hrtimer_wakeup>",
" 1629937423000 1629937423000 6195423000 ffff9801a9af2900 ffffffff83cf3d30 <timerfd_tmrproc>",
" ",
" CLOCK: 1 HRTIMER_CLOCK_BASE: ffff9801aba9cf80 [ktime_get_real]",
" CURRENT",
" 1558362388334558243",
" SOFTEXPIRES EXPIRES TTE HRTIMER FUNCTION",
" 1558362389331238000 1558362389331288000 996729757 ffffa6b28574bcf0 ffffffff83b2c1e0 <hrtimer_wakeup>",
" 1558364372000000000 1558364372000000000 1983665441757 ffff9801a3513278 ffffffff83b365c0 <posix_timer_fn>",
" ",
" CLOCK: 2 HRTIMER_CLOCK_BASE: ffff9801aba9cfc0 [ktime_get_boottime]",
" (empty)",
" ...",
" ",
NULL
};
char *help_runq[] = {
"runq",
"run queue",
"[-t] [-T] [-m] [-g] [-c cpu(s)]",
" With no argument, this command displays the tasks on the run queues",
" of each cpu.",
" ",
" -t Display the timestamp information of each cpu's runqueue, which is the",
" rq.clock, rq.most_recent_timestamp or rq.timestamp_last_tick value,",
" whichever applies; following each cpu timestamp is the last_run or ",
" timestamp value of the active task on that cpu, whichever applies, ",
" along with the task identification.",
" -T Display the time lag of each CPU relative to the most recent runqueue",
" timestamp.",
" -m Display the amount of time that the active task on each cpu has been",
" running, expressed in a format consisting of days, hours, minutes, ",
" seconds and milliseconds.",
" -g Display tasks hierarchically by task_group. The task_group line shows",
" the task_group address, the cfs_rq or rt_rq address, the task_group",
" name (if any), and whether the task_group is throttled.",
" -c cpu restrict the output to the run queue data of one or more CPUs,",
" which can be specified using the format \"3\", \"1,8,9\", \"1-23\",",
" or \"1,8,9-14\".",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" Display the tasks on an O(1) scheduler run queue:\n",
" %s> runq",
" CPU 0 RUNQUEUE: ffff880001cdb460",
" CURRENT: PID: 2739 TASK: ffff8800320fa7e0 COMMAND: \"bash\"",
" ACTIVE PRIO_ARRAY: ffff880001cdb4d8",
" [115] PID: 2739 TASK: ffff8800320fa7e0 COMMAND: \"bash\"",
" PID: 1776 TASK: ffff88003217d820 COMMAND: \"syslogd\"",
" EXPIRED PRIO_ARRAY: ffff880001cdbdb8",
" [no tasks queued]",
" ",
" CPU 1 RUNQUEUE: ffff880001ce3460",
" CURRENT: PID: 1779 TASK: ffff88003207a860 COMMAND: \"klogd\"",
" ACTIVE PRIO_ARRAY: ffff880001ce34d8",
" [115] PID: 1779 TASK: ffff88003207a860 COMMAND: \"klogd\"",
" EXPIRED PRIO_ARRAY: ffff880001ce3db8",
" [no tasks queued]",
" ",
" Display the tasks on a CFS run queue:\n",
" %s> runq",
" CPU 0 RUNQUEUE: ffff8800090436c0",
" CURRENT: PID: 588 TASK: ffff88007e4877a0 COMMAND: \"udevd\"",
" RT PRIO_ARRAY: ffff8800090437c8",
" [no tasks queued]",
" CFS RB_ROOT: ffff880009043740",
" [118] PID: 2110 TASK: ffff88007d470860 COMMAND: \"check-cdrom.sh\"",
" [118] PID: 2109 TASK: ffff88007f1247a0 COMMAND: \"check-cdrom.sh\"",
" [118] PID: 2114 TASK: ffff88007f20e080 COMMAND: \"udevd\"",
" ",
" CPU 1 RUNQUEUE: ffff88000905b6c0",
" CURRENT: PID: 2113 TASK: ffff88007e8ac140 COMMAND: \"udevd\"",
" RT PRIO_ARRAY: ffff88000905b7c8",
" [no tasks queued]",
" CFS RB_ROOT: ffff88000905b740",
" [118] PID: 2092 TASK: ffff88007d7a4760 COMMAND: \"MAKEDEV\"",
" [118] PID: 1983 TASK: ffff88007e59f140 COMMAND: \"udevd\"",
" [118] PID: 2064 TASK: ffff88007e40f7a0 COMMAND: \"udevd\"",
" [115] PID: 2111 TASK: ffff88007e4278a0 COMMAND: \"kthreadd\"",
" ",
" Display run queue timestamp data:\n",
" %s> runq -t ",
" CPU 0: 2680990637359",
" 2680986653330 PID: 28228 TASK: ffff880037ca2ac0 COMMAND: \"loop\"",
" CPU 1: 2680940618478",
" 2680940618478 PID: 28167 TASK: ffff880078130040 COMMAND: \"bash\"",
" CPU 2: 2680990763425",
" 2680986785772 PID: 28227 TASK: ffff8800787780c0 COMMAND: \"loop\"",
" CPU 3: 2680990954469",
" 2680986059540 PID: 28226 TASK: ffff880078778b00 COMMAND: \"loop\"",
" ",
" Display the amount of time the active task on each cpu has been running:\n",
" %s> runq -m",
" CPU 0: [0 00:00:00.014] PID: 5275 TASK: f5dbcaa0 COMMAND: \"sh\"",
" CPU 1: [0 00:00:00.002] PID: 5203 TASK: f5c7baa0 COMMAND: \"cat\"",
" CPU 2: [0 00:00:00.014] PID: 7971 TASK: f5c6c550 COMMAND: \"khelper\"",
" CPU 3: [0 00:00:00.002] PID: 0 TASK: f4ccd000 COMMAND: \"swapper\"",
" ",
" Display tasks hierarchically by task_group:\n",
" %s> runq -g ",
" CPU 0",
" CURRENT: PID: 14734 TASK: ffff88010626f500 COMMAND: \"sh\"",
" ROOT_TASK_GROUP: ffffffff81ed93e0 RT_RQ: ffff880028216808",
" [ 0] TASK_GROUP: ffff88022c6bbc00 RT_RQ: ffff880139fc9800 (THROTTLED)",
" [ 0] PID: 14750 TASK: ffff88013a4dd540 COMMAND: \"rtloop99\"",
" [ 1] PID: 14748 TASK: ffff88013bbca040 COMMAND: \"rtloop98\"",
" [ 1] TASK_GROUP: ffff88012b0fb400 RT_RQ: ffff880089029000 ",
" [ 1] PID: 14752 TASK: ffff880088abf500 COMMAND: \"rtloop98\"",
" [ 54] PID: 14749 TASK: ffff880037a4e080 COMMAND: \"rtloop45\"",
" [ 98] PID: 14746 TASK: ffff88012678c080 COMMAND: \"rtloop1\"",
" ROOT_TASK_GROUP: ffffffff81ed93e0 CFS_RQ: ffff8800282166e8",
" [120] PID: 14740 TASK: ffff88013b1e6080 COMMAND: \"sh\"",
" [120] PID: 14738 TASK: ffff88012678d540 COMMAND: \"sh\"",
" [120] PID: 14734 TASK: ffff88010626f500 COMMAND: \"sh\" [CURRENT]",
" TASK_GROUP: ffff884052bc9800 CFS_RQ: ffff8831e4a1b000 (THROTTLED)",
" [120] PID: 14732 TASK: ffff88013bbcb500 COMMAND: \"sh\"",
" [120] PID: 14728 TASK: ffff8800b3496080 COMMAND: \"sh\"",
" [120] PID: 14730 TASK: ffff880037833540 COMMAND: \"sh\"",
" TASK_GROUP: ffff884058f1d000 CFS_RQ: ffff88120a101600 (THROTTLED)",
" [120] PID: 14726 TASK: ffff880138d42aa0 COMMAND: \"sh\"",
" ...",
" ",
" Display tasks hierarchically by task_group for cpu 3 only:\n",
" %s> runq -g -c3",
" CPU 3",
" CURRENT: PID: 2948 TASK: ffff88022af2a100 COMMAND: \"bash\"",
" INIT_TASK_GROUP: ffffffff81e1a780 RT_RQ: ffff880028216148",
" [no tasks queued]",
" INIT_TASK_GROUP: ffffffff81e1a780 CFS_RQ: ffff880028216028",
" [120] PID: 2948 TASK: ffff88022af2a100 COMMAND: \"bash\" [CURRENT]",
" TASK_GROUP: ffff88012b880800 CFS_RQ: ffff88012c5d1000 <libvirt>",
" TASK_GROUP: ffff88012c078000 CFS_RQ: ffff88012c663e00 <qemu>",
" TASK_GROUP: ffff88022c7f4c00 CFS_RQ: ffff88012bb56000 <guest2>",
" TASK_GROUP: ffff88022b621400 CFS_RQ: ffff88012b012000 <vcpu0>",
" [120] PID: 3248 TASK: ffff88012a9d4100 COMMAND: \"qemu-kvm\"",
NULL
};
char *help_repeat[] = {
"repeat",
"repeat a command",
"[-seconds] command",
" This command repeats a command indefinitely, optionally delaying a given",
" number of seconds between each command execution.\n",
" -seconds The number of seconds to delay between command executions.",
" This option must precede the command name to be executed.",
" ",
" Command execution may be stopped with CTRL-C, or if scrolling is in effect,",
" by entering \"q\". This command is meant for use on a live system; it is",
" hard to conceive of a reason to use it when debugging a crash dump.",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" Display the value of jiffies once per second:\n",
" %s> repeat -1 p jiffies",
" jiffies = $1 = 155551079",
" jiffies = $2 = 155551180",
" jiffies = $3 = 155551281",
" jiffies = $4 = 155551382",
" jiffies = $5 = 155551483",
" jiffies = $6 = 155551584",
" jiffies = $7 = 155551685",
" jiffies = $8 = 155551786",
" jiffies = $9 = 155551887",
" jiffies = $10 = 155551988",
" jiffies = $11 = 155552089",
" jiffies = $12 = 155552190",
" jiffies = $13 = 155552291",
" jiffies = $14 = 155552392",
" jiffies = $15 = 155552493",
" jiffies = $16 = 155552594",
" jiffies = $17 = 155552695",
" jiffies = $18 = 155552796",
" ...",
NULL
};
char *help_pte[] = {
"pte",
"translate a page table entry",
"contents ...",
" This command translates the hexadecimal contents of a PTE into its physical",
" page address and page bit settings. If the PTE references a swap location,",
" the swap device and offset are displayed.",
"\nEXAMPLES\n",
" %s> pte d8e067",
" PTE PHYSICAL FLAGS",
" d8e067 d8e000 (PRESENT|RW|USER|ACCESSED|DIRTY)",
" ",
" %s> pte 13f600",
" PTE SWAP OFFSET",
" 13f600 /dev/hda2 5104",
NULL
};
char *help_swap[] = {
"swap",
"swap device information",
" ",
" This command displays information for each configured swap device.",
"\nEXAMPLE",
" %s> swap",
" SWAP_INFO_STRUCT TYPE SIZE USED PCT PRI FILENAME",
" ffff880153d45f40 PARTITION 7192568k 1200580k 16% -1 /dev/dm-1",
NULL
};
char *help_dev[] = {
"dev",
"device data",
"[-i | -p | -d | -D ] [-V | -v index [file]]",
" If no argument is entered, this command dumps character and block",
" device data.\n",
" -i display I/O port usage; on 2.4 kernels, also display I/O memory usage.",
" -p display PCI device data.",
" -d display disk I/O statistics:",
" TOTAL: total number of allocated in-progress I/O requests",
" SYNC: I/O requests that are synchronous",
" ASYNC: I/O requests that are asynchronous",
" READ: I/O requests that are reads (older kernels)",
" WRITE: I/O requests that are writes (older kernels)",
" DRV: I/O requests that are in-flight in the device driver.",
" If the device driver uses blk-mq interface, this field",
" shows N/A(MQ). If not available, this column is not shown.",
" -D same as -d, but filter out disks with no in-progress I/O requests.",
" ",
" If the dumpfile contains device dumps:",
" -V display an indexed list of all device dumps present in the vmcore,",
" showing their file offset, size and name.",
" -v index select and display one device dump based upon an index value",
" shown by the -V option, shown in a default human-readable format;",
" alternatively, the \"rd -f\" option along with its various format",
" options may be used to further tailor the output.",
" file only used with -v, copy the device dump data to a file.",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" Display character and block device data:\n",
" %s> dev",
" CHRDEV NAME CDEV OPERATIONS",
" 1 mem f79b83c0 memory_fops",
" 4 /dev/vc/0 c07bc560 console_fops",
" 4 tty f7af5004 tty_fops",
" 4 ttyS f7b02204 tty_fops",
" 5 /dev/tty c07bc440 tty_fops",
" 5 /dev/console c07bc4a0 console_fops",
" 5 /dev/ptmx c07bc500 ptmx_fops",
" 6 lp c5797e40 lp_fops",
" 7 vcs f7b03d40 vcs_fops",
" 10 misc f7f68640 misc_fops",
" 13 input f79b8840 input_fops",
" 21 sg f7f12840 sg_fops",
" 29 fb f7f8c640 fb_fops",
" 128 ptm f7b02604 tty_fops",
" 136 pts f7b02404 tty_fops",
" 162 raw c0693e40 raw_fops",
" 180 usb f79b8bc0 usb_fops",
" 189 usb_device c06a0300 usbfs_device_file_operations",
" 216 rfcomm f5961a04 tty_fops",
" 254 pcmcia f79b82c0 ds_fops",
" ",
" BLKDEV NAME GENDISK OPERATIONS",
" 1 ramdisk f7b23480 rd_bd_op",
" 8 sd f7cab280 sd_fops",
" 9 md f7829b80 md_fops",
" 11 sr f75c24c0 sr_bdops",
" 65 sd (none) ",
" 66 sd (none) ",
" 67 sd (none) ",
" 68 sd (none) ",
" 69 sd (none) ",
" 70 sd (none) ",
" 71 sd (none) ",
" 128 sd (none) ",
" 129 sd (none) ",
" 130 sd (none) ",
" 131 sd (none) ",
" 132 sd (none) ",
" 133 sd (none) ",
" 134 sd (none) ",
" 135 sd (none) ",
" 253 device-mapper c57a0ac0 dm_blk_dops",
" 254 mdp (none) ",
"\n Display PCI data:\n",
" %s> dev -p",
" PCI_DEV BU:SL.FN CLASS: VENDOR-DEVICE",
" c00051c0 00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel 440BX - 82443BX Host",
" c0005250 00:01.0 PCI bridge: Intel 440BX - 82443BX AGP",
" c00052e0 00:07.0 ISA bridge: Intel 82371AB PIIX4 ISA",
" c0005370 00:07.1 IDE interface: Intel 82371AB PIIX4 IDE",
" c0005400 00:07.2 USB Controller: Intel 82371AB PIIX4 USB",
" c0005490 00:07.3 Bridge: Intel 82371AB PIIX4 ACPI",
" c0005520 00:11.0 Ethernet controller: 3Com 3C905B 100bTX",
" c00055b0 00:13.0 PCI bridge: DEC DC21152",
" c0005640 01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: NVidia [PCI_DEVICE 28]",
" c00056d0 02:0a.0 SCSI storage controller: Adaptec AIC-7890/1",
" c0005760 02:0e.0 SCSI storage controller: Adaptec AIC-7880U",
"\n Display I/O port and I/O memory usage:\n",
" %s> dev -i",
" RESOURCE RANGE NAME",
" c03036d4 0000-ffff PCI IO",
" c0302594 0000-001f dma1",
" c03025b0 0020-003f pic1",
" c03025cc 0040-005f timer",
" c03025e8 0060-006f keyboard",
" c0302604 0080-008f dma page reg",
" c0302620 00a0-00bf pic2",
" c030263c 00c0-00df dma2",
" c0302658 00f0-00ff fpu",
" c122ff20 0170-0177 ide1",
" c122f240 0213-0213 isapnp read",
" c122ff40 02f8-02ff serial(auto)",
" c122ff00 0376-0376 ide1",
" c03186e8 03c0-03df vga+",
" c122ff60 03f8-03ff serial(auto)",
" c123851c 0800-083f Intel Corporation 82371AB PIIX4 ACPI",
" c1238538 0840-085f Intel Corporation 82371AB PIIX4 ACPI",
" c122f220 0a79-0a79 isapnp write",
" c122f200 0cf8-0cff PCI conf1",
" c1238858 dc00-dc7f 3Com Corporation 3c905B 100BaseTX [Cyclone]",
" c122fc00 dc00-dc7f 00:11.0",
" c12380c8 dce0-dcff Intel Corporation 82371AB PIIX4 USB",
" c1238d1c e000-efff PCI Bus #02",
" c1237858 e800-e8ff Adaptec AIC-7880U",
" c1237458 ec00-ecff Adaptec AHA-2940U2/W / 7890",
" c1239cc8 ffa0-ffaf Intel Corporation 82371AB PIIX4 IDE",
" ",
" RESOURCE RANGE NAME",
" c03036f0 00000000-ffffffff PCI mem",
" c0004000 00000000-0009ffff System RAM",
" c03026ac 000a0000-000bffff Video RAM area",
" c03026fc 000c0000-000c7fff Video ROM",
" c0302718 000c9800-000cdfff Extension ROM",
" c0302734 000ce000-000ce7ff Extension ROM",
" c0302750 000ce800-000cffff Extension ROM",
" c03026e0 000f0000-000fffff System ROM",
" c0004040 00100000-07ffdfff System RAM",
" c0302674 00100000-0028682b Kernel code",
" c0302690 0028682c-0031c63f Kernel data",
" c0004060 07ffe000-07ffffff reserved",
" c1239058 ec000000-efffffff Intel Corporation 440BX/ZX - 82443BX/ZX Host",
" bridge",
" c1238d54 f1000000-f1ffffff PCI Bus #02",
" c1239554 f2000000-f5ffffff PCI Bus #01",
" c1237074 f4000000-f5ffffff nVidia Corporation Riva TnT2 [NV5]",
" c1238d38 fa000000-fbffffff PCI Bus #02",
" c1237874 faffe000-faffefff Adaptec AIC-7880U",
" c127ec40 faffe000-faffefff aic7xxx",
" c1237474 fafff000-faffffff Adaptec AHA-2940U2/W / 7890",
" c127eec0 fafff000-faffffff aic7xxx",
" c1239538 fc000000-fdffffff PCI Bus #01",
" c1237058 fc000000-fcffffff nVidia Corporation Riva TnT2 [NV5]",
" c1238874 fe000000-fe00007f 3Com Corporation 3c905B 100BaseTX [Cyclone]",
" c0004080 fec00000-fec0ffff reserved",
" c00040a0 fee00000-fee0ffff reserved",
" c00040c0 ffe00000-ffffffff reserved",
"\n Display disk I/O statistics:\n",
" %s> dev -d",
" MAJOR GENDISK NAME REQUEST_QUEUE TOTAL READ WRITE DRV",
" 2 ffff81012d8a5000 fd0 ffff81012dc053c0 12 0 12 0",
" 22 ffff81012dc6b000 hdc ffff81012d8ae340 2 2 0 0",
" 8 ffff81012dd71000 sda ffff81012d8af040 6 0 6 6",
" 8 ffff81012dc77000 sdb ffff81012d8b5740 0 0 0 0",
" 8 ffff81012d8d0c00 sdc ffff81012d8ae9c0 0 0 0 0",
"\n Display the available device dumps:\n",
" %s> dev -V",
" INDEX OFFSET SIZE NAME",
" 0 0x240 33558464 cxgb4_0000:02:00.4",
" 1 0x2001240 33558464 cxgb4_0000:03:00.4",
"\n Extract a specified device dump to file:\n",
" %s> dev -v 0 device_dump_0.bin",
" DEVICE: cxgb4_0000:02:00.4",
" 33558464 bytes copied from 0x240 to device_dump_0.bin",
"\n Format and display a device's dump data to the screen using the \"rd\" command:\n",
" %s> rd -f 0x240 -32 8",
" 240: 040b69e2 00000038 000e0001 00675fd4 .i..8........_g.",
" 250: 00000000 21600047 00000000 00000000 ....G.`!........",
"\n Display a device's dump data to the screen using the default format:\n",
" %s> dev -v 1",
" DEVICE: cxgb4_0000:03:00.4",
" 2001240: 00000038040b69e2 00af985c000e0001 .i..8.......\\...",
" 2001250: 2150004700000000 0000000000000000 ....G.P!........",
" 2001260: 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 ................",
" 2001270: 0000000000000000 0002fccc00000001 ................",
" 2001280: 00000000000027b0 0000000000000000 .'..............",
" ...",
NULL
};
char *help_search[] = {
"search",
"search memory",
"[-s start] [ -[kKV] | -u | -p | -t | -T ] [-e end | -l length] [-m mask]\n"
" [-x count] -[cwh] [value | (expression) | symbol | string] ...",
" This command searches for a given value within a range of user virtual, kernel",
" virtual, or physical memory space. If no end nor length value is entered, ",
" then the search stops at the end of user virtual, kernel virtual, or physical",
" address space, whichever is appropriate.",
" ",
" An optional mask value may be entered to mask off \"don't care\" bits.\n",
" -s start Start the search at this hexadecimal user or kernel virtual ",
" address, physical address, or kernel symbol. The start address",
" must be appropriate for the memory type specified; if no memory",
" type is specified, the default is kernel virtual address space.",
" -k If no start address is specified, start the search at the base",
" of kernel virtual address space. This option is the default.",
" -K Same as -k, except that mapped kernel virtual memory that was",
" allocated by vmalloc(), module memory, or virtual mem_map regions",
" will not be searched.",
" -V Same as -k, except that unity-mapped kernel virtual memory and",
" mapped kernel-text/static-data (x86_64 and ia64) will not be",
" searched.",
" -u If no start address is specified, start the search at the base",
" of the current context's user virtual address space. If a start",
" address is specified, then this option specifies that the start",
" address is a user virtual address.",
" -p If no start address is specified, start the search at the base",
" of physical address space. If a start address is specified,",
" then this option specifies that the start address is a physical ",
" address.",
" -t Search only the kernel stack pages of every task. If one or more",
" matches are found in a task's kernel stack, precede the output",
" with a task-identifying header.",
" -T Same as -t, except only the active task(s) are considered.",
" -e end Stop the search at this hexadecimal user or kernel virtual",
" address, kernel symbol, or physical address. The end address",
" must be appropriate for the memory type specified.",
" -l length Length in bytes of address range to search.",
" -m mask Ignore the bits that are set in the hexadecimal mask value.",
" -c Search for character string values instead of unsigned longs. If",
" the string contains any space(s), it must be encompassed by double",
" quotes.",
" -w Search for unsigned hexadecimal ints instead of unsigned longs.",
" This is only meaningful on 64-bit systems in order to search both",
" the upper and lower 32-bits of each 64-bit long for the value.",
" -h Search for unsigned hexadecimal shorts instead of unsigned longs.",
" -x count Display the memory contents before and after any found value. The",
" before and after memory context will consist of \"count\" memory",
" items of the same size as the \"value\" argument. This option is",
" not applicable with the -c option.",
" value Search for this hexadecimal long, unless modified by the -c, -w, ",
" or -h options.",
"(expression) Search for the value of this expression; the expression value must",
" not overflow the designated size when -h or -w are used; not",
" applicable when used with the -c option.",
" symbol Search for this symbol value; the symbol value must not overflow",
" the designated size when -h or -w are used; not applicable when ",
" used with the -c option.",
" string Search for character string values; if the string contains any ",
" space(s), it must be encompassed by double quotes; only applicable",
" with the -c option.",
" ",
" If -k, -K, -V, -u, -p or -t are not used, then the search defaults to kernel",
" virtual address space. The starting address must be long-word aligned. ",
" Address ranges that start in user space and end in kernel space are not",
" accepted.",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" Search the current context's address space for all instances of 0xdeadbeef:",
"\n %s> search -u deadbeef",
" 81aba5c: deadbeef",
" 81abaa8: deadbeef",
" bfffc698: deadbeef",
" bffff390: deadbeef",
"\n Search all kernel memory above the kernel text space for all instances",
" of 0xabcd occurring in the lower 16-bits of each 32-bit word: \n",
" %s> search -s _etext -m ffff0000 abcd",
" c071481c: abcd",
" c0c2b0fc: 804abcd",
" c0cf5e74: 7489abcd",
" c17c0b44: c012abcd",
" c1dac730: 3dbeabcd",
" c226d0e8: ffffabcd",
" c23ed5dc: abcd",
" c3022544: 3dbeabcd",
" c3069b58: 3dbeabcd",
" c3e86e84: aabcd",
" c3e88ed0: aabcd",
" c3e8ee5c: aabcd",
" c3e9df50: aabcd",
" c3e9e930: aabcd",
" c440a778: 804abcd",
" c486eb44: 3dbeabcd",
" c578f0fc: 804abcd",
" c6394f90: 8ababcd",
" c65219f0: 3abcd",
" c661399c: abcd",
" c68514ac: 8abcd",
" c7e036bc: 3dbeabcd",
" c7e12568: 5abcd",
" c7e1256c: 5abcd",
"\n Search the 4K page at c532c000 for all instances of 0xffffffff:\n",
" %s> search -s c532c000 -l 4096 ffffffff",
" c532c33c: ffffffff",
" c532c3fc: ffffffff",
"\n Search the static kernel data area for all instances of c2d400eb:\n",
" %s> search -s _etext -e _edata c2d400eb",
" c022b550: c2d400eb",
" c022b590: c2d400eb",
" c022b670: c2d400eb",
" c022b6e0: c2d400eb",
" c022b7b0: c2d400eb",
" c022b7e0: c2d400eb",
" c022b8b0: c2d400eb",
"\n Search physical memory for all instances of 0xbabe occurring in the",
" upper 16 bits of each 32-bit word:\n",
" %s> search -p babe0000 -m ffff",
" 2a1dc4: babe671e",
" 2b6928: babe3de1",
" 2f99ac: babe0d54",
" 31843c: babe70b9",
" 3ba920: babeb5d7",
" 413ce4: babe7540",
" 482747c: babe2600",
" 48579a4: babe2600",
" 4864a68: babe2600",
" ...",
"\n Search physical memory for all instances of 0xbabe occurring in the",
" upper 16 bits of each 32-bit word on a 64-bit system:\n",
" %s> search -p babe0000 -m ffff -w",
" 102e248: babe1174",
" 11d2f90: babe813d",
" 122d3ad70: babe6b27",
" 124d8cd30: babe3dc8",
" 124d8eefc: babef981",
" 124d8f060: babe3dc8",
" 124d8f17c: babefc81",
" ...",
"\n Search kernel memory for all instances of 32-bit value 0xbabe1174",
" on a 64-bit system:\n",
" %s> search -k -w babe1174",
" ffff88000102e248: babe1174",
" ffffffff8102e248: babe1174",
"\n Search kernel memory for two strings:\n",
" %s> search -k -c \"can\'t allocate memory\" \"Failure to\"",
" ffff8800013ddec1: can\'t allocate memory for key lists..<3>%%s %%s: error con",
" ffff8801258be748: Failure to install fence: %%d..<3>[drm:%%s] *ERROR* Failed",
" ffff880125f07ec9: can\'t allocate memory..<3>ACPI: Invalid data..Too many d",
" ffffffff813ddec1: can\'t allocate memory for key lists..<3>%%s %%s: error con",
"\n Search the kernel stacks of all tasks for those that contain the inode",
" address ffff81002c0a3050:\n",
" %s> search -t ffff81002c0a3050",
" PID: 4876 TASK: ffff81003e9f5860 CPU: 7 COMMAND: \"automount\"",
" ffff8100288fbe98: ffff81002c0a3050",
" ",
" PID: 4880 TASK: ffff81003ce967a0 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"automount\"",
" ffff81002c0fbdd8: ffff81002c0a3050",
" ffff81002c0fbe78: ffff81002c0a3050",
"\n When a kernel symbol or an (expression) is used an argument, both the",
" resultant value and the input string are displayed:\n",
" %s> search anon_inode_inode (__down_interruptible+191)",
" ffff81000222a728: ffffffff80493d60 (anon_inode_inode)",
" ffff810005a1e918: ffffffff800649d6 (__down_interruptible+191)",
" ffff810005a1e9d0: ffffffff800649d6 (__down_interruptible+191)",
" ffff810005a1eb48: ffffffff800649d6 (__down_interruptible+191)",
" ffff81000b409c60: ffffffff80493d60 (anon_inode_inode)",
" ffff81000c155b98: ffffffff80493d60 (anon_inode_inode)",
" ffff8100194fac70: ffffffff80493d60 (anon_inode_inode)",
" ffff81001daa1008: ffffffff80493d60 (anon_inode_inode)",
" ffff810028b95830: ffffffff800649d6 (__down_interruptible+191)",
" ffff81002cea0c70: ffffffff80493d60 (anon_inode_inode)",
" ffff810031327268: ffffffff80493d60 (anon_inode_inode)",
" ffff810031327270: ffffffff800649d6 (__down_interruptible+191)",
" ffff810034b1ccd0: ffffffff800649d6 (__down_interruptible+191)",
" ffff8100399565a8: ffffffff80493d60 (anon_inode_inode)",
" ffff81003a278cd0: ffffffff800649d6 (__down_interruptible+191)",
" ffff81003cc23e08: ffffffff800649d6 (__down_interruptible+191)",
NULL
};
char *help_irq[] = {
"irq",
"IRQ data",
"[[[index ...] | -u ] | -d | -b | -a | -s [-c cpu]]",
" This command collaborates the data in an irq_desc_t, along with its",
" associated hw_interrupt_type and irqaction structure data, into a",
" consolidated per-IRQ display. For kernel versions 2.6.37 and later",
" the display consists of the irq_desc/irq_data address, its irqaction",
" address(es), and the irqaction name strings. Alternatively, the",
" intel interrupt descriptor table, bottom half data, cpu affinity for",
" in-use irqs, or kernel irq stats may be displayed. If no index value",
" argument(s) nor any options are entered, the IRQ data for all IRQs will",
" be displayed.\n",
" index a valid IRQ index.",
" -u dump data for in-use IRQs only.",
" -d dump the intel interrupt descriptor table.",
" -b dump bottom half data.",
" -a dump cpu affinity for in-use IRQs.",
" -s dump the kernel irq stats; if no cpu specified with -c, the",
" irq stats of all cpus will be displayed.",
" -c cpu only usable with the -s option, dump the irq stats of the ",
" specified cpu[s]; cpu can be specified as \"1,3,5\", \"1-3\",",
" \"1,3,5-7,10\", \"all\", or \"a\" (shortcut for \"all\").",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" Display the relevant data for IRQ 18 from a pre-2.6.37 kernel:\n",
" %s> irq 18",
" IRQ: 18",
" STATUS: 0 ",
" HANDLER: c02301e0 <ioapic_level_irq_type>",
" typename: c01f9e0c \"IO-APIC-level\"",
" startup: c0110234 <unmask_IO_APIC_irq>",
" shutdown: c01101cc <mask_IO_APIC_irq>",
" handle: c0110518 <do_level_ioapic_IRQ>",
" enable: c0110234 <unmask_IO_APIC_irq>",
" disable: c01101cc <mask_IO_APIC_irq>",
" ACTION: c009c6b0",
" handler: c01ce818 <do_aic7xxx_isr>",
" flags: 4000000 (SA_SHIRQ)",
" mask: 0",
" name: c0217780 \"aic7xxx\"",
" dev_id: c0090078",
" next: c009c770",
" ACTION: c009c770",
" handler: c01ce818 <do_aic7xxx_isr>",
" flags: 4000000 (SA_SHIRQ)",
" mask: 0",
" name: c0217780 \"aic7xxx\"",
" dev_id: c0091078",
" next: 0",
" DEPTH: 0\n",
" Display the relevant data for IRQ 21 from a 2.6.37 kernel:\n",
" %s> irq 21",
" IRQ IRQ_DESC/_DATA IRQACTION NAME",
" 21 ffff88003787f780 ffff8800379a8b40 \"ehci_hcd:usb2\"",
" ffff8800379cbac0 \"uhci_hcd:usb5\"",
" ffff8800379cb140 \"uhci_hcd:usb7\"",
" ",
" Display the intel interrupt descriptor table entries:\n",
" %s> irq -d",
" [0] divide_error",
" [1] debug",
" [2] nmi",
" [3] int3",
" [4] overflow",
" [5] bounds",
" [6] invalid_op",
" [7] device_not_available",
" [8] double_fault",
" [9] coprocessor_segment_overrun",
" [10] invalid_TSS",
" [11] segment_not_present",
" [12] stack_segment",
" [13] general_protection",
" [14] page_fault",
" [15] spurious_interrupt_bug",
" [16] coprocessor_error",
" [17] alignment_check",
" [18] ignore_int",
" [19] ignore_int",
" [20] ignore_int",
" [21] ignore_int",
" ...\n",
" [250] IRQ0xda_interrupt",
" [251] IRQ0xdb_interrupt",
" [252] IRQ0xdc_interrupt",
" [253] IRQ0xdd_interrupt",
" [254] IRQ0xde_interrupt",
" [255] spurious_interrupt\n",
" Display the bottom half data:\n",
" %s> irq -b",
" SOFTIRQ_VEC ACTION ",
" [0] ffffffff81068f60 <tasklet_hi_action> ",
" [1] ffffffff81071b80 <run_timer_softirq> ",
" [2] ffffffff813e6f30 <net_tx_action> ",
" [3] ffffffff813ee370 <net_rx_action> ",
" [4] ffffffff81211a60 <blk_done_softirq> ",
" [5] ffffffff812122f0 <blk_iopoll_softirq> ",
" [6] ffffffff81069090 <tasklet_action> ",
" [7] ffffffff81058830 <run_rebalance_domains> ",
" [8] ffffffff81087f00 <run_hrtimer_softirq> ",
" [9] ffffffff810ca7a0 <rcu_process_callbacks> \n",
" Display the cpu affinity for in-use IRQs:\n",
" %s> irq -a",
" IRQ NAME AFFINITY",
" 0 timer 0-23",
" 1 i8042 0-23",
" 8 rtc0 0-23",
" 9 acpi 0-23",
" 16 ehci_hcd:usb2,uhci_hcd:usb3,uhci_hcd:usb6 0,6,18",
" 17 uhci_hcd:usb4,uhci_hcd:usb7 0-23",
" 18 ehci_hcd:usb1,uhci_hcd:usb5,uhci_hcd:usb8,ioc0 0,11,23",
" 24 dmar0 0",
" 35 pciehp 0-23",
" 36 pciehp 0-23",
" 37 pciehp 0-23",
" 38 pciehp 0-23",
" 39 megasas 0-5,12-17",
" 40 lpfc:sp 0-5,12-17",
" 41 lpfc:fp 0,6-11,18-23",
" 42 lpfc:sp 0,6-11,18-23",
" 43 lpfc:fp 0,6-11,18-23",
" ...\n",
" 80 ioat-msix 0-23",
" 81 ioat-msix 0-23",
" 82 ioat-msix 0-23",
" 83 ioat-msix 0-23",
" 84 ioat-msix 0-23",
" 85 ioat-msix 0-23",
" 86 ioat-msix 0-23",
" 87 ioat-msix 0-23",
" 88 eth4 0,17\n",
" Display the kernel irq stats:\n",
" %s>irq -c 0,2 -s",
" CPU0 CPU2 ",
" 0: 2068161471 0 IR-IO-APIC-edge timer",
" 1: 9 0 IR-IO-APIC-edge i8042",
" 8: 1 0 IR-IO-APIC-edge rtc0",
" 9: 0 0 IR-IO-APIC-fasteoi acpi",
" 16: 36 0 IR-IO-APIC-fasteoi ehci_hcd:usb2",
" ...\n",
" 85: 3 0 IR-PCI-MSI-edge ioat-msix",
" 86: 3 0 IR-PCI-MSI-edge ioat-msix",
" 87: 3 0 IR-PCI-MSI-edge ioat-msix",
" 88: 24 295 IR-PCI-MSI-edge eth4",
NULL
};
char *help_ipcs[] = {
"ipcs",
"System V IPC facilities",
"[-smMq] [-n pid|task] [id | addr]",
" This command provides information on the System V IPC facilities. With no",
" arguments, the command will display kernel usage of all three factilities.",
" ",
" -s show semaphore arrays.",
" -m show shared memory segments.",
" -M show shared memory segments with additional details.",
" -q show message queues.",
" id show the data associated with this resource ID.",
" addr show the data associated with this virtual address of a",
" shmid_kernel, sem_array or msq_queue.",
"",
" For kernels supporting namespaces, the -n option may be used to",
" display the IPC facilities with respect to the namespace of a",
" specified task:\n",
" -n pid a process PID.",
" -n task a hexadecimal task_struct pointer.",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" Display all IPC facilities:\n",
" %s> ipcs",
" SHMID_KERNEL KEY SHMID UID PERMS BYTES NATTCH STATUS",
" ffff880473a28310 00000000 0 0 666 90000 1 ",
" ffff880473a28490 00000001 32769 0 666 90000 1 ",
" ffff880473a28250 00000002 65538 0 666 90000 1 ",
" ",
" SEM_ARRAY KEY SEMID UID PERMS NSEMS ",
" ffff88047200f9d0 00000000 0 0 600 1 ",
" ffff88046f826910 00000000 32769 0 600 1 ",
" ",
" MSG_QUEUE KEY MSQID UID PERMS USED-BYTES MESSAGES",
" ffff8100036bb8d0 000079d7 0 3369 666 16640 104",
" ffff8100036bb3d0 000079d8 32769 3369 666 12960 81",
" ffff810026d751d0 000079d9 65538 3369 666 10880 68",
" ",
" Display shared memory usage with detailed information:\n",
" %s> ipcs -M",
" SHMID_KERNEL KEY SHMID UID PERMS BYTES NATTCH STATUS",
" ffff880473a28310 00000000 0 0 666 90000 1 ",
" PAGES ALLOCATED/RESIDENT/SWAPPED: 22/1/0",
" INODE: ffff88047239cd98",
" ",
" SHMID_KERNEL KEY SHMID UID PERMS BYTES NATTCH STATUS",
" ffff880473a28490 00000001 32769 0 666 90000 1 ",
" PAGES ALLOCATED/RESIDENT/SWAPPED: 22/1/0",
" INODE: ffff88047239c118",
" ",
" SHMID_KERNEL KEY SHMID UID PERMS BYTES NATTCH STATUS",
" ffff880473a28250 00000002 65538 0 666 90000 1 ",
" PAGES ALLOCATED/RESIDENT/SWAPPED: 22/1/0",
" INODE: ffff880470503758",
" ",
" Display the shared memory data associated with shmid_kernel ffff880473a28250:\n",
" %s> ipcs -M ffff880473a28250",
" SHMID_KERNEL KEY SHMID UID PERMS BYTES NATTCH STATUS",
" ffff880473a28250 00000002 65538 0 666 90000 1 ",
" PAGES ALLOCATED/RESIDENT/SWAPPED: 22/1/0",
" INODE: ffff880470503758",
NULL
};
char *help_cpu[] = {
"cpu",
"set context to the active task on a cpu",
"[cpu]",
" This command sets the current context to the active task on a cpu. If no",
" argument is given, the current context is displayed.\n",
" cpu a valid cpu number\n",
" This command is not allowable on live systems.",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" %s> cpu 1",
" PID: 286",
" COMMAND: \"in.rlogind\"",
" TASK: c0b3a000 ",
" CPU: 1 ",
" STATE: TASK_RUNNING (ACTIVE)",
NULL
};
char *help_sys[] = {
"sys",
"system data",
"[-c [name|number]] [-t] [-i] config",
" This command displays system-specific data. If no arguments are entered,\n"
" the same system data shown during %s invocation is shown.\n",
" -c [name|number] If no name or number argument is entered, dump all",
" sys_call_table entries. If a name string is entered,",
" search the table for all entries containing the string.",
" If a number is entered, the table entry associated with",
" that number is displayed. If the current output radix",
" has been set to 16, the system call numbers will be ",
" displayed in hexadecimal.",
" config If the kernel was configured with CONFIG_IKCONFIG, then",
" dump the in-kernel configuration data.",
" -t Display kernel taint information. If the \"tainted_mask\"",
" symbol exists, show its hexadecimal value and translate",
" each bit set to the symbolic letter of the taint type.",
" On older kernels with the \"tainted\" symbol, only its",
" hexadecimal value is shown. The relevant kernel sources",
" should be consulted for the meaning of the letter(s) or",
" hexadecimal bit value(s).",
" -panic Panic a live system. Requires write permission to",
" /dev/mem. Results in the %s context causing an",
" \"Attempted to kill the idle task!\" panic. (The dump",
" will indicate that the %s context has a PID of 0).",
" -i Dump the DMI string data if available in the kernel.",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" Display essential system information:\n",
" %s> sys",
" KERNEL: vmlinux.4",
" DUMPFILE: lcore.cr.4",
" CPUS: 4",
" DATE: Mon Oct 11 18:48:55 1999",
" UPTIME: 10 days, 14:14:39",
" LOAD AVERAGE: 0.74, 0.23, 0.08",
" TASKS: 77",
" NODENAME: test.mclinux.com",
" RELEASE: 2.2.5-15smp",
" VERSION: #24 SMP Mon Oct 11 17:41:40 CDT 1999",
" MACHINE: i686 (500 MHz)",
" MEMORY: 1 GB",
"\n Dump the system configuration data (if CONFIG_IKCONFIG):\n",
" %s> sys config",
" #",
" # Automatically generated make config: don't edit",
" # Linux kernel version: 2.6.16",
" # Mon Apr 10 07:58:06 2006",
" #",
" CONFIG_X86_64=y",
" CONFIG_64BIT=y",
" CONFIG_X86=y",
" CONFIG_SEMAPHORE_SLEEPERS=y",
" CONFIG_MMU=y",
" CONFIG_RWSEM_GENERIC_SPINLOCK=y",
" CONFIG_GENERIC_CALIBRATE_DELAY=y",
" CONFIG_X86_CMPXCHG=y",
" CONFIG_EARLY_PRINTK=y",
" CONFIG_GENERIC_ISA_DMA=y",
" CONFIG_GENERIC_IOMAP=y",
" CONFIG_ARCH_MAY_HAVE_PC_FDC=y",
" CONFIG_DMI=y",
" ...",
"\n Display the kernel taint information, in this case where both the",
" TAINT_WARN and TAINT_PROPRIETARY_MODULE bits have been set:\n",
" %s> sys -t",
" TAINTED_MASK: 201 PW",
"\n Dump the system call table:\n",
" %s> sys -c",
" NUM SYSTEM CALL FILE AND LINE NUMBER",
" 0 sys_ni_syscall ../kernel/sys.c: 48",
" 1 sys_exit ../kernel/exit.c: 404",
" 2 sys_fork ../arch/i386/kernel/process.c: 771",
" 3 sys_read ../fs/read_write.c: 117",
" 4 sys_write ../fs/read_write.c: 146",
" 5 sys_open ../fs/open.c: 754",
" 6 sys_close ../fs/open.c: 839",
" 7 sys_waitpid ../kernel/exit.c: 503",
" 8 sys_creat ../fs/open.c: 789",
" 9 sys_link ../fs/namei.c: 1213",
" 10 sys_unlink ../fs/namei.c: 1074",
" 11 sys_execve ../arch/i386/kernel/process.c: 806",
" ...",
"\n Find the system call number of the select system call:\n",
" %s> sys -c select",
" NUM SYSTEM CALL FILE AND LINE NUMBER",
" 65 sys_select ../fs/select.c: 259",
" ",
" If the current output radix has been set to 16, the system call numbers",
" will be displayed in hexadecimal.",
"\n Dump the DMI string data:\n",
" %s> sys -i",
" DMI_BIOS_VENDOR: LENOVO",
" DMI_BIOS_VERSION: G4ET37WW (1.12 )",
" DMI_BIOS_DATE: 05/29/2012",
" DMI_SYS_VENDOR: LENOVO",
" DMI_PRODUCT_NAME: 2429BQ1",
" DMI_PRODUCT_VERSION: ThinkPad T530",
" DMI_PRODUCT_SERIAL: R9R91HZ",
" DMI_PRODUCT_UUID: 568DFA01-5180-11CB-B851-BD06085ADDB0",
" DMI_BOARD_VENDOR: LENOVO",
" DMI_BOARD_NAME: 2429BQ1",
" DMI_BOARD_VERSION: Not Available",
" DMI_BOARD_SERIAL: 1ZLV127F17M",
" DMI_BOARD_ASSET_TAG: Not Available",
" DMI_CHASSIS_VENDOR: LENOVO",
" DMI_CHASSIS_TYPE: 10",
" DMI_CHASSIS_VERSION: Not Available",
" DMI_CHASSIS_SERIAL: R9R91HZ",
" DMI_CHASSIS_ASSET_TAG: RH0004111",
NULL
};
char *help_log[] = {
"log",
"dump system message buffer",
"[-tdma]",
" This command dumps the kernel log_buf contents in chronological order. The",
" command supports the older log_buf formats, which may or may not contain a",
" timestamp inserted prior to each message, as well as the newer variable-length",
" record format, where the timestamp is contained in each log entry's header.",
" ",
" -t Display the message text without the timestamp; only applicable to the",
" variable-length record format.",
" -d Display the dictionary of key/value pair properties that are optionally",
" appended to a message by the kernel's dev_printk() function; only",
" applicable to the variable-length record format.",
" -m Display the message log level in brackets preceding each message. For",
" the variable-length record format, the level will be displayed in ",
" hexadecimal, and depending upon the kernel version, also contains the",
" facility or flags bits.",
" -a Dump the audit logs remaining in kernel audit buffers that have not",
" been copied out to the user-space audit daemon.",
" ",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" Dump the kernel message buffer:\n",
" %s> log",
" Linux version 2.2.5-15smp (root@mclinux1) (gcc version egcs-2.91.66 19990",
" 314/Linux (egcs-1.1.2 release)) #1 SMP Thu Aug 26 11:04:37 EDT 1999",
" Intel MultiProcessor Specification v1.4",
" Virtual Wire compatibility mode.",
" OEM ID: DELL Product ID: WS 410 APIC at: 0xFEE00000",
" Processor #0 Pentium(tm) Pro APIC version 17",
" Processor #1 Pentium(tm) Pro APIC version 17",
" I/O APIC #2 Version 17 at 0xFEC00000.",
" Processors: 2",
" mapped APIC to ffffe000 (fee00000)",
" mapped IOAPIC to ffffd000 (fec00000)",
" Detected 447696347 Hz processor.",
" Console: colour VGA+ 80x25",
" Calibrating delay loop... 445.64 BogoMIPS",
" ...",
" 8K byte-wide RAM 5:3 Rx:Tx split, autoselect/Autonegotiate interface.",
" MII transceiver found at address 24, status 782d.",
" Enabling bus-master transmits and whole-frame receives.",
" Installing knfsd (copyright (C) 1996 okir@monad.swb.de).",
" nfsd_init: initialized fhcache, entries=256",
" ...",
" ",
" Do the same thing, but also show the log level preceding each message:\n",
" %s> log -m",
" <4>Linux version 2.2.5-15smp (root@mclinux1) (gcc version egcs-2.91.66 19990",
" 314/Linux (egcs-1.1.2 release)) #1 SMP Thu Aug 26 11:04:37 EDT 1999",
" <4>Intel MultiProcessor Specification v1.4",
" <4> Virtual Wire compatibility mode.",
" <4>OEM ID: DELL Product ID: WS 410 APIC at: 0xFEE00000",
" <4>Processor #0 Pentium(tm) Pro APIC version 17",
" <4>Processor #1 Pentium(tm) Pro APIC version 17",
" <4>I/O APIC #2 Version 17 at 0xFEC00000.",
" <4>Processors: 2",
" <4>mapped APIC to ffffe000 (fee00000)",
" <4>mapped IOAPIC to ffffd000 (fec00000)",
" <4>Detected 447696347 Hz processor.",
" <4>Console: colour VGA+ 80x25",
" <4>Calibrating delay loop... 445.64 BogoMIPS",
" ...",
" <6> 8K byte-wide RAM 5:3 Rx:Tx split, autoselect/Autonegotiate interface.",
" <6> MII transceiver found at address 24, status 782d.",
" <6> Enabling bus-master transmits and whole-frame receives.",
" <6>Installing knfsd (copyright (C) 1996 okir@monad.swb.de).",
" <7>nfsd_init: initialized fhcache, entries=256",
" ... ",
" ",
" On a system with the variable-length record format, and whose log_buf has been",
" filled and wrapped around, display the log with timestamp data:\n",
" %s> log",
" [ 0.467730] pci 0000:ff:02.0: [8086:2c10] type 00 class 0x060000",
" [ 0.467749] pci 0000:ff:02.1: [8086:2c11] type 00 class 0x060000",
" [ 0.467769] pci 0000:ff:02.4: [8086:2c14] type 00 class 0x060000",
" [ 0.467788] pci 0000:ff:02.5: [8086:2c15] type 00 class 0x060000",
" [ 0.467809] pci 0000:ff:03.0: [8086:2c18] type 00 class 0x060000",
" [ 0.467828] pci 0000:ff:03.1: [8086:2c19] type 00 class 0x060000",
" ...",
" ",
" Display the same message text as above, without the timestamp data:\n",
" %s> log -t",
" pci 0000:ff:02.0: [8086:2c10] type 00 class 0x060000",
" pci 0000:ff:02.1: [8086:2c11] type 00 class 0x060000",
" pci 0000:ff:02.4: [8086:2c14] type 00 class 0x060000",
" pci 0000:ff:02.5: [8086:2c15] type 00 class 0x060000",
" pci 0000:ff:03.0: [8086:2c18] type 00 class 0x060000",
" pci 0000:ff:03.1: [8086:2c19] type 00 class 0x060000",
" ...",
" ",
" Display the same message text as above, with appended dictionary data:\n",
" %s> log -td",
" pci 0000:ff:02.0: [8086:2c10] type 00 class 0x060000",
" SUBSYSTEM=pci",
" DEVICE=+pci:0000:ff:02.0",
" pci 0000:ff:02.1: [8086:2c11] type 00 class 0x060000",
" SUBSYSTEM=pci",
" DEVICE=+pci:0000:ff:02.1",
" pci 0000:ff:02.4: [8086:2c14] type 00 class 0x060000",
" SUBSYSTEM=pci",
" DEVICE=+pci:0000:ff:02.4",
" pci 0000:ff:02.5: [8086:2c15] type 00 class 0x060000",
" SUBSYSTEM=pci",
" DEVICE=+pci:0000:ff:02.5",
" pci 0000:ff:03.0: [8086:2c18] type 00 class 0x060000",
" SUBSYSTEM=pci",
" DEVICE=+pci:0000:ff:03.0",
" pci 0000:ff:03.1: [8086:2c19] type 00 class 0x060000",
" SUBSYSTEM=pci",
" DEVICE=+pci:0000:ff:03.1",
" ...",
" ",
" Dump the kernel audit logs:\n",
" %s> log -a",
" type=1320 audit(1489384479.809:4342):",
" type=1300 audit(1489384479.809:4343): arch=c000003e syscall=0 success=yes ",
" exit=0 a0=4 a1=7f84154a2000 a2=400 a3=22 items=0 ppid=2560 pid=2591 auid=0 ",
" uid=0 gid=0 euid=0 suid=0 fsuid=0 egid=0 sgid=0 fsgid=0 tty=ttyS0 ses=1 ",
" comm=\"pidof\" exe=\"/usr/sbin/killall5\" ",
" subj=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 key=(null)",
" type=1320 audit(1489384479.809:4343):",
" type=1300 audit(1489384479.809:4344): arch=c000003e syscall=3 success=yes ",
" exit=0 a0=4 a1=1 a2=8 a3=0 items=0 ppid=2560 pid=2591 auid=0 uid=0 gid=0 ",
" euid=0 suid=0 fsuid=0 egid=0 sgid=0 fsgid=0 tty=ttyS0 ses=1 comm=\"pidof\" ",
" exe=\"/usr/sbin/killall5\" ",
" subj=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 key=(null)",
" type=1320 audit(1489384479.809:4344):",
" type=1300 audit(1489384479.809:4345): arch=c000003e syscall=11 ",
" success=yes exit=0 a0=7f84154a2000 a1=1000 a2=0 a3=0 items=0 ppid=2560 ",
" pid=2591 auid=0 uid=0 gid=0 euid=0 suid=0 fsuid=0 egid=0 sgid=0 fsgid=0 ",
" tty=ttyS0 ses=1 comm=\"pidof\" exe=\"/usr/sbin/killall5\" ",
" subj=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 key=(null)",
" type=1320 audit(1489384479.809:4345):",
" type=1300 audit(1489384479.809:4346): arch=c000003e syscall=2 success=yes ",
" exit=4 a0=7ffcfd20f5a0 a1=0 a2=1b6 a3=24 items=1 ppid=2560 pid=2591 auid=0",
" uid=0 gid=0 euid=0 suid=0 fsuid=0 egid=0 sgid=0 fsgid=0 tty=ttyS0 ses=1 ",
" comm=\"pidof\" exe=\"/usr/sbin/killall5\" ",
" subj=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 key=(null)",
" type=1307 audit(1489384479.809:4346): cwd=\"/proc\"",
" ...",
" ",
NULL
};
char *help_whatis[] = {
"whatis",
"search symbol table for data or type information",
"[[-o] [struct | union | typedef | symbol]] | \n [[-r [size|range]] [-m member]]",
" This command displays the definition of structures, unions, typedefs or",
" text/data symbols:\n",
" struct a structure name. The output is the same as if the \"struct\"",
" command was used.",
" union a union name. The output is the same as if the \"union\" command",
" was used.",
" -o display the offsets of structure/union members.",
" typedef a typedef name. If the typedef translates to a structure or union",
" the output is the same as if the \"struct\" or \"union\" command",
" was used. If the typedef is a primitive datatype, the one-line",
" declaration is displayed.",
" symbol a kernel symbol. ",
"",
" Alternatively, a search can be made for data structures of a given size or",
" size range, that contain a member of a given type, or contain a pointer to",
" given type. The -r and -m options may be used alone or in conjunction with",
" one another:\n",
" -r size search for structures of this exact size.",
" -r range search for structures of a range of sizes, expressed as \"low-high\".",
" -m member search for structures that contain a member of this data type, or",
" that contain a pointer to this data type; if a structure contains ",
" another structure, the members of the embedded structure will also",
" be subject to the search. The member argument may also be expressed",
" as a substring of a member's data type.",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" Display the definition of a linux_binfmt structure:\n",
" %s> whatis linux_binfmt",
" struct linux_binfmt {",
" struct list_head lh;",
" struct module *module;",
" int (*load_binary)(struct linux_binprm *);",
" int (*load_shlib)(struct file *);",
" int (*core_dump)(struct coredump_params *);",
" unsigned long min_coredump;",
" }",
" SIZE: 56",
"",
" Display the same structure with member offsets:\n",
" %s> whatis -o linux_binfmt",
" struct linux_binfmt {",
" [0] struct list_head lh;",
" [16] struct module *module;",
" [24] int (*load_binary)(struct linux_binprm *);",
" [32] int (*load_shlib)(struct file *);",
" [40] int (*core_dump)(struct coredump_params *);",
" [48] unsigned long min_coredump;",
" }",
" SIZE: 56",
"",
" Since a kmem_bufctl_t is typedef'd to be a kmem_bufctl_s structure, the",
" output of the following two commands is identical:\n",
" %s> whatis kmem_bufctl_s",
" struct kmem_bufctl_s {",
" union {",
" struct kmem_bufctl_s *buf_nextp;",
" kmem_slab_t *buf_slabp;",
" void *buf_objp;",
" } u;",
" };",
" ",
" %s> whatis kmem_bufctl_t",
" struct kmem_bufctl_s {",
" union {",
" struct kmem_bufctl_s *buf_nextp;",
" kmem_slab_t *buf_slabp;",
" void *buf_objp;",
" } u;",
" };",
" SIZE: 4 (0x4)",
" ",
" Display the type data of sys_read() and jiffies text and data symbols:\n",
" %s> whatis sys_read",
" ssize_t sys_read(unsigned int, char *, size_t);",
" ",
" %s> whatis jiffies",
" long unsigned int jiffies;\n",
" Display definition of a kdev_t typedef:\n",
" %s> whatis kdev_t",
" typedef short unsigned int kdev_t;",
" SIZE: 2 (0x2)\n",
" Display all structures which have a size of 192 bytes:\n",
" %s> whatis -r 192",
" SIZE TYPE",
" 192 _intel_private",
" 192 blkcg_gq",
" 192 clock_event_device",
" 192 cper_sec_proc_generic",
" 192 dentry",
" 192 dst_ops",
" 192 ehci_itd",
" 192 ethtool_rxnfc",
" 192 fb_ops",
" 192 file_lock",
" 192 inode_operations",
" 192 input_device_id",
" 192 ip_vs_stats",
" 192 numa_group",
" 192 parallel_data",
" 192 pcie_port_service_driver",
" 192 pebs_record_hsw",
" 192 pnp_driver",
" 192 regmap_config",
" 192 sched_entity",
" 192 tcp_timewait_sock",
" 192 timerfd_ctx",
" 192 tpm_vendor_specific",
" 192 urb",
"",
" Display all structures that contain members that point to ",
" an mm_struct:\n",
" %s> whatis -m mm_struct",
" SIZE TYPE",
" 16 tlb_state",
" 24 flush_tlb_info",
" 24 ftrace_raw_xen_mmu_pgd",
" 24 futex_key",
" 24 map_info",
" 32 ftrace_raw_xen_mmu_alloc_ptpage",
" 32 ftrace_raw_xen_mmu_pte_clear",
" 40 ftrace_raw_xen_mmu_flush_tlb_others",
" 40 ftrace_raw_xen_mmu_ptep_modify_prot",
" 40 ftrace_raw_xen_mmu_set_pte_at",
" 40 mm_slot",
" 64 mm_walk",
" 64 rmap_item",
" 104 userfaultfd_ctx",
" 128 mmu_gather",
" 216 vm_area_struct",
" 256 linux_binprm",
" 2616 rq",
" 2936 task_struct",
"",
" Display all structures sized from 256 to 512 bytes that",
" contain members that point to a task_struct:\n",
" %s> whatis -r 256-512 -m task_struct",
" SIZE TYPE",
" 256 file",
" 256 od_cpu_dbs_info_s",
" 264 srcu_notifier_head",
" 272 protection_domain",
" 288 clk_notifier",
" 288 fsnotify_group",
" 296 quota_info",
" 312 tty_port",
" 320 workqueue_struct",
" 344 trace_array",
" 344 uart_state",
" 352 cpufreq_policy",
" 352 elf_thread_core_info",
" 376 perf_event_context",
" 384 rcu_data",
" 400 cgroup",
" 408 subsys_private",
" 424 hvc_struct",
" 496 psmouse",
NULL
};
char *help_mount[] = {
"mount",
"mounted filesystem data",
"[-f][-i] [-n pid|task] [mount|vfsmount|superblock|dev|dir|dentry|inode]",
" This command displays basic information about the currently-mounted",
" filesystems. The per-filesystem dirty inode list or list of open",
" files for the filesystem may also be displayed.\n",
" -f dump dentries and inodes for open files in each filesystem; only",
" supported on kernels prior to Linux 3.13.",
" -i dump all dirty inodes associated with each filesystem; only",
" supported on kernels prior to Linux 2.6.32.\n",
" For kernels supporting namespaces, the -n option may be used to",
" display the mounted filesystems with respect to the namespace of a",
" specified task:\n",
" -n pid a process PID.",
" -n task a hexadecimal task_struct pointer.\n",
" Specific filesystems may be selected using the following forms:\n",
" vfsmount hexadecimal address of a filesystem vfsmount structure.",
" mount hexadecimal address of a filesystem mount structure (Linux 3.3",
" and later).",
" superblock hexadecimal address of a filesystem super_block structure.",
" dev device name of a filesystem.",
" dir directory where a filesystem is mounted.",
" dentry hexadecimal address of an open dentry of a filesystem.",
" inode hexadecimal address of an open inode of a filesystem.",
" ",
" The first column of the command output displays the filesystem's vfsmount",
" structure address for kernels prior to Linux 3.3. For Linux 3.3 and later",
" kernels, the first column displays the filesystem's mount structure address,",
" which contains an embedded vfsmount structure.",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" Display mounted filesystem data:\n",
" %s> mount",
" VFSMOUNT SUPERBLK TYPE DEVNAME DIRNAME",
" c0089ea0 c0088a00 ext2 /dev/root / ",
" c0089cf0 c0088c00 proc /proc /proc",
" c0089e10 c0088800 ext2 /dev/sda5 /boot",
" c0089d80 c0088600 ext2 /dev/sda6 /usr",
" c0089f30 c0088400 devpts none /dev/pts",
" c3f4b010 c0088200 ext2 /dev/sda1 /home",
" ",
" On Linux 3.3 and later kernels, the filesystem's mount structure address",
" is shown:\n",
" %s> mount",
" MOUNT SUPERBLK TYPE DEVNAME DIRNAME",
" ffff880212fb8200 ffff880212fc0800 rootfs rootfs / ",
" ffff88020ffbea00 ffff880212fc2000 proc proc proc",
" ffff880211db7f00 ffff88020e01a800 sysfs sysfs /sys",
" ffff88020ffe1300 ffff880212a40000 devtmpfs devtmpfs /dev",
" ffff88020ff15000 ffff880212bbc800 devpts devpts /dev/pts",
" ffff88020e542800 ffff88020e62b800 tmpfs tmpfs /dev/shm",
" ...",
" ",
" Display the open files associated with each mounted filesystem:\n",
" %s> mount -f",
" VFSMOUNT SUPERBLK TYPE DEVNAME DIRNAME",
" c7fb2b80 c7fb3200 ext2 /dev/root /",
" OPEN FILES:",
" DENTRY INODE TYPE PATH",
" c6d02200 c6d0f7a0 REG usr/X11R6/lib/libX11.so.6.1",
" c6d02100 c6d0f9e0 REG usr/X11R6/lib/libXext.so.6.3",
" c6d02000 c6d0fc20 REG usr/X11R6/lib/libICE.so.6.3",
" c6d02680 c6d0f320 REG usr/X11R6/bin/xfs",
" c7106580 c70c5440 CHR dev/psaux",
" ...",
" ",
" Display the dirty inodes associated with each mounted filesystem:\n",
" %s> mount -i",
" VFSMOUNT SUPERBLK TYPE DEVNAME DIRNAME",
" c0089ea0 c0088a00 ext2 /dev/root /",
" DIRTY INODES",
" c7ad4008",
" c2233438",
" c72c4008",
" c7d6b548",
" c3af1a98",
" c7d6b768",
" c3c4e228",
" ...",
" ",
" Display the mounted filesystem containing inode c5000aa8:\n",
" %s> mount c5000aa8",
" VFSMOUNT SUPERBLK TYPE DEVNAME DIRNAME",
" c0089f30 c0088600 ext2 /dev/sda6 /usr ",
" ",
" Display the mounted filesystem containing inode ffff8801f4245e40:\n",
" %s> mount ffff8801f4245e40",
" MOUNT SUPERBLK TYPE DEVNAME DIRNAME",
" ffff88020ffbea00 ffff880212fc2000 proc proc /proc",
" ",
NULL
};
char *help_alias[] = {
"alias",
"command aliases",
"[alias] [command string]",
" This command creates an alias for a given command string. If no arguments",
" are entered, the current list of aliases are displayed. If one argument is",
" entered, the command string for that alias, if any, is displayed.\n",
" alias the single word to be used as an alias",
" command string the word(s) that will be substituted for the alias\n",
" Aliases may be created in four manners:\n",
" 1. entering the alias in $HOME/.%src.",
" 2. entering the alias in .%src in the current directory.",
" 3. executing an input file containing the alias command.",
" 4. during runtime with this command.\n",
" During initialization, $HOME/.%src is read first, followed by the",
" .%src file in the current directory. Aliases in the .%src file",
" in the current directory override those in $HOME/.%src. Aliases ",
" entered with this command or by runtime input file override those",
" defined in either .%src file. Aliases may be deleted by entering an",
" empty string for the second argument. If redirection characters are to",
" be part of the command string, the command string must be enclosed by",
" quotation marks.\n",
" Note that there are a number of helpful built-in aliases -- see the ",
" first example below.",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" Display the currently-defined aliases, which in this example, only",
" consist of the built-in aliases:\n",
" %s> alias",
" ORIGIN ALIAS COMMAND",
" builtin man help ",
" builtin ? help ",
" builtin quit q",
" builtin sf set scroll off",
" builtin sn set scroll on",
" builtin hex set radix 16",
" builtin dec set radix 10",
" builtin g gdb",
" builtin px p -x",
" builtin pd p -d",
" builtin for foreach",
" builtin size *",
" builtin dmesg log",
" builtin lsmod mod",
" builtin last ps -l",
" ",
" Create a new alias to be added to the list:\n",
" %s> alias kp kmem -p",
" ORIGIN ALIAS COMMAND",
" runtime kp kmem -p\n",
" Create an alias with redirection characters:\n",
" %s> alias ksd \"kmem -p | grep slab | grep DMA\"",
" ORIGIN ALIAS COMMAND",
" runtime ksd kmem -p | grep slab | grep DMA\n",
" Remove an alias:\n",
" %s> alias kp \"\"",
" alias deleted: kp",
NULL
};
char *help_pointer[] = {
"*",
"pointer-to short-cut",
"(struct or union command arguments)",
" This command is a short-cut command that replaces the requirement to enter",
" \"struct\" or \"union\" command names. For details on the arguments to",
" those commands, enter \"help struct\" or \"help union\".",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" Dump the page structure at address c02943c0:",
" ",
" %s> *page c02943c0",
" struct page {",
" next = 0xc0fae740, ",
" prev = 0xc0018fb0, ",
" inode = 0x0, ",
" offset = 0x3f000, ",
" next_hash = 0xc02d6310, ",
" count = {",
" counter = 0x1",
" }, ",
" flags = 0x310, ",
" wait = 0xc02943d8, ",
" pprev_hash = 0x0, ",
" buffers = 0x0",
" }",
NULL
};
char *help_vtop[] = {
"vtop",
"virtual to physical",
"[-c [pid | taskp]] [-u|-k] address ...",
" This command translates a user or kernel virtual address to its physical",
" address. Also displayed is the PTE translation, the vm_area_struct data",
" for user virtual addresses, the mem_map page data associated with the",
" physical page, and the swap location or file location if the page is",
" not mapped. The -u and -k options specify that the address is a user",
" or kernel virtual address; -u and -k are not necessary on processors whose",
" virtual addresses self-define themselves as user or kernel. User addresses",
" are translated with respect to the current context unless the -c option",
" is used. Kernel virtual addresses are translated using the swapper_pg_dir",
" as the base page directory unless the -c option is used.",
" ",
" -u The address is a user virtual address; only required",
" on processors with overlapping user and kernel virtual",
" address spaces.",
" -k The address is a kernel virtual address; only required",
" on processors with overlapping user and kernel virtual",
" address spaces.",
" -c [pid | taskp] Translate the virtual address from the page directory",
" of the specified PID or hexadecimal task_struct pointer.",
" However, if this command is invoked from \"foreach vtop\",",
" the pid or taskp argument should NOT be entered; the",
" address will be translated using the page directory of",
" each task specified by \"foreach\".",
" address A hexadecimal user or kernel virtual address.",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" Translate user virtual address 80b4000:\n",
" %s> vtop 80b4000",
" VIRTUAL PHYSICAL",
" 80b4000 660f000",
" ",
" PAGE DIRECTORY: c37f0000",
" PGD: c37f0080 => e0d067",
" PMD: c37f0080 => e0d067",
" PTE: c0e0d2d0 => 660f067",
" PAGE: 660f000",
" ",
" PTE PHYSICAL FLAGS",
" 660f067 660f000 (PRESENT|RW|USER|ACCESSED|DIRTY)",
" ",
" VMA START END FLAGS FILE",
" c773daa0 80b4000 810c000 77",
" ",
" PAGE PHYSICAL INODE OFFSET CNT FLAGS",
" c0393258 660f000 0 17000 1 uptodate",
" ",
" Translate kernel virtual address c806e000, first using swapper_pg_dir",
" as the page directory base, and secondly, using the page table base",
" of PID 1359:\n",
" %s> vtop c806e000",
" VIRTUAL PHYSICAL",
" c806e000 2216000",
" ",
" PAGE DIRECTORY: c0101000",
" PGD: c0101c80 => 94063",
" PMD: c0101c80 => 94063",
" PTE: c00941b8 => 2216063",
" PAGE: 2216000",
" ",
" PTE PHYSICAL FLAGS",
" 2216063 2216000 (PRESENT|RW|ACCESSED|DIRTY)",
" ",
" PAGE PHYSICAL INODE OFFSET CNT FLAGS",
" c02e9370 2216000 0 0 1 ",
" ",
" %s> vtop -c 1359 c806e000",
" VIRTUAL PHYSICAL",
" c806e000 2216000",
" ",
" PAGE DIRECTORY: c5caf000",
" PGD: c5cafc80 => 94063",
" PMD: c5cafc80 => 94063",
" PTE: c00941b8 => 2216063",
" PAGE: 2216000",
" ",
" PTE PHYSICAL FLAGS",
" 2216063 2216000 (PRESENT|RW|ACCESSED|DIRTY)",
" ",
" PAGE PHYSICAL INODE OFFSET CNT FLAGS",
" c02e9370 2216000 0 0 1 ",
" ",
" Determine swap location of user virtual address 40104000:\n",
" %s> vtop 40104000",
" VIRTUAL PHYSICAL",
" 40104000 (not mapped)",
" ",
" PAGE DIRECTORY: c40d8000",
" PGD: c40d8400 => 6bbe067",
" PMD: c40d8400 => 6bbe067",
" PTE: c6bbe410 => 58bc00 ",
" ",
" PTE SWAP OFFSET",
" 58bc00 /dev/sda8 22716",
" ",
" VMA START END FLAGS FILE",
" c7200ae0 40104000 40b08000 73 ",
" ",
" SWAP: /dev/sda8 OFFSET: 22716",
NULL
};
char *help_vm[] = {
"vm",
"virtual memory",
"[-p | -P vma | -M mm | -v | -m | -x | -d | [-R reference] [pid | task]]"
"\n [-f vm_flags]",
" This command displays basic virtual memory information of a context,",
" consisting of a pointer to its mm_struct and page dirctory, its RSS and ",
" total virtual memory size; and a list of pointers to each vm_area_struct,",
" its starting and ending address, vm_flags value, and file pathname. If no",
" arguments are entered, the current context is used. Additionally, the -p ",
" option translates each virtual page of each VM area to its physical address.",
" The -R option, typically invoked from \"foreach vm\", searches for references",
" to a supplied number, address, or filename argument, and prints only the",
" essential information leading up to and including the reference. ",
" Alternatively, the -m or -v options may be used to dump the task's mm_struct",
" or all of its vm_area_structs respectively. The -p, -v, -m, -R and -f",
" options are all mutually exclusive.\n",
" -p translate each virtual page to its physical address, or if",
" the page is not mapped, its swap device and offset, or",
" filename and offset.",
" -P vma similar to -p, but only translate the pages belonging to the",
" specified VM area of a context.",
" -M mm if the mm_struct address has been removed from the task_struct",
" of an exiting task, the virtual memory data cannot be displayed.",
" However, if the address can be determined from the kernel stack,",
" it can be entered manually in order to try to resurrect the",
" virtual memory data of the task.",
" -R reference search for references to this number or filename.",
" -m dump the mm_struct assocated with the task.",
" -v dump all of the vm_area_structs associated with the task.",
" -x override the default output format for the -m or -v options",
" with hexadecimal format.",
" -d override the default output format for the -m or -v options",
" with decimal format.",
" -f vm_flags translate the bits of a FLAGS (vm_flags) value.",
" pid a process PID.",
" task a hexadecimal task_struct pointer.",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" Display the virtual memory data of the current context:\n",
" %s> vm",
" PID: 30986 TASK: c0440000 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"bash\"",
" MM PGD RSS TOTAL_VM",
" c303fe20 c4789000 88k 1728k",
" VMA START END FLAGS FILE",
" c0d1f540 8048000 80ad000 1875 /bin/bash",
" c0d1f400 80ad000 80b3000 1873 /bin/bash",
" c0d1f880 80b3000 80ec000 77",
" c0d1f0c0 40000000 40012000 875 /lib/ld-2.1.1.so",
" c0d1f700 40012000 40013000 873 /lib/ld-2.1.1.so",
" c0d1fe00 40013000 40014000 77",
" c0d1f580 40014000 40016000 73",
" c0d1f280 4001a000 4004b000 75 /usr/lib/libncurses.so.4.2",
" c0d1f100 4004b000 40054000 73 /usr/lib/libncurses.so.4.2",
" c0d1f600 40054000 40057000 73",
" c0d1f9c0 40057000 40059000 75 /lib/libdl-2.1.1.so",
" c0d1f800 40059000 4005a000 73 /lib/libdl-2.1.1.so",
" c0d1fd00 4005a000 40140000 75 /lib/libc-2.1.1.so",
" c0d1fe40 40140000 40145000 73 /lib/libc-2.1.1.so",
" c0d1f780 40145000 40148000 73",
" c0d1f140 40148000 40150000 75 /lib/libnss_files-2.1.1.so",
" c0d1fa80 40150000 40151000 73 /lib/libnss_files-2.1.1.so",
" c0d1fb00 40151000 4015a000 75 /lib/libnss_nisplus-2.1.1.so",
" c5f754e0 4015a000 4015b000 73 /lib/libnss_nisplus-2.1.1.so",
" c0d1fec0 4015b000 4016d000 75 /lib/libnsl-2.1.1.so",
" c5f75460 4016d000 4016e000 73 /lib/libnsl-2.1.1.so",
" c5f75420 4016e000 40170000 73",
" c5f753e0 40170000 40178000 75 /lib/libnss_nis-2.1.1.so",
" c5f753a0 40178000 40179000 73 /lib/libnss_nis-2.1.1.so",
" c0d1f240 bfffc000 c0000000 177\n",
" Display the virtual memory data along with page translations for PID 386:",
"\n %s> vm -p 386",
" PID: 386 TASK: c11cc000 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"atd\"",
" MM PGD RSS TOTAL_VM",
" c7e30560 c10e5000 104k 1112k",
" VMA START END FLAGS FILE",
" c0fbe6a0 8048000 804b000 1875 /usr/sbin/atd",
" VIRTUAL PHYSICAL",
" 8048000 20e1000",
" 8049000 17c6000",
" 804a000 1f6f000",
" VMA START END FLAGS FILE",
" c61e0ba0 804b000 804d000 1873 /usr/sbin/atd",
" VIRTUAL PHYSICAL",
" 804b000 254d000",
" 804c000 6a9c000",
" VMA START END FLAGS FILE",
" c61e04e0 804d000 8050000 77 ",
" VIRTUAL PHYSICAL",
" 804d000 219d000",
" 804e000 2617000",
" 804f000 SWAP: /dev/sda8 OFFSET: 24225",
" VMA START END FLAGS FILE",
" c61e0720 40000000 40012000 875 /lib/ld-2.1.1.so",
" VIRTUAL PHYSICAL",
" 40000000 FILE: /lib/ld-2.1.1.so OFFSET: 0",
" 40001000 FILE: /lib/ld-2.1.1.so OFFSET: 1000",
" 40002000 FILE: /lib/ld-2.1.1.so OFFSET: 2000",
" 40003000 FILE: /lib/ld-2.1.1.so OFFSET: 3000",
" 40004000 FILE: /lib/ld-2.1.1.so OFFSET: 4000",
" 40005000 FILE: /lib/ld-2.1.1.so OFFSET: 5000",
" ...",
" ",
" Although the -R option is typically invoked from \"foreach vm\", it can be",
" executed directly. This example displays all VM areas with vm_flags of 75:\n",
" %s> vm -R 75",
" PID: 694 TASK: c0c76000 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"crash\"",
" MM PGD RSS TOTAL_VM",
" c6c43110 c0fe9000 8932k 10720k ",
" VMA START END FLAGS FILE",
" c322c0d0 40019000 4004a000 75 /usr/lib/libncurses.so.4.2",
" c67537c0 40056000 40071000 75 /lib/libm-2.1.1.so",
" c6753d00 40072000 40074000 75 /lib/libdl-2.1.1.so",
" c6753540 40075000 40081000 75 /usr/lib/libz.so.1.1.3",
" c6753740 40085000 4016b000 75 /lib/libc-2.1.1.so",
" ",
" One reason to use -R directly is to pare down the output associated with",
" the -p option on a task with a huge address space. This example displays",
" the page data associated with virtual address 40121000:\n",
" %s> vm -R 40121000",
" PID: 694 TASK: c0c76000 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"crash\"",
" MM PGD RSS TOTAL_VM",
" c6c43110 c0fe9000 8928k 10720k ",
" VMA START END FLAGS FILE",
" c6753740 40085000 4016b000 75 /lib/libc-2.1.1.so",
" VIRTUAL PHYSICAL",
" 40121000 FILE: /lib/libc-2.1.1.so OFFSET: 9c000",
" ",
" Display the mm_struct for PID 4777:",
"\n %s> vm -m 4777",
" PID: 4777 TASK: c0896000 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"bash\"",
" struct mm_struct {",
" mmap = 0xc6caa1c0, ",
" mmap_avl = 0x0, ",
" mmap_cache = 0xc6caabc0, ",
" pgd = 0xc100a000, ",
" count = {",
" counter = 0x1",
" }, ",
" map_count = 0x14, ",
" mmap_sem = {",
" count = {",
" counter = 0x1",
" }, ",
" waking = 0x0, ",
" wait = 0x0",
" }, ",
" context = 0x0, ",
" start_code = 0x8048000, ",
" end_code = 0x809c6f7, ",
" start_data = 0x0, ",
" end_data = 0x80a2090, ",
" start_brk = 0x80a5420, ",
" brk = 0x80b9000, ",
" start_stack = 0xbffff9d0, ",
" arg_start = 0xbffffad1, ",
" arg_end = 0xbffffad7, ",
" env_start = 0xbffffad7, ",
" env_end = 0xbffffff2, ",
" rss = 0xf6, ",
" total_vm = 0x1a3, ",
" locked_vm = 0x0, ",
" def_flags = 0x0, ",
" cpu_vm_mask = 0x0, ",
" swap_cnt = 0x23d,",
" swap_address = 0x0, ",
" segments = 0x0",
" }",
" ",
" Display all of the vm_area_structs for task c47d4000:",
"\n %s> vm -v c47d4000",
" PID: 4971 TASK: c47d4000 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"login\"",
" struct vm_area_struct {",
" vm_mm = 0xc4b0d200, ",
" vm_start = 0x8048000, ",
" vm_end = 0x804d000, ",
" vm_next = 0xc3e3abd0, ",
" vm_page_prot = {",
" pgprot = 0x25",
" }, ",
" vm_flags = 0x1875, ",
" vm_avl_height = 0x1, ",
" vm_avl_left = 0x0, ",
" vm_avl_right = 0x0, ",
" vm_next_share = 0x0, ",
" vm_pprev_share = 0xc3e3abf0, ",
" vm_ops = 0xc02392a0, ",
" vm_offset = 0x0, ",
" vm_file = 0xc1e23660, ",
" vm_pte = 0x0",
" }",
" struct vm_area_struct {",
" vm_mm = 0xc4b0d200, ",
" vm_start = 0x804d000, ",
" vm_end = 0x804e000, ",
" vm_next = 0xc3e3a010, ",
" vm_page_prot = {",
" pgprot = 0x25",
" }, ",
" vm_flags = 0x1873, ",
" vm_avl_height = 0x2, ",
" vm_avl_left = 0xc3e3a810, ",
" vm_avl_right = 0xc3e3a010, ",
" vm_next_share = 0xc3e3a810, ",
" vm_pprev_share = 0xc3699c14",
" ...",
" ",
" Translate a FLAGS value:\n",
" %s> vm -f 3875",
" 3875: (READ|EXEC|MAYREAD|MAYWRITE|MAYEXEC|DENYWRITE|EXECUTABLE|LOCKED)",
" ",
" Display the page translations of the VM area at address f5604f2c:\n",
" %s> vm -P f5604f2c",
" PID: 5508 TASK: f56a9570 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"crond\"",
" VMA START END FLAGS FILE",
" f5604f2c f5b000 f67000 8000075 /lib/libnss_files-2.12.so",
" VIRTUAL PHYSICAL",
" f5b000 3fec1000",
" f5c000 3d3a4000",
" f5d000 FILE: /lib/libnss_files-2.12.so OFFSET: 2000",
" f5e000 FILE: /lib/libnss_files-2.12.so OFFSET: 3000",
" f5f000 FILE: /lib/libnss_files-2.12.so OFFSET: 4000",
" f60000 3fd31000",
" f61000 3fd32000",
" f62000 FILE: /lib/libnss_files-2.12.so OFFSET: 7000",
" f63000 FILE: /lib/libnss_files-2.12.so OFFSET: 8000",
" f64000 3ff35000",
" f65000 FILE: /lib/libnss_files-2.12.so OFFSET: a000",
" f66000 FILE: /lib/libnss_files-2.12.so OFFSET: b000",
NULL
};
char *help_task[] = {
"task",
"task_struct and thread_info contents",
"[-R member[,member]] [-dx] [pid | taskp] ...",
" This command dumps a formatted display of the contents of a task's",
" task_struct and thread_info structures. Multiple task or PID numbers",
" may be entered; if no arguments are entered, the task_struct and",
" thread_info structures of the current context are displayed. The -R option,",
" which may also be invoked indirectly via \"foreach task\", pares the output",
" down to one or more structure members.",
" ",
" pid a process PID.",
" taskp a hexadecimal task_struct pointer.",
" -R member a comma-separated list of one or more task_struct and/or",
" thread_info structure members. If any member contains an embedded",
" structure, or is an array, the output may be restricted to the ",
" embedded structure or an array element by expressing the member",
" argument as \"member.member\" or \"member[index]\"; embedded member",
" specifications may extend beyond one level deep, by expressing the",
" member argument as \"member.member.member...\".",
" -x override default output format with hexadecimal format.",
" -d override default output format with decimal format.",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" Dump the task_struct and thread_info structures of the current context",
" in hexadecimal format:\n",
" %s> task -x",
" PID: 3176 TASK: f2451550 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"memtest\"",
" struct task_struct {",
" state = 0x0, ",
" stack = 0xf05b6000, ",
" usage = {",
" counter = 0x2",
" }, ",
" flags = 0x402040, ",
" ptrace = 0x0, ",
" lock_depth = 0xffffffff, ",
" prio = 0x78, ",
" static_prio = 0x78, ",
" normal_prio = 0x78, ",
" rt_priority = 0x0, ",
" ...",
" perf_event_ctxp = {0x0, 0x0}, ",
" memcg_batch = {",
" do_batch = 0x0, ",
" memcg = 0x0, ",
" bytes = 0x0, ",
" memsw_bytes = 0x0",
" }",
" }",
" ",
" struct thread_info {",
" task = 0xf2451550, ",
" exec_domain = 0xc0a60860, ",
" flags = 0x88, ",
" status = 0x0, ",
" cpu = 0x1, ",
" preempt_count = 0x4010000, ",
" addr_limit = {",
" seg = 0xc0000000",
" }, ",
" restart_block = {",
" ...",
" ",
" Display the ngroups and groups task_struct members for PID 2958:\n",
" %s> task -R ngroups,groups 2958",
" PID: 2958 TASK: c6718000 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"bash\"",
" ngroups = 6, ",
" groups = {504, 8, 9, 1000, 1007, 1006, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,",
" 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},",
" ",
" Display the embedded sched_entity structure's on_rq member:\n",
" %s> task -R se.on_rq",
" PID: 6529 TASK: ffff880116538790 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"bash\"",
" se.on_rq = 1,",
" ",
" Display the 3rd pid_link structure in the embedded pids[] array:\n",
" %s> task -R pids[2]",
" PID: 6529 TASK: ffff880116538790 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"bash\"",
" pids[2] = {",
" node = {",
" next = 0xffff8801165391b0,",
" pprev = 0xffff880209d011b0",
" },",
" pid = 0xffff8801f0876e00",
" }",
" ",
" NOTE: When this command is invoked directly (i.e., not from \"foreach\"), it",
" is not necessary to include the \"-R\" before the task_struct/thread_info",
" member name(s).",
NULL
};
char *help_sig[] = {
"sig",
"task signal handling",
"[[-l] | [-s sigset]] | [-g] [pid | taskp] ...",
" This command displays signal-handling data of one or more tasks. Multiple",
" task or PID numbers may be entered; if no arguments are entered, the signal",
" handling data of the current context will be displayed. The default display",
" shows:",
" ",
" 1. A formatted dump of the \"sig\" signal_struct structure referenced by",
" the task_struct. For each defined signal, it shows the sigaction",
" structure address, the signal handler, the signal sigset_t mask ",
" (also expressed as a 64-bit hexadecimal value), and the flags.",
" 2. Whether the task has an unblocked signal pending.",
" 3. The contents of the \"blocked\" and \"signal\" sigset_t structures",
" from the task_struct/signal_struct, both of which are represented ",
" as a 64-bit hexadecimal value.",
" 4. For each queued signal, private and/or shared, if any, its signal",
" number and associated siginfo structure address.",
" ",
" The -l option lists the signal numbers and their name(s). The -s option",
" translates a 64-bit hexadecimal value representing the contents of a",
" sigset_t structure into the signal names whose bits are set.",
" ",
" pid a process PID.",
" taskp a hexadecimal task_struct pointer.",
" -g displays signal information for all threads in a task's ",
" thread group.",
" -l displays the defined signal numbers and names.",
" -s sigset translates a 64-bit hexadecimal value representing a sigset_t",
" into a list of signal names associated with the bits set.",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" Dump the signal-handling data of PID 8970:\n",
" %s> sig 8970",
" PID: 8970 TASK: f67d8560 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"procsig\"",
" SIGNAL_STRUCT: f6018680 COUNT: 1",
" SIG SIGACTION HANDLER MASK FLAGS ",
" [1] f7877684 SIG_DFL 0000000000000000 0 ",
" [2] f7877698 SIG_DFL 0000000000000000 0 ",
" ...",
" [8] f7877710 SIG_DFL 0000000000000000 0 ",
" [9] f7877724 SIG_DFL 0000000000000000 0 ",
" [10] f7877738 804867a 0000000000000000 80000000 (SA_RESETHAND)",
" [11] f787774c SIG_DFL 0000000000000000 0 ",
" [12] f7877760 804867f 0000000000000000 10000004 (SA_SIGINFO|SA_RESTART)",
" [13] f7877774 SIG_DFL 0000000000000000 0 ",
" ...",
" [31] f78778dc SIG_DFL 0000000000000000 0 ",
" [32] f78778f0 SIG_DFL 0000000000000000 0 ",
" [33] f7877904 SIG_DFL 0000000000000000 0 ",
" [34] f7877918 804867f 0000000000000000 10000004 (SA_SIGINFO|SA_RESTART)",
" [35] f787792c SIG_DFL 0000000000000000 0 ",
" [36] f7877940 SIG_DFL 0000000000000000 0 ",
" ...",
" [58] f7877af8 SIG_DFL 0000000000000000 0 ",
" [59] f7877b0c SIG_DFL 0000000000000000 0 ",
" [60] f7877b20 SIG_DFL 0000000000000000 0 ",
" [61] f7877b34 SIG_DFL 0000000000000000 0 ",
" [62] f7877b48 SIG_DFL 0000000000000000 0 ",
" [63] f7877b5c SIG_DFL 0000000000000000 0 ",
" [64] f7877b70 804867f 0000000000000000 10000004 (SA_SIGINFO|SA_RESTART)",
" SIGPENDING: no",
" BLOCKED: 8000000200000800",
" PRIVATE_PENDING",
" SIGNAL: 0000000200000800",
" SIGQUEUE: SIG SIGINFO ",
" 12 f51b9c84",
" 34 f51b9594",
" SHARED_PENDING",
" SIGNAL: 8000000000000800",
" SIGQUEUE: SIG SIGINFO ",
" 12 f51b9188",
" 64 f51b9d18",
" 64 f51b9500",
" ",
" Dump the signal-handling data for all tasks in the thread group containing",
" PID 2578:\n",
" %s> sig -g 2578",
" PID: 2387 TASK: f617d020 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"slapd\"",
" SIGNAL_STRUCT: f7dede00 COUNT: 6",
" SIG SIGACTION HANDLER MASK FLAGS",
" [1] c1f60c04 a258a7 0000000000000000 10000000 (SA_RESTART)",
" [2] c1f60c18 a258a7 0000000000000000 10000000 (SA_RESTART)",
" [3] c1f60c2c SIG_DFL 0000000000000000 0",
" [4] c1f60c40 SIG_DFL 0000000000000000 0",
" [5] c1f60c54 a258a7 0000000000000000 10000000 (SA_RESTART)",
" [6] c1f60c68 SIG_DFL 0000000000000000 0",
" [7] c1f60c7c SIG_DFL 0000000000000000 0",
" [8] c1f60c90 SIG_DFL 0000000000000000 0",
" [9] c1f60ca4 SIG_DFL 0000000000000000 0",
" [10] c1f60cb8 a25911 0000000000000000 10000000 (SA_RESTART)",
" ...",
" [64] c1f610f0 SIG_DFL 0000000000000000 0",
" SHARED_PENDING",
" SIGNAL: 0000000000000000",
" SIGQUEUE: (empty)",
" ",
" PID: 2387 TASK: f617d020 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"slapd\"",
" SIGPENDING: no",
" BLOCKED: 0000000000000000",
" PRIVATE_PENDING",
" SIGNAL: 0000000000000000",
" SIGQUEUE: (empty)",
" ",
" PID: 2392 TASK: f6175aa0 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"slapd\"",
" SIGPENDING: no",
" BLOCKED: 0000000000000000",
" PRIVATE_PENDING",
" SIGNAL: 0000000000000000",
" SIGQUEUE: (empty)",
" ",
" PID: 2523 TASK: f7cd4aa0 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"slapd\"",
" SIGPENDING: no",
" BLOCKED: 0000000000000000",
" PRIVATE_PENDING",
" SIGNAL: 0000000000000000",
" SIGQUEUE: (empty)",
" ",
" ...",
" ",
" Translate the sigset_t mask value, cut-and-pasted from the signal handling",
" data from signals 1 and 10 above:",
" ",
" %s> sig -s 800A000000000201",
" SIGHUP SIGUSR1 SIGRTMAX-14 SIGRTMAX-12 SIGRTMAX",
" ",
" List the signal numbers and their names:",
" ",
" %s> sig -l",
" [1] SIGHUP",
" [2] SIGINT",
" [3] SIGQUIT",
" [4] SIGILL",
" [5] SIGTRAP",
" [6] SIGABRT/SIGIOT",
" [7] SIGBUS",
" [8] SIGFPE",
" [9] SIGKILL",
" [10] SIGUSR1",
" [11] SIGSEGV",
" [12] SIGUSR2",
" [13] SIGPIPE",
" [14] SIGALRM",
" [15] SIGTERM",
" [16] SIGSTKFLT",
" [17] SIGCHLD/SIGCLD",
" [18] SIGCONT",
" [19] SIGSTOP",
" [20] SIGTSTP",
" [21] SIGTTIN",
" [22] SIGTTOU",
" [23] SIGURG",
" [24] SIGXCPU",
" [25] SIGXFSZ",
" [26] SIGVTALRM",
" [27] SIGPROF",
" [28] SIGWINCH",
" [29] SIGIO/SIGPOLL",
" [30] SIGPWR",
" [31] SIGSYS",
" [32] SIGRTMIN",
" [33] SIGRTMIN+1",
" [34] SIGRTMIN+2",
" [35] SIGRTMIN+3",
" [36] SIGRTMIN+4",
" [37] SIGRTMIN+5",
" [38] SIGRTMIN+6",
" [39] SIGRTMIN+7",
" [40] SIGRTMIN+8",
" [41] SIGRTMIN+9",
" [42] SIGRTMIN+10",
" [43] SIGRTMIN+11",
" [44] SIGRTMIN+12",
" [45] SIGRTMIN+13",
" [46] SIGRTMIN+14",
" [47] SIGRTMIN+15",
" [48] SIGRTMIN+16",
" [49] SIGRTMAX-15",
" [50] SIGRTMAX-14",
" [51] SIGRTMAX-13",
" [52] SIGRTMAX-12",
" [53] SIGRTMAX-11",
" [54] SIGRTMAX-10",
" [55] SIGRTMAX-9",
" [56] SIGRTMAX-8",
" [57] SIGRTMAX-7",
" [58] SIGRTMAX-6",
" [59] SIGRTMAX-5",
" [60] SIGRTMAX-4",
" [61] SIGRTMAX-3",
" [62] SIGRTMAX-2",
" [63] SIGRTMAX-1",
" [64] SIGRTMAX",
NULL
};
char *help_struct[] = {
"struct",
"structure contents",
"struct_name[.member[,member]][-o][-l offset][-rfuxdp]\n"
" [address | symbol][:cpuspec] [count | -c count]",
" This command displays either a structure definition, or a formatted display",
" of the contents of a structure at a specified address. When no address is",
" specified, the structure definition is shown along with the structure size.",
" A structure member may be appended to the structure name in order to limit",
" the scope of the data displayed to that particular member; when no address",
" is specified, the member's offset and definition are shown.\n",
" struct_name name of a C-code structure used by the kernel.",
" .member name of a structure member; to display multiple members of a",
" structure, use a comma-separated list of members. If any",
" member contains an embedded structure, or the member is an ",
" array, the output may be restricted to just the embedded ",
" structure or an array element by expressing the member argument",
" as \"member.member\" or \"member[index]\"; embedded member",
" specifications may extend beyond one level deep, by expressing",
" the member argument as \"member.member.member...\".",
" -o show member offsets when displaying structure definitions; ",
" if used with an address or symbol argument, each member will",
" be preceded by its virtual address.",
" -l offset if the address argument is a pointer to a structure member that",
" is contained by the target data structure, typically a pointer",
" to an embedded list_head, the offset to the embedded member may",
" be entered in either of the following manners:",
" 1. in \"structure.member\" format.",
" 2. a number of bytes. ",
" -r raw dump of structure data.",
" -f address argument is a dumpfile offset.",
" -u address argument is a user virtual address in the current",
" context.",
" -x override default output format with hexadecimal format.",
" -d override default output format with decimal format.",
" -p if a structure member is a pointer value, show the member's",
" data type on the output line; and on the subsequent line(s),",
" dereference the pointer, display the pointer target's symbol",
" value in brackets if appropriate, and if possible, display the",
" target data; requires an address argument.",
" address hexadecimal address of a structure; if the address points",
" to an embedded list_head structure contained within the",
" target data structure, then the \"-l\" option must be used.",
" symbol symbolic reference to the address of a structure.",
" :cpuspec CPU specification for a per-cpu address or symbol:",
" : CPU of the currently selected task.",
" :a[ll] all CPUs.",
" :#[-#][,...] CPU list(s), e.g. \"1,3,5\", \"1-3\",",
" or \"1,3,5-7,10\".",
" count count of structures to dump from an array of structures;",
" if used, this must be the last argument entered.",
" -c count \"-c\" is only required if \"count\" is not the last argument",
" entered or if a negative number is entered; if a negative",
" value is entered, the (positive) \"count\" structures that",
" lead up to and include the target structure will be displayed.\n",
" Structure data, sizes, and member offsets are shown in the current output",
" radix unless the -x or -d option is specified.",
" ",
" Please note that in the vast majority of cases, the \"struct\" command",
" name may be dropped; if the structure name does not conflict with any %s",
" or gdb command name, then the \"struct_name[.member]\" argument will be",
" recognized as a structure name, and this command automatically executed.",
" See the NOTE below.",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" Display the vm_area_struct at address c1e44f10:\n",
" %s> struct vm_area_struct c1e44f10",
" struct vm_area_struct {",
" vm_mm = 0xc2857750,",
" vm_start = 0x8048000, ",
" vm_end = 0x80a5000, ",
" vm_next = 0xc1e44a10,",
" vm_page_prot = {",
" pgprot = 0x25 ",
" },",
" vm_flags = 0x1875,",
" vm_avl_height = 0x2, ",
" vm_avl_left = 0xc30fe200,",
" vm_avl_right = 0xc30fed00,",
" vm_next_share = 0x0, ",
" vm_pprev_share = 0xc1e44a30,",
" vm_ops = 0xc0215ca0,",
" vm_offset = 0x0, ",
" vm_file = 0xc0bfdc70,",
" vm_pte = 0 ",
" }\n",
" Display the definition and size of a vm_area_struct structure. This first",
" example below displays just the structure and size. The second example",
" uses the -o option to also display member offsets. Both examples were",
" run with the output radix set to 10 (decimal):\n",
" %s> struct vm_area_struct",
" struct vm_area_struct {",
" struct mm_struct *vm_mm;",
" long unsigned int vm_start;",
" long unsigned int vm_end;",
" struct vm_area_struct *vm_next;",
" pgprot_t vm_page_prot;",
" short unsigned int vm_flags;",
" short int vm_avl_height;",
" struct vm_area_struct *vm_avl_left;",
" struct vm_area_struct *vm_avl_right;",
" struct vm_area_struct *vm_next_share;",
" struct vm_area_struct **vm_pprev_share;",
" struct vm_operations_struct *vm_ops;",
" long unsigned int vm_offset;",
" struct file *vm_file;",
" long unsigned int vm_pte;",
" }",
" SIZE: 56\n",
" %s> struct vm_area_struct -o",
" struct vm_area_struct {",
" [0] struct mm_struct *vm_mm;",
" [4] long unsigned int vm_start;",
" [8] long unsigned int vm_end;",
" [12] struct vm_area_struct *vm_next;",
" [16] pgprot_t vm_page_prot;",
" [20] short unsigned int vm_flags;",
" [22] short int vm_avl_height;",
" [24] struct vm_area_struct *vm_avl_left;",
" [28] struct vm_area_struct *vm_avl_right;",
" [32] struct vm_area_struct *vm_next_share;",
" [36] struct vm_area_struct **vm_pprev_share;",
" [40] struct vm_operations_struct *vm_ops;",
" [44] long unsigned int vm_offset;",
" [48] struct file *vm_file;",
" [52] long unsigned int vm_pte;",
" }",
" SIZE: 56\n",
" Display the definition and offset of the pgd member of an mm_struct:\n",
" %s> struct mm_struct.pgd",
" struct mm_struct {",
" [80] pgd_t *pgd;",
" }\n",
" Display the pgd member of the mm_struct at address ffff810022e7d080:\n",
" %s> struct mm_struct.pgd ffff810022e7d080",
" pgd = 0xffff81000e3ac000\n",
" Display the pgd_t pointed to by the mm_struct.pgd pointer above, forcing",
" the output to be expressed in hexadecimal:\n",
" %s> mm_struct.pgd ffff810022e7d080 -px",
" pgd_t *pgd = 0xffff81000e3ac000",
" -> {",
" pgd = 0x2c0a6067",
" }\n",
" Display the thread_info structure pointed to by the thread_info",
" member of the task_struct at ffff8100181190c0:\n",
" %s> task_struct.thread_info ffff8100181190c0 -p",
" struct thread_info *thread_info = 0xffff810023c06000",
" -> {",
" task = 0xffff8100181190c0,",
" exec_domain = 0xffffffff802f78e0,",
" flags = 128,",
" status = 1,",
" cpu = 3,",
" preempt_count = 0,",
" addr_limit = {",
" seg = 18446604435732824064",
" },",
" restart_block = {",
" fn = 0xffffffff80095a52 <do_no_restart_syscall>,",
" arg0 = 0,",
" arg1 = 0,",
" arg2 = 0,",
" arg3 = 0",
" }",
" }\n",
" Display the flags and virtual members of 4 contigous page structures",
" in the mem_map page structure array:\n",
" %s> page.flags,virtual c101196c 4",
" flags = 0x8000,",
" virtual = 0xc04b0000",
" ",
" flags = 0x8000,",
" virtual = 0xc04b1000",
" ",
" flags = 0x8000,",
" virtual = 0xc04b2000",
" ",
" flags = 0x8000,",
" virtual = 0xc04b3000",
" ",
" Display the array of tcp_sl_timer structures declared by tcp_slt_array[]:\n",
" %s> struct tcp_sl_timer tcp_slt_array 4",
" struct tcp_sl_timer {",
" count = {",
" counter = 0x0 ",
" },",
" period = 0x32, ",
" last = 0x1419e4, ",
" handler = 0xc0164854 <tcp_syn_recv_timer>",
" }",
" struct tcp_sl_timer {",
" count = {",
" counter = 0x2 ",
" },",
" period = 0x753, ",
" last = 0x14a6df, ",
" handler = 0xc01645b0 <tcp_keepalive>",
" }",
" struct tcp_sl_timer {",
" count = {",
" counter = 0x0 ",
" },",
" period = 0x2ee, ",
" last = 0x143134, ",
" handler = 0xc016447c <tcp_twkill>",
" }",
" struct tcp_sl_timer {",
" count = {",
" counter = 0x0 ",
" },",
" period = 0x64, ",
" last = 0x143198, ",
" handler = 0xc0164404 <tcp_bucketgc>",
" }",
" ",
" Without using the \"struct\" command name, display the the \"d_child\" ",
" list_head member from a dentry structure:\n",
" %s> dentry.d_child 0xe813cb4",
" d_child = {",
" next = 0x3661344,",
" prev = 0xdea4bc4",
" },",
" ",
" Display the child dentry structure referenced by the \"next\" pointer above.",
" Since the \"next\" address of 0x3661344 above is a pointer to an embedded",
" list_head structure within the child dentry structure, the -l option",
" is required:\n",
" %s> dentry -l dentry.d_child 0x3661344",
" struct dentry {",
" d_count = {",
" counter = 1",
" }, ",
" d_flags = 0, ",
" d_inode = 0xf9aa604, ",
" d_parent = 0x11152b1c, ",
" d_hash = {",
" next = 0x11fb3fc0, ",
" prev = 0x11fb3fc0",
" }, ",
" d_lru = {",
" next = 0x366133c, ",
" prev = 0x366133c",
" }, ",
" d_child = {",
" next = 0x36613cc, ",
" prev = 0xe813cd4",
" }, ",
" d_subdirs = {",
" next = 0x366134c, ",
" prev = 0x366134c",
" }, ",
" d_alias = {",
" next = 0xf9aa614, ",
" prev = 0xf9aa614",
" }, ",
" d_mounted = 0, ",
" d_name = {",
" name = 0x3661384 \"boot.log\", ",
" len = 8, ",
" hash = 1935169207",
" }, ",
" d_time = 1515870810, ",
" d_op = 0x0, ",
" d_sb = 0x11fc9c00, ",
" d_vfs_flags = 0, ",
" d_fsdata = 0x0, ",
" d_extra_attributes = 0x0, ",
" d_iname = \"boot.log\\000\"",
" }",
" ",
" Display the virtual address of each member of the task_struct at",
" ffff8100145d2080:\n",
" %s> task_struct -o ffff8100145d2080",
" struct task_struct {",
" [ffff8100145d2080] volatile long int state;",
" [ffff8100145d2088] struct thread_info *thread_info;",
" [ffff8100145d2090] atomic_t usage;",
" [ffff8100145d2098] long unsigned int flags;",
" [ffff8100145d20a0] int lock_depth;",
" [ffff8100145d20a4] int load_weight;",
" [ffff8100145d20a8] int prio;",
" [ffff8100145d20ac] int static_prio;",
" [ffff8100145d20b0] int normal_prio;",
" [ffff8100145d20b8] struct list_head run_list;",
" [ffff8100145d20c8] struct prio_array *array;",
" ...",
" ",
" Display the embedded sched_entity structure's on_rq member and",
" the third pid_link structure in the embedded pids[] array of the",
" task_struct at ffff88011653e250:\n",
" %s> task_struct.se.on_rq,pids[2] ffff88011653e250",
" se.on_rq = 1,",
" pids[2] = {",
" node = {",
" next = 0xffff88011653aff0,",
" pprev = 0xffff88011653a860",
" },",
" pid = 0xffff88010d07ed00",
" }",
" ",
" For an example of displaying per-cpu variables, consider the",
" struct hd_struct.dkstats member, which is a percpu pointer to",
" a disk_stats structure:",
"",
" %s> struct hd_struct.dkstats ",
" struct hd_struct {",
" [1232] struct disk_stats *dkstats;",
" }",
"",
" Taking an hd_struct at address ffff8802450e2848, display all",
" of the per-cpu disk_stats structures that it references:",
" ",
" %s> struct hd_struct.dkstats ffff8802450e2848",
" dkstats = 0x60fdb48026c8",
" %s> struct disk_stats 0x60fdb48026c8:a",
" [0]: ffffe8fefe6026c8",
" struct disk_stats {",
" sectors = {451376, 80468}, ",
" ios = {6041, 971}, ",
" merges = {386, 390}, ",
" ticks = {194877, 56131}, ",
" io_ticks = 12371, ",
" time_in_queue = 309163",
" }",
" [1]: ffffe8fefe8026c8",
" struct disk_stats {",
" sectors = {0, 0}, ",
" ios = {0, 0}, ",
" merges = {7, 242}, ",
" ticks = {0, 0}, ",
" io_ticks = 23, ",
" time_in_queue = 581",
" }",
" [2]: ffffe8fefea026c8",
" struct disk_stats {",
" sectors = {0, 0}, ",
" ios = {0, 0}, ",
" merges = {4, 112}, ",
" ticks = {0, 0}, ",
" io_ticks = 11, ",
" time_in_queue = 305",
" }",
" [3]: ffffe8fefec026c8",
" struct disk_stats {",
" sectors = {0, 0}, ",
" ios = {0, 0}, ",
" merges = {5, 54}, ",
" ticks = {0, 0}, ",
" io_ticks = 17, ",
" time_in_queue = 41",
" }",
" ",
"\nNOTE",
" If the structure name does not conflict with any %s command name, the",
" \"struct\" command may be dropped. Accordingly, the examples above could",
" also have been accomplished like so:\n",
" %s> vm_area_struct c1e44f10",
" %s> vm_area_struct",
" %s> vm_area_struct -o",
" %s> mm_struct.pgd ffff810022e7d080",
" %s> mm_struct.pgd",
" %s> tcp_sl_timer tcp_slt_array 4\n",
" Lastly, the short-cut \"*\" pointer-to command may also be used to negate",
" the need to enter the \"struct\" command name (enter \"help *\" for details).",
NULL
};
char *help_union[] = {
"union",
"union contents",
"union_name[.member[,member]] [-o][-l offset][-rfuxdp]\n"
" [address | symbol][:cpuspec] [count | -c count]",
" This command displays either a union definition, or a formatted display",
" of the contents of a union at a specified address. When no address is",
" specified, the union definition is shown along with the union size.",
" A union member may be appended to the structure name in order to limit",
" the scope of the data displayed to that particular member; when no address",
" is specified, the member's offset (always 0) and definition are shown.\n",
" union_name name of a C-code union used by the kernel.",
" .member name of a union member; to display multiple members of a",
" union, use a comma-separated list of members. If any member",
" contains an embedded structure, or the member is an array, the",
" output may be restricted to just the embedded structure or an",
" array element by expressing the argument as \"member.member\"",
" or \"member[index]\"; embedded member specifications may extend",
" beyond one level deep, by expressing the member argument as",
" \"member.member.member...\".",
" -o show member offsets when displaying union definitions; the",
" offset is always 0 unless used with an address or symbol",
" argument, in which case each member will be preceded by its",
" virtual address.",
" -l offset if the address argument is a pointer to a list_head structure",
" that is embedded in the target union structure, the offset",
" to the list_head member may be entered in either of the",
" following manners:",
" 1. in \"structure.member\" format.",
" 2. a number of bytes. ",
" -r raw dump of union data.",
" -f address argument is a dumpfile offset.",
" -x override default output format with hexadecimal format.",
" -d override default output format with decimal format.",
" -p if a union member is a pointer value, show the member's",
" data type on the output line; and on the subsequent line(s),",
" dereference the pointer, display the pointer target's symbol",
" value in brackets if appropriate, and if possible, display the",
" target data; requires an address argument.",
" -u address argument is a user virtual address in the current",
" context.",
" address hexadecimal address of a union; if the address points",
" to an embedded list_head structure contained within the",
" target union structure, then the \"-l\" option must be used.",
" symbol symbolic reference to the address of a union.",
" :cpuspec CPU specification for a per-cpu address or symbol:",
" : CPU of the currently selected task.",
" :a[ll] all CPUs.",
" :#[-#][,...] CPU list(s), e.g. \"1,3,5\", \"1-3\",",
" or \"1,3,5-7,10\".",
" count count of unions to dump from an array of unions; if used,",
" this must be the last argument entered.",
" -c count \"-c\" is only required if \"count\" is not the last argument",
" entered or if a negative number is entered; if a negative",
" value is entered, the (positive) \"count\" structures that",
" lead up to and include the target structure will be displayed.\n",
" Union data, sizes, and member offsets are shown in the current output radix",
" unless the -x or -d option is specified.",
" ",
" Please note that in the vast majority of cases, the \"union\" command",
" name may be dropped; if the union name does not conflict with any %s",
" or gdb command name, then the \"union_name[.member]\" argument will be",
" recognized as a union name, and this command automatically executed.",
" See the NOTE below.",
"\nEXAMPLES",
"\n Display the bdflush_param union definition, and then an instance of it:\n",
" %s> union bdflush_param",
" union bdflush_param {",
" struct {",
" int nfract;",
" int ndirty;",
" int nrefill;",
" int nref_dirt;",
" int dummy1;",
" int age_buffer;",
" int age_super;",
" int dummy2;",
" int dummy3;",
" } b_un;",
" unsigned int data[9];",
" }",
" ",
" SIZE: 36 (0x24)",
" ",
" %s> union bdflush_param bdf_prm",
" union bdflush_param {",
" b_un = {",
" nfract = 40, ",
" ndirty = 500, ",
" nrefill = 64, ",
" nref_dirt = 256, ",
" dummy1 = 15, ",
" age_buffer = 3000, ",
" age_super = 500, ",
" dummy2 = 1884, ",
" dummy3 = 2",
" }, ",
" data = {40, 500, 64, 256, 15, 3000, 500, 1884, 2}",
" }",
"\nNOTE",
" If the union name does not conflict with any %s command name, the",
" \"union\" command may be dropped. Accordingly, the examples above could",
" also have been accomplished like so:\n",
" %s> bdflush_param",
" %s> bdflush_param bdf_prm",
" ",
" Lastly, the short-cut \"*\" (pointer-to) command may also be used to negate",
" the need to enter the \"union\" command name (enter \"help *\" for details).",
NULL
};
char *help_ptov[] = {
"ptov",
"physical to virtual\n per-cpu to virtual",
"[address | offset:cpuspec]",
" This command translates a hexadecimal physical address into a kernel",
" virtual address. Alternatively, a hexadecimal per-cpu offset and",
" cpu specifier will be translated into kernel virtual addresses for",
" each cpu specified.\n",
" address a physical address",
" offset:cpuspec a per-cpu offset with a CPU specifier:",
" : CPU of the currently selected task.",
" :a[ll] all CPUs.",
" :#[-#][,...] CPU list(s), e.g. \"1,3,5\", \"1-3\",",
" or \"1,3,5-7,10\".",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" Translate physical address 56e000 into a kernel virtual address:\n",
" %s> ptov 56e000",
" VIRTUAL PHYSICAL",
" ffff88000056e000 56e000",
"",
" Translate per-cpu offset b0c0 into a kernel virtual address for",
" all cpus:\n",
" %s> ptov b0c0:a",
" PER-CPU OFFSET: b0c0",
" CPU VIRTUAL",
" [0] ffff88021e20b0c0",
" [1] ffff88021e24b0c0",
" [2] ffff88021e28b0c0",
" [3] ffff88021e2cb0c0",
NULL
};
char *help_mod[] = {
"mod",
"module information and loading of symbols and debugging data",
"-s module [objfile] | -d module | -S [directory] [-D|-t|-r|-R|-o|-g]",
" With no arguments, this command displays basic information of the currently",
" installed modules, consisting of the module address, name, size, the",
" object file name (if known), and whether the module was compiled with",
" CONFIG_KALLSYMS.",
" ",
" The arguments are concerned with with the loading or deleting of symbolic",
" and debugging data from a module's object file. A modules's object file",
" always contains symbolic data (symbol names and addresses), but contains",
" debugging data only if the module was compiled with the -g CFLAG. In",
" addition, the module may have compiled with CONFIG_KALLSYMS, which means",
" that the module's symbolic data will have been loaded into the kernel's",
" address space when it was installed. If the module was not compiled with",
" CONFIG_KALLSYMS, then only the module's exported symbols will be loaded",
" into the kernel's address space. Therefore, for the purpose of this",
" command, it should noted that a kernel module may have been compiled in",
" one of following manners:\n",
" 1. If the module was built without CONFIG_KALLSYMS and without the -g CFLAG,",
" then the loading of the module's additional non-exported symbols can",
" be accomplished with this command.",
" 2. If the module was built with CONFIG_KALLSYMS, but without the -g CFLAG,",
" then there is no benefit in loading the symbols from the module object",
" file, because all of the module's symbols will have been loaded into the",
" kernel's address space when it was installed.",
" 3. If the module was built with CONFIG_KALLSYMS and with the the -g CFLAG,",
" then the loading of the module's debugging data can be accomplished",
" with this command.",
" 4. If the module was built without CONFIG_KALLSYMS but with the -g CFLAG,",
" then the loading of the both module's symbolic and debugging data can",
" be accomplished with this command.",
" ",
" -s module [objfile] Loads symbolic and debugging data from the object file",
" for the module specified. If no objfile argument is",
" appended, a search will be made for an object file",
" consisting of the module name with a .o or .ko suffix,",
" starting at the /lib/modules/<release> directory on",
" the host system, or if not found there, starting at the",
" directory containing the kernel namelist file. If an",
" objfile argument is appended, then that file will be",
" used.",
" -d module Deletes the symbolic and debugging data of the module",
" specified.",
" -S [directory] Load symbolic and debugging data from the object file",
" for all loaded modules. For each module, a search",
" will be made for an object file consisting of the",
" module name with a .o or .ko suffix, starting at the",
" /lib/modules/<release> directory of the host system,",
" or if not found there, starting at the directory",
" containing the kernel namelist file. If a directory",
" argument is appended, then the search will be restricted",
" to that directory.",
" -D Deletes the symbolic and debugging data of all modules.",
" -t Display the contents of the module's \"taints\" bitmask",
" if it is non-zero. When possible, the \"taints\" bits",
" are translated to symbolic letters of the taint type;",
" otherwise the hexadecimal value is shown. In older",
" kernels, the contents of the \"license_gplok\" field is",
" displayed in hexadecimal; the field may be either a ",
" bitmask or a boolean, depending upon the kernel version.",
" The relevant kernel sources should be consulted for the",
" meaning of the letter(s) or hexadecimal bit value(s). ",
" For modules that have a \"gpgsig_ok\" field that is zero",
" (unsigned), the notation \"(U)\" is shown.",
" -r Passes the -readnow flag to the embedded gdb module,",
" which will override the two-stage strategy that it uses",
" for reading symbol tables from module object files.",
" -R Reinitialize module data. All currently-loaded symbolic",
" and debugging data will be deleted, and the installed",
" module list will be updated (live system only).",
" -g When used with -s or -S, add a module object's section",
" start and end addresses to its symbol list.",
" -o Load module symbols with old mechanism.",
" ",
" If the %s session was invoked with the \"--mod <directory>\" option, or",
" a CRASH_MODULE_PATH environment variable exists, then /lib/modules/<release>",
" will be overridden as the default directory tree that is searched for module",
" object files.",
" ",
" After symbolic and debugging data have been loaded, backtraces and text",
" disassembly will be displayed appropriately. Depending upon the processor",
" architecture, data may also printed symbolically with the \"p\" command;",
" at a minimum, the \"rd\" command may be used with module data symbols.",
" ",
" If %s can recognize that the set of modules has changed while running a",
" session on a live kernel, the module data will be reinitialized the next",
" time this command is run; the -r option forces the reinitialization.",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" Display the currently-installed modules:\n",
" %s> mod",
" MODULE NAME SIZE OBJECT FILE",
" c8019000 soundcore 2788 (not loaded)",
" c801b000 soundlow 336 (not loaded)",
" c801d000 sound 59864 (not loaded)",
" c802d000 ad1848 15728 (not loaded)",
" c8032000 uart401 6000 (not loaded)",
" c8035000 cs4232 2472 (not loaded)",
" c8043000 opl3 11048 (not loaded)",
" c8047000 3c59x 18152 (not loaded)",
" c804d000 sunrpc 53796 (not loaded)",
" c805c000 lockd 31528 (not loaded)",
" c8065000 nfsd 151896 (not loaded)",
" c8092000 nfs 29752 (not loaded)",
" ",
" Display the currently-installed modules on a system where all modules were",
" compiled with CONFIG_KALLSYMS:",
" ",
" %s> mod",
" MODULE NAME SIZE OBJECT FILE",
" e080d000 jbd 57016 (not loaded) [CONFIG_KALLSYMS]",
" e081e000 ext3 92360 (not loaded) [CONFIG_KALLSYMS]",
" e0838000 usbcore 83168 (not loaded) [CONFIG_KALLSYMS]",
" e0850000 usb-uhci 27532 (not loaded) [CONFIG_KALLSYMS]",
" e085a000 ehci-hcd 20904 (not loaded) [CONFIG_KALLSYMS]",
" e0865000 input 6208 (not loaded) [CONFIG_KALLSYMS]",
" e086a000 hid 22404 (not loaded) [CONFIG_KALLSYMS]",
" e0873000 mousedev 5688 (not loaded) [CONFIG_KALLSYMS]",
" e0878000 keybdev 2976 (not loaded) [CONFIG_KALLSYMS]",
" e08fd000 cdrom 34144 (not loaded) [CONFIG_KALLSYMS]",
" e0909000 ide-cd 35776 (not loaded) [CONFIG_KALLSYMS]",
" e0915000 scsi_mod 117928 (not loaded) [CONFIG_KALLSYMS]",
" e0935000 ide-scsi 12752 (not loaded) [CONFIG_KALLSYMS]",
" e093c000 microcode 5248 (not loaded) [CONFIG_KALLSYMS]",
" e0943000 sr_mod 18136 (not loaded) [CONFIG_KALLSYMS]",
" e0956000 floppy 59056 (not loaded) [CONFIG_KALLSYMS]",
" e0966000 sg 38060 (not loaded) [CONFIG_KALLSYMS]",
" e0971000 ip_tables 16544 (not loaded) [CONFIG_KALLSYMS]",
" e097d000 iptable_filter 2412 (not loaded) [CONFIG_KALLSYMS]",
" e097f000 e1000 76096 (not loaded) [CONFIG_KALLSYMS]",
" e09ba000 autofs 13780 (not loaded) [CONFIG_KALLSYMS]",
" e09c1000 parport 39072 (not loaded) [CONFIG_KALLSYMS]",
" e09ce000 lp 9220 (not loaded) [CONFIG_KALLSYMS]",
" e09d4000 parport_pc 19204 (not loaded) [CONFIG_KALLSYMS]",
" e09e2000 agpgart 59128 (not loaded) [CONFIG_KALLSYMS]",
" e0a1a000 radeon 117156 (not loaded) [CONFIG_KALLSYMS]",
" e2dc7000 sunrpc 91996 (not loaded) [CONFIG_KALLSYMS]",
" e2de1000 lockd 60624 (not loaded) [CONFIG_KALLSYMS]",
" e2df3000 nfs 96880 (not loaded) [CONFIG_KALLSYMS]",
" ",
" Load the symbolic and debugging data of all modules:\n",
" %s> mod -S",
" MODULE NAME SIZE OBJECT FILE",
" c8019000 soundcore 2788 /lib/modules/2.2.5-15/misc/soundcore.o",
" c801b000 soundlow 336 /lib/modules/2.2.5-15/misc/soundlow.o",
" c801d000 sound 59864 /lib/modules/2.2.5-15/misc/sound.o",
" c802d000 ad1848 15728 /lib/modules/2.2.5-15/misc/ad1848.o",
" c8032000 uart401 6000 /lib/modules/2.2.5-15/misc/uart401.o",
" c8035000 cs4232 2472 /lib/modules/2.2.5-15/misc/cs4232.o",
" c8043000 opl3 11048 /lib/modules/2.2.5-15/misc/opl3.o",
" c8047000 3c59x 18152 /lib/modules/2.2.5-15/net/3c59x.o",
" c804d000 sunrpc 53796 /lib/modules/2.2.5-15/misc/sunrpc.o",
" c805c000 lockd 31528 /lib/modules/2.2.5-15/fs/lockd.o",
" c8065000 nfsd 151896 /lib/modules/2.2.5-15/fs/nfsd.o",
" c8092000 nfs 29752 /lib/modules/2.2.5-15/fs/nfs.o",
" ",
" Load the symbolic and debugging data of the soundcore module from its",
" known location:",
" ",
" %s> mod -s soundcore",
" MODULE NAME SIZE OBJECT FILE",
" c8019000 soundcore 2788 /lib/modules/2.2.5-15/misc/soundcore.o",
" ",
" Delete the current symbolic and debugging data of the soundcore module, ",
" and then re-load it from a specified object file:",
" ",
" %s> mod -d soundcore",
" %s> mod -s soundcore /tmp/soundcore.o",
" MODULE NAME SIZE OBJECT FILE",
" c8019000 soundcore 2788 /tmp/soundcore.o",
" ",
" After installing a new kernel module on a live system, reinitialize the",
" installed module list:\n",
" %s> !insmod mdacon",
" %s> mod",
" mod: NOTE: modules have changed on this system -- reinitializing",
" MODULE NAME SIZE OBJECT FILE",
" c8019000 soundcore 2788 (not loaded)",
" c801b000 soundlow 336 (not loaded)",
" c801d000 sound 59864 (not loaded)",
" c802d000 ad1848 15728 (not loaded)",
" c8032000 uart401 6000 (not loaded)",
" c8035000 cs4232 2472 (not loaded)",
" c8043000 opl3 11048 (not loaded)",
" c8047000 3c59x 18152 (not loaded)",
" c804d000 sunrpc 53796 (not loaded)",
" c805c000 lockd 31528 (not loaded)",
" c8065000 nfs 29752 (not loaded)",
" c806e000 autofs 9316 (not loaded)",
" c8072000 nfsd 151896 (not loaded)",
" c80a1000 mdacon 3556 (not loaded)",
" ",
" Display modules that are \"tainted\", where in this case",
" where they are proprietary and unsigned:",
" ",
" %s> mod -t",
" NAME TAINT",
" vxspec P(U)",
" vxportal P(U)",
" fdd P(U)",
" vxfs P(U)",
" vxdmp P(U)",
" vxio P(U)",
" vxglm P(U)",
" vxgms P(U)",
" vxodm P(U)",
NULL
};
char *help__list[] = {
"list",
"linked list",
"[[-o] offset][-e end][-[s|S] struct[.member[,member] [-l offset]] -[x|d]]"
"\n [-r|-B] [-h|-H] start",
" ",
" This command dumps the contents of a linked list. The entries in a linked",
" list are typically data structures that are tied together in one of two",
" formats:",
" ",
" 1. A starting address points to a data structure; that structure contains",
" a member that is a pointer to the next structure, and so on. This type",
" of a singly-linked list typically ends when a \"next\" pointer value ",
" contains one of the following:",
"",
" (a) a NULL pointer.",
" (b) a pointer to the start address.",
" (c) a pointer to the first item pointed to by the start address.",
" (d) a pointer to its containing structure.",
" ",
" 2. Most Linux lists of data structures are doubly-linked using \"list_head\"",
" structures that are embedded members of the data structures in the list:",
" ",
" struct list_head {",
" struct list_head *next, *prev;",
" };",
" ",
" The linked list is typically headed by an external, standalone list_head,",
" which is simply initialized to point to itself, signifying that the list",
" is empty:",
" ",
" #define LIST_HEAD_INIT(name) { &(name), &(name) } ",
" #define LIST_HEAD(name) struct list_head name = LIST_HEAD_INIT(name)",
" ",
" In the case of list_head-linked lists, the \"list_head.next\" pointer is",
" the address of a list_head structure that is embedded in the next data",
" structure in the list, and not the address of the next data structure ",
" itself. The starting point of the list may be:",
"",
" (a) an external, standalone, LIST_HEAD().",
" (b) a list_head that is embedded within a data structure of the same",
" type as the whole linked list.",
" (c) a list_head that is embedded within a data structure that is",
" different than the type of structures in the the linked list.",
" ",
" The list typically ends when the embedded \"list_head.next\" pointer of",
" a data structure in the linked list points back to the LIST_HEAD()",
" address. However, some list_head-linked lists have no defined starting",
" point, but just link back onto themselves in a circular manner.",
"",
" This command can handle both types of linked list; in both cases the list",
" of addresses that are dumped are the addresses of the data structures",
" themselves.",
" ",
" Alternatively, the address of a list_head, or other similar list linkage ",
" structure whose first member points to the next linkage structure, may be",
" used as the starting address. The caveat with this type of usage is that",
" the list may pass through, and display the address of, an external standalone",
" list head which is not an address of a list linkage structure that is embedded",
" within the data structure of interest.",
"",
" The arguments are as follows:",
"",
" [-o] offset The offset within the structure to the \"next\" pointer",
" (default is 0). If non-zero, the offset may be entered",
" in either of two manners:",
"",
" 1. In \"structure.member\" format; the \"-o\" is not necessary.",
" 2. A number of bytes; the \"-o\" is only necessary on processors",
" where the offset value could be misconstrued as a kernel",
" virtual address.",
"",
" -e end If the list ends in a manner unlike the typical manners that",
" are described above, an explicit ending address value may be",
" entered.",
" -s struct For each address in list, format and print as this type of",
" structure; use the \"struct.member\" format in order to display",
" a particular member of the structure. To display multiple",
" members of a structure, use a comma-separated list of members.",
" If any structure member contains an embedded structure or is an",
" array, the output may be restricted to the embedded structure",
" or an array element by expressing the struct argument as ",
" \"struct.member.member\" or \"struct.member[index]\"; embedded",
" member specifications may extend beyond one level deep by ",
" expressing the argument as \"struct.member.member.member...\".",
" -S struct Similar to -s, but instead of parsing gdb output, member values",
" are read directly from memory, so the command works much faster",
" for 1-, 2-, 4-, and 8-byte members.",
" -l offset Only used in conjunction with -s, if the start address argument",
" is a pointer to an embedded list head (or any other similar list",
" linkage structure whose first member points to the next linkage",
" structure), the offset to the embedded member may be entered",
" in either of the following manners:",
" ",
" 1. in \"structure.member\" format.",
" 2. a number of bytes. ",
" ",
" -x Override the default output format with hexadecimal format.",
" -d Override the default output format with decimal format.",
" -r For a list linked with list_head structures, traverse the list",
" in the reverse order by using the \"prev\" pointer instead",
" of \"next\".",
" -B Use the algorithm from R. P. Brent to detect loops instead of",
" using a hash table. This algorithm uses a tiny fixed amount of",
" memory and so is especially helpful for longer lists. The output",
" is slightly different than the normal list output as it will",
" print the length of the loop, the start of the loop, and the",
" first duplicate in the list.",
" ",
" The meaning of the \"start\" argument, which can be expressed symbolically,",
" in hexadecimal format, or an expression evaluating to an address, depends",
" upon whether the -h or -H option is pre-pended:",
" ",
" start The address of the first data structure in the list.",
" start When both the -s and -l options are used, the address of an",
" embedded list_head or similar linkage structure whose first",
" member points to the next linkage structure.",
" -H start The address of a list_head structure, typically that of an",
" external, standalone LIST_HEAD(). The list typically ends ",
" when the embedded \"list_head.next\" of a data structure in ",
" the linked list points back to this \"start\" address.",
" -h start The address of a data structure which contains an embedded",
" list_head. The list typically ends when the embedded",
" \"list_head.next\" of a data structure in the linked list ",
" points back to the embedded list_head contained in the data",
" structure whose address is this \"start\" argument.",
"",
"WARNING ",
" When the \"-h start\" option is used, it is possible that the list_head-linked",
" list will:",
" ",
" 1. pass through an external standalone LIST_HEAD(), or",
" 2. pass through a list_head that is the actual starting list_head, but is",
" contained within a data structure that is not the same type as all of",
" the other data structures in the list.",
" ",
" When that occurs, the data structure address displayed for that list_head",
" will be incorrect, because the \"-h start\" option presumes that all",
" list_head structures in the list are contained within the same type of",
" data structure. Furthermore, if the \"-s struct[.member[,member]\" option",
" is used, it will display bogus data for that particular list_head.",
" ",
" A similar issue may be encountered when the \"start\" address is an embedded",
" list_head or similar linkage structure whose first member points to the next",
" linkage structure. When that occurs, the address of any external list head",
" will not be distinguishable from the addresses that are embedded in the data",
" structure of interest. Furthermore, if the \"-s\" and \"-l\" options are used,",
" it will display bogus structure data when passing through any external list",
" head structure that is not embedded in the specified data structure type.",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" Note that each task_struct is linked to its parent's task_struct via the",
" p_pptr member:",
" ",
" %s> struct task_struct.p_pptr",
" struct task_struct {",
" [136] struct task_struct *p_pptr;",
" }",
" ",
" That being the case, given a task_struct pointer of c169a000, show its ",
" parental hierarchy back to the \"init_task\" (the \"swapper\" task):\n",
" %s> list task_struct.p_pptr c169a000",
" c169a000",
" c0440000",
" c50d0000",
" c0562000",
" c0d28000",
" c7894000",
" c6a98000",
" c009a000",
" c0252000\n",
" Given that the \"task_struct.p_pptr\" offset is 136 bytes, the same",
" result could be accomplished like so:\n",
" %s> list 136 c169a000",
" c169a000",
" c0440000",
" c50d0000",
" c0562000",
" c0d28000",
" c7894000",
" c6a98000",
" c009a000",
" c0252000",
" ",
" The list of currently-registered file system types are headed up by a",
" struct file_system_type pointer named \"file_systems\", and linked by",
" the \"next\" field in each file_system_type structure. The following",
" sequence displays the structure address followed by the name and ",
" fs_flags members of each registered file system type:",
" ",
" %s> p file_systems",
" file_systems = $1 = (struct file_system_type *) 0xc03adc90",
" %s> list file_system_type.next -s file_system_type.name,fs_flags c03adc90",
" c03adc90",
" name = 0xc02c05c8 \"rootfs\",",
" fs_flags = 0x30,",
" c03abf94",
" name = 0xc02c0319 \"bdev\",",
" fs_flags = 0x10,",
" c03acb40",
" name = 0xc02c07c4 \"proc\",",
" fs_flags = 0x8,",
" c03e9834",
" name = 0xc02cfc83 \"sockfs\",",
" fs_flags = 0x10,",
" c03ab8e4",
" name = 0xc02bf512 \"tmpfs\",",
" fs_flags = 0x20,",
" c03ab8c8",
" name = 0xc02c3d6b \"shm\",",
" fs_flags = 0x20,",
" c03ac394",
" name = 0xc02c03cf \"pipefs\",",
" fs_flags = 0x10,",
" c03ada74",
" name = 0xc02c0e6b \"ext2\",",
" fs_flags = 0x1,",
" c03adc74",
" name = 0xc02c0e70 \"ramfs\",",
" fs_flags = 0x20,",
" c03ade74",
" name = 0xc02c0e76 \"hugetlbfs\",",
" fs_flags = 0x20,",
" c03adf8c",
" name = 0xc02c0f84 \"iso9660\",",
" fs_flags = 0x1,",
" c03aec14",
" name = 0xc02c0ffd \"devpts\",",
" fs_flags = 0x8,",
" c03e93f4",
" name = 0xc02cf1b9 \"pcihpfs\",",
" fs_flags = 0x28,",
" e0831a14",
" name = 0xe082f89f \"ext3\",",
" fs_flags = 0x1,",
" e0846af4",
" name = 0xe0841ac6 \"usbdevfs\",",
" fs_flags = 0x8,",
" e0846b10",
" name = 0xe0841acf \"usbfs\",",
" fs_flags = 0x8,",
" e0992370",
" name = 0xe099176c \"autofs\",",
" fs_flags = 0x0,",
" e2dcc030",
" name = 0xe2dc8849 \"nfs\",",
" fs_flags = 0x48000,",
" ",
" In some kernels, the system run queue is a linked list headed up by the",
" \"runqueue_head\", which is defined like so:",
" ",
" static LIST_HEAD(runqueue_head);",
" ",
" The run queue linking is done with the \"run_list\" member of the task_struct:",
" ",
" %s> struct task_struct.run_list",
" struct task_struct {",
" [60] struct list_head run_list;",
" }",
" ",
" Therefore, to view the list of task_struct addresses in the run queue,",
" either of the following commands will work:\n",
" %s> list task_struct.run_list -H runqueue_head",
" f79ac000",
" f7254000",
" f7004000",
" %s> list 60 -H runqueue_head",
" f79ac000",
" f7254000",
" f7004000",
" ",
" In some kernel versions, the vfsmount structures of the mounted",
" filesystems are linked by the LIST_HEAD \"vfsmntlist\", which uses the",
" mnt_list list_head of each vfsmount structure in the list. To dump each",
" vfsmount structure in the list, append the -s option:\n",
" %s> list -H vfsmntlist vfsmount.mnt_list -s vfsmount",
" c3fc9e60",
" struct vfsmount {",
" mnt_hash = {",
" next = 0xc3fc9e60, ",
" prev = 0xc3fc9e60",
" }, ",
" mnt_parent = 0xc3fc9e60, ",
" mnt_mountpoint = 0xc3fc5dc0, ",
" mnt_root = 0xc3fc5dc0, ",
" mnt_instances = {",
" next = 0xc3f60a74, ",
" prev = 0xc3f60a74",
" }, ",
" mnt_sb = 0xc3f60a00, ",
" mnt_mounts = {",
" next = 0xf7445e08, ",
" prev = 0xf7445f88",
" }, ",
" mnt_child = {",
" next = 0xc3fc9e88, ",
" prev = 0xc3fc9e88",
" }, ",
" mnt_count = {",
" counter = 209",
" }, ",
" mnt_flags = 0, ",
" mnt_devname = 0xc8465b20 \"/dev/root\", ",
" mnt_list = {",
" next = 0xf7445f9c, ",
" prev = 0xc02eb828",
" }, ",
" mnt_owner = 0",
" }",
" f7445f60",
" struct vfsmount {",
" ...",
" ",
" The task_struct of every task in the system is linked into a circular list",
" by its embedded \"tasks\" list_head. Show the task_struct addresses and the",
" pids of all tasks in the system using \"-h\" option, starting with the ",
" task_struct at ffff88012b98e040:\n",
" %s> list task_struct.tasks -s task_struct.pid -h ffff88012b98e040",
" ffff88012b98e040",
" pid = 14187",
" ffff8801277be0c0",
" pid = 14248",
" ffffffff81a2d020",
" pid = 0",
" ffff88012d7dd4c0",
" pid = 1",
" ffff88012d7dca80",
" pid = 2",
" ffff88012d7dc040",
" pid = 3",
" ffff88012d7e9500",
" pid = 4",
" ...",
" ffff88012961a100",
" pid = 14101",
" ffff880129017580",
" pid = 14134",
" ffff8801269ed540",
" pid = 14135",
" ffff880128256080",
" pid = 14138",
" ffff88012b8f4100",
" pid = 14183",
" ",
" Similar to the above, display the embedded sched_entity structure's on_rq",
" member from each task_struct in the system:\n",
" %s> list task_struct.tasks -s task_struct.se.on_rq -h ffff8800b66a0000",
" ffff8800b66a0000",
" se.on_rq = 1,",
" ffff8800b66a0ad0",
" se.on_rq = 0,",
" ffff8800b66a15a0",
" se.on_rq = 0,",
" ffff8800b66a2070",
" se.on_rq = 0,",
" ffff8800b66a2b40",
" se.on_rq = 0,",
" ffff8800b67315a0",
" se.on_rq = 0,",
" ffff8800b6732b40",
" se.on_rq = 0,",
" ...",
" ",
" The task_struct.tasks example above requires that the -h option be given",
" the address of a task_struct. Alternatively, the -l option can be given",
" the address of a list_head or similar linkage structure whose first member",
" points to the next linkage structure. Again using the task_struct.tasks",
" embedded list_head, dump the \"comm\" member of all tasks by using -l in",
" conjunction with -s option:",
" ",
" %s> task -R tasks.next",
" PID: 7044 TASK: ffff88005ac10000 CPU: 2 COMMAND: \"crash\"",
" tasks.next = 0xffff880109b8e3d0,",
" %s> list 0xffff880109b8e3d0 -l task_struct.tasks -s task_struct.comm",
" ffff880109b8e3d0",
" comm = \"kworker/1:2\"",
" ffff880109b8be00",
" comm = \"bash\"",
" ffff88019d26c590",
" comm = \"cscope\"",
" ffff880109b8b670",
" comm = \"kworker/0:1\"",
" ffff880109b8cd20",
" comm = \"kworker/1:0\"",
" ffff88005ac15c40",
" comm = \"vi\"",
" ffff88005ac11fc0",
" comm = \"sleep\"",
" ffffffff81c135c0",
" comm = \"swapper/0\"",
" ffff880212828180",
" comm = \"systemd\"",
" ... ",
" ffff8801288d1830",
" comm = \"chrome\"",
" ffff8801534dd4b0",
" comm = \"kworker/0:0\"",
" ffff8801534d8180",
" comm = \"kworker/1:1\"",
" ffff88010902b670",
" comm = \"kworker/2:2\"",
" ffff880109b8a750",
" comm = \"sudo\"",
" ffff88005ac10180",
" comm = \"crash\"",
NULL
};
char *help_tree[] = {
"tree",
"display radix tree, XArray or red-black tree",
"[-t [radix|xarray|rbtree]] [-r offset] [-[s|S] struct[.member[,member]]]\n -[x|d] [-o offset] [-l] [-p] [-N] start",
" This command dumps the contents of a radix tree, an XAarray, or a red-black",
" tree. The arguments are as follows:\n",
" -t type The type of tree to dump; the type string can be one of ",
" \"radix\", \"rbtree\", or \"xarray\", or alternatively, \"ra\",",
" \"rb\" or \"x\" are acceptable. If not specified, rbtree is the",
" default type.",
" -r offset If the \"start\" argument is the address of a data structure that",
" contains an radix_tree_root, xarray or rb_root structure, then this",
" is the offset to that structure member. If the offset is non-zero,",
" then this option is required. The offset may be entered in either",
" of two manners:",
" 1. In \"structure.member\" format.",
" 2. A number of bytes.",
" -o offset For red-black trees only, the offset of the rb_node within its ",
" containing data structure; if the offset is non-zero, then this",
" option is required. The offset may be entered in either of two",
" manners:",
" 1. In \"structure.member\" format.",
" 2. A number of bytes.",
" This option is not applicable to radix trees.",
" -s struct For each entry in a tree, format and print it as this type of data",
" structure; use the \"struct.member\" format in order to display a",
" particular member of the structure. To display multiple members",
" of a structure, use a comma-separated list of members. If any",
" structure member contains an embedded structure or is an array, the",
" the output may be restricted to the embedded structure or an array",
" element by expressing the member argument as \"struct.member.member\"",
" or \"struct.member[index]\"; embedded member specifications may",
" extend beyond one level deep by expressing the struct argument as",
" \"struct.member.member.member...\".",
" -S struct Similar to -s, but instead of parsing gdb output, member values",
" are read directly from memory, so the command works much faster",
" for 1-, 2-, 4-, and 8-byte members.",
" -l For red-black trees, dump the tree sorted in linear order starting",
" with the leftmost node and progressing to the right. This option",
" does not apply to radix trees.",
" -p Display the node's position information, showing the relationship",
" between it and the root. For red-black trees, a position that",
" indicates \"root/l/r\" means that the node is the right child",
" of the left child of the root node. For radix trees and xarrays,",
" the index, the height, and the slot index values are shown with",
" respect to the root.",
" -x Override default output format with hexadecimal format.",
" -d Override default output format with decimal format.",
" ",
" The meaning of the \"start\" argument, which can be expressed either in",
" hexadecimal format or symbolically, depends upon whether the -N option",
" is prepended:",
" ",
" start The address of a radix_tree_root, xarray or rb_root structure, or",
" the address of a structure containing the radix_tree_root, xarray",
" or rb_root structure; if the latter, then the \"-r offset\" option",
" must be used if the member offset of the root structure is ",
" non-zero.",
" ",
" -N start The address of a radix_tree_node, xa_node or rb_node structure,",
" bypassing the radix_tree_root, xarray, or rb_root that points",
" to it.",
"",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" The vmap_area_root is a standalone rb_root structure. Display the ",
" virtual addresses of each vmap_area in its red-black tree:\n",
" %s> whatis vmap_area_root",
" struct rb_root vmap_area_root;",
" %s> tree -t rbtree -o vmap_area.rb_node vmap_area_root",
" ffff880128c508c0",
" ffff88012cb68140",
" ffff88012c9afec0",
" ffff88012d65c440",
" ...",
"",
" Display the vmap_area's va_start and va_end members of each of",
" the entries above expressing the vmap_area.rb_node offset as a",
" number of bytes:\n",
" %s> tree -t rbtree -o 24 vmap_area_root -s vmap_area.va_start,va_end",
" ffff880128c508c0",
" va_start = 0xffffc90014900000",
" va_end = 0xffffc90014921000",
" ffff88012cb68140",
" va_start = 0xffffc900110c0000",
" va_end = 0xffffc900110d1000",
" ffff88012c9afec0",
" va_start = 0xffffc90000640000",
" va_end = 0xffffc90000642000",
" ffff88012d65c440",
" va_start = 0xffffc90000620000",
" va_end = 0xffffc90000622000",
" ...",
"",
" Alternatively, use the -N option with the rb_node address contained",
" in the vmap_area_root structure:\n",
" %s> p vmap_area_root",
" vmap_area_root = $8 = {",
" rb_node = 0xffff880128c508d8",
" }",
" %s> tree -t rbtree -o vmap_area.rb_node -N 0xffff880128c508d8",
" ffff880128c508c0",
" ffff88012cb68140",
" ffff88012c9afec0",
" ffff88012d65c440",
" ",
" Display the virtual address of each vm_area_struct in the red-black",
" tree that has its root inside an mm_struct located at ffff880128b5a300.",
" The vm_area_struct.vm_rb rb_node member has an offset of 0x38 bytes:\n",
" %s> tree -t rbtree -r mm_struct.mm_rb ffff880128b5a300 -o 0x38",
" ffff88012a0de080",
" ffff880123e3ac78",
" ffff880123e3a700",
" ffff88012b2837c8",
" ...",
" ffff880128c02ed0",
" ffff8801292e7958",
" ffff880123e3a318",
" ffff880123e3ad40",
" ",
" Add the -p option to the command above to show position information:\n",
" %s> tree -t rbtree -r mm_struct.mm_rb ffff880128b5a300 -o 0x38 -p",
" ffff88012a0de080",
" position: root",
" ffff880123e3ac78",
" position: root/l",
" ffff880123e3a700",
" position: root/l/l",
" ffff88012b2837c8",
" position: root/l/l/l",
" ...",
" ffff880128c02ed0",
" position: root/r/r/l/r",
" ffff8801292e7958",
" position: root/r/r/l/r/r",
" ffff880123e3a318",
" position: root/r/r/r",
" ffff880123e3ad40",
" position: root/r/r/r/r",
"",
" Given an mm_struct address of 0xffff880074b5be80, list the VMA tree in linear",
" order from the leftmost node progressing to the right using the -l option:\n",
" %s> tree -ls vm_area_struct.vm_start -o vm_area_struct.vm_rb \\",
" -r mm_struct.mm_rb 0xffff880074b5be80 | paste - -",
" ffff88001f2c50e0 vm_start = 0x400000",
" ffff88001f2c5290 vm_start = 0xceb000",
" ffff880074bfc6c0 vm_start = 0xcec000",
" ffff88001f2c4bd0 vm_start = 0xd10000",
" ffff880074bfc948 vm_start = 0x1fe9000",
" ffff880036e54510 vm_start = 0x7ff6aa296000",
" ffff88001f2c5bd8 vm_start = 0x7ff6aa298000",
" ffff880036e54af8 vm_start = 0x7ff6aa497000",
" ffff880036e54f30 vm_start = 0x7ff6aa498000",
" ffff88000e06aa20 vm_start = 0x7ff6aa499000",
" ffff88000e06b368 vm_start = 0x7ff6ab95f000",
" ...",
" ffff88001f2c5e60 vm_start = 0x7ff6bc1af000",
" ffff88001f2c4ca8 vm_start = 0x7ff6bc1b6000",
" ffff88001f2c5008 vm_start = 0x7ff6bc200000",
" ffff88001f2c5d88 vm_start = 0x7ff6bc205000",
" ffff880074bfd6c8 vm_start = 0x7ff6bc206000",
" ffff88001f2c4288 vm_start = 0x7ff6bc207000",
" ffff88001f2c4510 vm_start = 0x7ffc7a5fc000",
" ffff88001f2c5b00 vm_start = 0x7ffc7a6d1000",
"",
" Compared to the top/down root/leaves order:\n",
" %s> tree -s vm_area_struct.vm_start -o vm_area_struct.vm_rb \\",
" -r mm_struct.mm_rb 0xffff880074b5be80 | paste - -",
" ffff88001f2c5a28 vm_start = 0x7ff6bbbb9000",
" ffff88001f2c55f0 vm_start = 0x7ff6bb252000",
" ffff88000e06a360 vm_start = 0x7ff6ac6c3000",
" ffff88001f2c4bd0 vm_start = 0xd10000",
" ffff88001f2c5290 vm_start = 0xceb000",
" ffff88001f2c50e0 vm_start = 0x400000",
" ffff880074bfc6c0 vm_start = 0xcec000",
" ffff88000e06b368 vm_start = 0x7ff6ab95f000",
" ffff88001f2c5bd8 vm_start = 0x7ff6aa298000",
" ffff880074bfc948 vm_start = 0x1fe9000",
" ffff880036e54510 vm_start = 0x7ff6aa296000",
" ffff880036e54f30 vm_start = 0x7ff6aa498000",
" ffff880036e54af8 vm_start = 0x7ff6aa497000",
" ffff88000e06aa20 vm_start = 0x7ff6aa499000",
" ffff88000e06ae58 vm_start = 0x7ff6ac1df000",
" ffff88000e06ba28 vm_start = 0x7ff6abefc000",
" ffff88000e06a6c0 vm_start = 0x7ff6ac41b000",
" ffff88001f2c4000 vm_start = 0x7ff6bac75000",
" ffff88000e06bd88 vm_start = 0x7ff6b2d00000",
" ffff88000e06b440 vm_start = 0x7ff6b28de000",
" ...",
" ffff880074bfd6c8 vm_start = 0x7ff6bc206000",
" ffff88001f2c4510 vm_start = 0x7ffc7a5fc000",
" ffff88001f2c5b00 vm_start = 0x7ffc7a6d1000",
"",
" Display a list of the page structs in the radix tree of an address_space",
" structure located at ffff88012d364de0:\n",
" %s> tree -t radix -r address_space.page_tree ffff88012d364de0",
" ffffea00040d12c0",
" ffffea00040d9a60",
" ffffea00040d9b08",
" ffffea000407eda8",
" ffffea0004084288",
" ...",
" ffffea000407bc70",
" ffffea00040baf48",
" ffffea0004043f48",
" ffffea000407de58",
" ",
" Add the -p option to the command above to show position information:\n",
" %s> tree -t radix -r address_space.page_tree ffff88012d364de0 -p",
" ffffea00040d12c0",
" index: 0 position: root/0/0",
" ffffea00040d9a60",
" index: 1 position: root/0/1",
" ffffea00040d9b08",
" index: 2 position: root/0/2",
" ffffea000407eda8",
" index: 3 position: root/0/3",
" ffffea0004084288",
" index: 4 position: root/0/4",
" ...",
" ffffea000407bc70",
" index: 217 position: root/3/25",
" ffffea00040baf48",
" index: 218 position: root/3/26",
" ffffea0004043f48",
" index: 219 position: root/3/27",
" ffffea000407de58",
" index: 220 position: root/3/28",
"",
" Alternatively, take the address of the radix_tree_node from the",
" radix_tree_root structure in the address_space structure above,",
" and display the tree with the -N option:\n",
" %s> struct address_space.page_tree ffff88012d364de0",
" page_tree = {",
" height = 0x2, ",
" gfp_mask = 0x20, ",
" rnode = 0xffff8801238add71",
" }",
" %s> tree -t radix -N 0xffff8801238add71",
" ffffea00040d12c0",
" ffffea00040d9a60",
" ffffea00040d9b08",
" ffffea000407eda8",
" ffffea0004084288",
" ffffea00040843a0",
" ...",
" ",
" Using the same radix tree as above, display the flags and _count",
" members of each page struct in the list, and force the output format",
" to be hexadecimal:\n",
" %s> tree -t radix -N 0xffff8801238add71 -s page.flags,_count -x",
" ffffea00040d12c0",
" flags = 0x4000000002006c",
" _count = {",
" counter = 0x7",
" }",
" ffffea00040d9a60",
" flags = 0x4000000002006c",
" _count = {",
" counter = 0x7",
" }",
" ffffea00040d9b08",
" flags = 0x4000000002006c",
" _count = {",
" counter = 0x7",
" }",
" ffffea000407eda8",
" flags = 0x4000000002006c",
" _count = {",
" counter = 0x7",
" }",
" ...",
"",
" In more recent kernels, the XArray facility has replaced radix trees.",
" Display a list of the page structs in the XArray of an address_space",
" structure located at 0xffff94c235e76828, where the i_pages field is",
" an embedded xarray structure:",
"",
" %s> tree -t xarray -r address_space.i_pages 0xffff94c235e76828",
" fffffcc005aa8380",
" fffffcc005cafa80",
" fffffcc005a79c80",
" fffffcc005ccad80",
" fffffcc005a72ec0",
" fffffcc005e27c00",
" fffffcc005ce3100",
" fffffcc005ff8dc0",
" fffffcc005c9a100",
" fffffcc005a49e40",
" fffffcc005c95a80",
" ",
" Add the -p option to the command above to show position information:",
"",
" %s> tree -t xarray -r address_space.i_pages 0xffff94c235e76828 -p",
" fffffcc005aa8380",
" index: 90 position: root/1/26",
" fffffcc005cafa80",
" index: 91 position: root/1/27",
" fffffcc005a79c80",
" index: 92 position: root/1/28",
" fffffcc005ccad80",
" index: 93 position: root/1/29",
" fffffcc005a72ec0",
" index: 94 position: root/1/30",
" fffffcc005e27c00",
" index: 95 position: root/1/31",
" fffffcc005ce3100",
" index: 96 position: root/1/32",
" fffffcc005ff8dc0",
" index: 97 position: root/1/33",
" fffffcc005c9a100",
" index: 98 position: root/1/34",
" fffffcc005a49e40",
" index: 99 position: root/1/35",
" fffffcc005c95a80",
" index: 100 position: root/1/36",
" ",
" Alternatively, take the value found in the xa_head field from",
" the xarray structure, and display the tree with the -N option:",
"",
" %s> address_space.i_pages 0xffff94c235e76828",
" i_pages = {",
" ... [ xa_lock field not shown ] ...",
" xa_flags = 1, ",
" xa_head = 0xffff94c23c1566ca",
" }",
" %s> tree -t x -N 0xffff94c23c1566ca",
" fffffcc005aa8380",
" fffffcc005cafa80",
" fffffcc005a79c80",
" fffffcc005ccad80",
" fffffcc005a72ec0",
" fffffcc005e27c00",
" fffffcc005ce3100",
" fffffcc005ff8dc0",
" fffffcc005c9a100",
" fffffcc005a49e40",
" fffffcc005c95a80",
" ",
" Using the same xarray command as above, display the flags and _refcount",
" members of each page struct in the list, and force the output format",
" to be hexadecimal:",
"",
" %s> tree -t x -N 0xffff94c23c1566ca -s page.flags,_refcount -x ",
" fffffcc005aa8380",
" flags = 0x57ffffc0000014",
" _refcount = {",
" counter = 0x1",
" }",
" fffffcc005cafa80",
" flags = 0x57ffffc0000014",
" _refcount = {",
" counter = 0x1",
" }",
" fffffcc005a79c80",
" flags = 0x57ffffc0000014",
" _refcount = {",
" counter = 0x1",
" }",
" fffffcc005ccad80",
" flags = 0x57ffffc0000014",
" _refcount = {",
" counter = 0x1",
" }",
" fffffcc005a72ec0",
" flags = 0x57ffffc0000014",
" _refcount = {",
" counter = 0x1",
" }",
" fffffcc005e27c00",
" flags = 0x57ffffc0000014",
" _refcount = {",
" counter = 0x1",
" }",
" fffffcc005ce3100",
" flags = 0x57ffffc0000014",
" _refcount = {",
" counter = 0x1",
" }",
" fffffcc005ff8dc0",
" flags = 0x57ffffc0000014",
" _refcount = {",
" counter = 0x1",
" }",
" fffffcc005c9a100",
" flags = 0x57ffffc0000014",
" _refcount = {",
" counter = 0x1",
" }",
" fffffcc005a49e40",
" flags = 0x57ffffc0000014",
" _refcount = {",
" counter = 0x1",
" }",
" fffffcc005c95a80",
" flags = 0x57ffffc0000014",
" _refcount = {",
" counter = 0x1",
" }",
NULL
};
char *help_ptob[] = {
"ptob",
"page to bytes",
"page_number ...",
" This command translates a page frame number to its byte value.",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" %s> ptob 512a",
" 512a: 512a000",
NULL
};
char *help_gdb[] = {
"gdb",
"gdb command",
"command ...",
" This command passes its arguments directly to gdb for processing.",
" This is typically not necessary, but where ambiguities between %s and",
" gdb command names exist, this will force the command to be executed by gdb.",
"",
" Alternatively, if \"set gdb on\" is entered, the session will be run in a",
" mode where all commands are passed directly to gdb. When running in that",
" mode, native %s commands may be executed by preceding them with the",
" \"crash\" directive. To restore native %s mode, enter \"set gdb off\".",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" %s> gdb help",
" List of classes of commands:",
" ",
" aliases -- Aliases of other commands",
" breakpoints -- Making program stop at certain points",
" data -- Examining data",
" files -- Specifying and examining files",
" internals -- Maintenance commands",
" obscure -- Obscure features",
" running -- Running the program",
" stack -- Examining the stack",
" status -- Status inquiries",
" support -- Support facilities",
" tracepoints -- Tracing of program execution without stopping the program",
" user-defined -- User-defined commands",
" ",
" Type \"help\" followed by a class name for a list of commands in that class.",
" Type \"help\" followed by command name for full documentation.",
" Command name abbreviations are allowed if unambiguous.",
NULL
};
char *help_kmem[] = {
"kmem",
"kernel memory",
"[-f|-F|-c|-C|-i|-v|-V|-n|-z|-o|-h] [-p | -m member[,member]]\n"
" [[-s|-S|-r] [slab] [-I slab[,slab]]] [-g [flags]] [[-P] address]]",
" This command displays information about the use of kernel memory.\n",
" -f displays the contents of the system free memory headers.",
" also verifies that the page count equals nr_free_pages.",
" -F same as -f, but also dumps all pages linked to that header.",
" -c walks through the page_hash_table and verifies page_cache_size.",
" -C same as -c, but also dumps all pages in the page_hash_table.",
" -i displays general memory usage information",
" -v displays the mapped virtual memory regions allocated by vmalloc().",
" -V displays the kernel vm_stat table if it exists, or in more recent",
" kernels, the vm_zone_stat, vm_node_stat and vm_numa_stat tables,",
" the cumulative page_states counter values if they exist, and/or ",
" the cumulative, vm_event_states counter values if they exist.",
" -n display memory node, memory section, and memory block data",
" and state; the state of each memory section state is encoded",
" as \"P\", \"M\", \"O\" and/or \"E\", meaning SECTION_MARKED_PRESENT,",
" SECTION_HAS_MEM_MAP, SECTION_IS_ONLINE and SECTION_IS_EARLY.",
" -z displays per-zone memory statistics.",
" -o displays each cpu's offset value that is added to per-cpu symbol",
" values to translate them into kernel virtual addresses.",
" -h display the address of hugepage hstate array entries, along with",
" their hugepage size, total and free counts, and name.",
" -p displays basic information about each page structure in the system",
" mem_map[] array, made up of the page struct address, its associated",
" physical address, the page.mapping, page.index, page._count and",
" page.flags fields.",
" -m member similar to -p, but displays page structure contents specified by",
" a comma-separated list of one or more struct page members. The",
" \"flags\" member will always be expressed in hexadecimal format, and",
" the \"_count\" and \"_mapcount\" members will always be expressed",
" in decimal format. Otherwise, all other members will be displayed",
" in hexadecimal format unless the output radix is 10 and the member",
" is a signed/unsigned integer. Members that are data structures may",
" be specified either by the data structure's member name, or expanded",
" to specify a member of the data structure. For example, \"-m lru\"",
" refers to a list_head data structure, and both the list_head.next",
" and list_head.prev pointer values will be displayed, whereas if",
" \"-m lru.next\" is specified, just the list_head.next value will",
" be displayed.",
" -s displays basic kmalloc() slab data.",
" -S displays all kmalloc() slab data, including all slab objects,",
" and whether each object is in use or is free. If CONFIG_SLUB,",
" slab data for each per-cpu slab is displayed, along with the",
" address of each kmem_cache_node, its count of full and partial",
" slabs, and a list of all tracked slabs.",
" -r displays the accumulated basic kmalloc() slab data of each",
" root slab cache and its children. The kernel must contain the",
" \"slab_root_caches\" list_head. (currently only available if",
" CONFIG_SLUB)",
" slab when used with -s, -S or -r, limits the command to only the slab",
" cache of name \"slab\". If the slab argument is \"list\", then",
" all slab cache names and addresses are listed.",
" -I slab when used with -s, -S or -r, one or more slab cache names in a",
" comma-separated list may be specified as slab caches to ignore.",
" -g displays the enumerator value of all bits in the page structure's",
" \"flags\" field.",
" flags when used with -g, translates all bits in this hexadecimal page",
" structure flags value into its enumerator values.",
" -P declares that the following address argument is a physical address.",
" address when used without any flag, the address can be a kernel virtual,",
" or physical address; a search is made through the symbol table,",
" the kmalloc() slab subsystem, the free list, the page_hash_table,",
" the vmalloc() region subsystem, the current set of task_structs",
" and kernel stacks, and the mem_map array. If found in any of",
" those areas, the information will be dumped in the same manner as",
" if the location-specific flags were used; if contained within a",
" curent task_struct or kernel stack, that task's context will be",
" displayed.",
" address when used with -s or -S, searches the kmalloc() slab subsystem",
" for the slab containing of this virtual address, showing whether",
" it is in use or free.",
" address when used with -f, the address can be either a page pointer,",
" a physical address, or a kernel virtual address; the free_area",
" header containing the page (if any) is displayed.",
" address when used with -p, the address can be either a page pointer, a",
" physical address, or a kernel virtual address; its basic mem_map",
" page information is displayed.",
" address when used with -m, the address can be either a page pointer, a",
" physical address, or a kernel virtual address; the specified",
" members of the associated page struct are displayed.",
" address when used with -c, the address must be a page pointer address;",
" the page_hash_table entry containing the page is displayed.",
" address when used with -l, the address must be a page pointer address;",
" the page address is displayed if it is contained with the list.",
" address when used with -v, the address can be a mapped kernel virtual",
" address or physical address; the mapped region containing the",
" address is displayed.\n",
" All address arguments above must be expressed in hexadecimal format.",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" Display memory usage information:\n",
" %s> kmem -i",
" PAGES TOTAL PERCENTAGE",
" TOTAL MEM 1974231 7.5 GB ----",
" FREE 208962 816.3 MB 10% of TOTAL MEM",
" USED 1765269 6.7 GB 89% of TOTAL MEM",
" SHARED 365066 1.4 GB 18% of TOTAL MEM",
" BUFFERS 111376 435.1 MB 5% of TOTAL MEM",
" CACHED 1276196 4.9 GB 64% of TOTAL MEM",
" SLAB 120410 470.4 MB 6% of TOTAL MEM",
" ",
" TOTAL HUGE 524288 2 GB ----",
" HUGE FREE 524288 2 GB 100% of TOTAL HUGE",
" ",
" TOTAL SWAP 2498559 9.5 GB ----",
" SWAP USED 81978 320.2 MB 3% of TOTAL SWAP",
" SWAP FREE 2416581 9.2 GB 96% of TOTAL SWAP",
" ",
" COMMIT LIMIT 3485674 13.3 GB ----",
" COMMITTED 850651 3.2 GB 24% of TOTAL LIMIT",
" ",
" Display and verify free memory data:\n",
" %s> kmem -f",
" NODE",
" 0",
" ZONE NAME SIZE FREE MEM_MAP START_PADDR START_MAPNR",
" 0 DMA 4096 3372 c4000040 0 0 ",
" AREA SIZE FREE_AREA_STRUCT BLOCKS PAGES",
" 0 4k c02eb004 2 2",
" 1 8k c02eb010 3 6",
" 2 16k c02eb01c 5 20",
" 3 32k c02eb028 4 32",
" 4 64k c02eb034 5 80",
" 5 128k c02eb040 3 96",
" 6 256k c02eb04c 3 192",
" 7 512k c02eb058 1 128",
" 8 1024k c02eb064 1 256",
" 9 2048k c02eb070 5 2560",
" ",
" ZONE NAME SIZE FREE MEM_MAP START_PADDR START_MAPNR",
" 1 Normal 225280 202269 c4044040 1000000 4096 ",
" AREA SIZE FREE_AREA_STRUCT BLOCKS PAGES",
" 0 4k c02eb0b8 1 1",
" 1 8k c02eb0c4 2 4",
" 2 16k c02eb0d0 0 0",
" 3 32k c02eb0dc 1 8",
" 4 64k c02eb0e8 1 16",
" 5 128k c02eb0f4 0 0",
" 6 256k c02eb100 0 0",
" 7 512k c02eb10c 0 0",
" 8 1024k c02eb118 0 0",
" 9 2048k c02eb124 395 202240",
" ",
" ZONE NAME SIZE FREE MEM_MAP START_PADDR START_MAPNR",
" 2 HighMem 819200 748686 c4ee0040 38000000 229376 ",
" AREA SIZE FREE_AREA_STRUCT BLOCKS PAGES",
" 0 4k c02eb16c 10 10",
" 1 8k c02eb178 2 4",
" 2 16k c02eb184 0 0",
" 3 32k c02eb190 2 16",
" 4 64k c02eb19c 1 16",
" 5 128k c02eb1a8 1 32",
" 6 256k c02eb1b4 1 64",
" 7 512k c02eb1c0 0 0",
" 8 1024k c02eb1cc 0 0",
" 9 2048k c02eb1d8 1462 748544",
" ",
" nr_free_pages: 954327 (verified)",
" ",
" Dump all the base addresses of each free memory area from above:\n",
" %s> kmem -F",
" NODE",
" 0",
" ZONE NAME SIZE FREE MEM_MAP START_PADDR START_MAPNR",
" 0 DMA 4096 3372 c4000040 0 0 ",
" AREA SIZE FREE_AREA_STRUCT",
" 0 4k c02eb004 ",
" c400ded8",
" c4042528",
" AREA SIZE FREE_AREA_STRUCT",
" 1 8k c02eb010 ",
" c400de50",
" c400cee8",
" c40424a0",
" AREA SIZE FREE_AREA_STRUCT",
" 2 16k c02eb01c ",
" c400dd40",
" c400cf70",
" c40425b0",
" c400f7d0",
" c40028a0",
" AREA SIZE FREE_AREA_STRUCT",
" 3 32k c02eb028 ",
" c4042280",
" c400f8e0",
" c4002680",
" c4000260",
" AREA SIZE FREE_AREA_STRUCT",
" 4 64k c02eb034 ",
" c400d080",
" c4041e40",
" ...",
" ",
" Dump the mem_map[] array:\n",
" %s> kmem -p",
" PAGE PHYSICAL MAPPING INDEX CNT FLAGS",
" f5c51200 10000 0 0 1 80 slab",
" f5c51220 11000 0 0 1 80 slab",
" f5c51240 12000 0 0 1 80 slab",
" f5c51260 13000 0 0 1 80 slab",
" f5c51280 14000 0 0 1 80 slab",
" f5c512a0 15000 0 0 1 80 slab",
" f5c512c0 16000 0 0 1 80 slab",
" f5c512e0 17000 0 0 1 80 slab",
" f5c51300 18000 0 0 1 80 slab",
" f5c51320 19000 0 0 1 80 slab",
" f5c51340 1a000 0 0 1 80 slab",
" f5c51360 1b000 0 0 1 80 slab",
" f5c51380 1c000 e6c6a754 13b67 2 868 uptodate,lru,active,private",
" f5c513a0 1d000 0 0 1 80 slab",
" f5c513c0 1e000 0 0 1 80 slab",
" f5c513e0 1f000 0 0 1 80 slab",
" f5c51400 20000 e6c6a754 13bbb 2 868 uptodate,lru,active,private",
" f5c51420 21000 0 0 1 80 slab",
" f5c51440 22000 0 0 1 80 slab",
" ...",
" ",
" Display the \"page.lru\" list_head structure member in each page:\n",
" %s> kmem -m lru",
" PAGE lru ",
" ffffea0000000000 0000000000000000,0000000000000000 ",
" ffffea0000000040 ffffea0000000060,ffffea0000000060 ",
" ffffea0000000080 ffffea00000000a0,ffffea00000000a0 ",
" ffffea00000000c0 ffffea00000000e0,ffffea00000000e0 ",
" ffffea0000000100 ffffea0000000120,ffffea0000000120 ",
" ffffea0000000140 ffffea0000000160,ffffea0000000160 ",
" ffffea0000000180 ffffea00000001a0,ffffea00000001a0 ",
" ffffea00000001c0 ffffea00000001e0,ffffea00000001e0 ",
" ffffea0000000200 ffffea0000000220,ffffea0000000220 ",
" ffffea0000000240 ffffea0000000260,ffffea0000000260 ",
" ffffea0000000280 ffffea00000002a0,ffffea00000002a0 ",
" ffffea00000002c0 ffffea00000002e0,ffffea00000002e0 ",
" ffffea0000000300 ffffea0000000320,ffffea0000000320 ",
" ffffea0000000340 ffffea0000000360,ffffea0000000360 ",
" ffffea0000000380 ffffea00000003a0,ffffea00000003a0 ",
" ffffea00000003c0 ffffea00000003e0,ffffea00000003e0 ",
" ffffea0000000400 ffff88021e5e41e8,ffffea0000002020 ",
" ffffea0000000440 dead000000100100,dead000000200200 ",
" ffffea0000000480 dead000000100100,dead000000200200 ",
" ffffea00000004c0 dead000000100100,dead000000200200 ",
" ...",
" ",
" Find the two pages that link to the page at ffffea0001dafb20 ",
" via their page.lru list_head's next and prev pointers:\n",
" %s> kmem -m lru | grep ffffea0001dafb20",
" ffffea000006b500 ffffea0001dafb20,ffffea0001eb4520 ",
" ffffea0000127d80 ffffea000152b620,ffffea0001dafb20 ",
" ",
" Find all of the combined slab/page structures that are used by",
" the kmalloc-8192 slab cache:\n",
" %s> kmem -s kmalloc-8192",
" CACHE OBJSIZE ALLOCATED TOTAL SLABS SSIZE NAME",
" ffff880215802e00 8192 65 80 20 32k kmalloc-8192",
" %s> kmem -m slab_cache | grep ffff880215802e00",
" ffffea0004117800 ffff880215802e00 ",
" ffffea00041ca600 ffff880215802e00 ",
" ffffea00044ab200 ffff880215802e00 ",
" ffffea0004524000 ffff880215802e00 ",
" ffffea0004591600 ffff880215802e00 ",
" ffffea00047eac00 ffff880215802e00 ",
" ffffea0004875800 ffff880215802e00 ",
" ffffea0008357a00 ffff880215802e00 ",
" ffffea0008362a00 ffff880215802e00 ",
" ffffea00083b9400 ffff880215802e00 ",
" ffffea00083c1000 ffff880215802e00 ",
" ffffea00083c1e00 ffff880215802e00 ",
" ffffea00083c2000 ffff880215802e00 ",
" ffffea00083c2a00 ffff880215802e00 ",
" ffffea00083d2000 ffff880215802e00 ",
" ffffea00083d3e00 ffff880215802e00 ",
" ffffea0008407c00 ffff880215802e00 ",
" ffffea000848ce00 ffff880215802e00 ",
" ffffea0008491800 ffff880215802e00 ",
" ffffea00084bf800 ffff880215802e00 ",
" ",
" Use the commands above with a page pointer or a physical address argument:\n",
" %s> kmem -f c40425b0",
" NODE ",
" 0 ",
" ZONE NAME SIZE FREE MEM_MAP START_PADDR START_MAPNR",
" 0 DMA 4096 3372 c4000040 0 0 ",
" AREA SIZE FREE_AREA_STRUCT ",
" 2 16k c02eb01c ",
" c40425b0 (c40425b0 is 1st of 4 pages) ",
" ",
" %s> kmem -p c25a9c00",
" PAGE PHYSICAL MAPPING INDEX CNT FLAGS",
" c25a9c00 1fe0000 f429d2e4 21fe3eb 2 800828 uptodate,lru,private",
" ",
" %s> kmem -p 1fe0000",
" PAGE PHYSICAL MAPPING INDEX CNT FLAGS",
" c25a9c00 1fe0000 f429d2e4 21fe3eb 2 800828 uptodate,lru,private",
" ",
" Display the mapped memory regions allocated by vmalloc():\n",
" %s> kmem -v",
" VMAP_AREA VM_STRUCT ADDRESS RANGE SIZE",
" f7048e00 f7048e40 f7dfe000 - f7e00000 8192",
" f7048ec0 f7048f00 f7e00000 - f7e05000 20480",
" f7151fc0 f7159540 f7e06000 - f7e08000 8192",
" f704da80 f704dac0 f7e0a000 - f7e0c000 8192",
" f704d980 f704d9c0 f7e0e000 - f7e10000 8192",
" f724f1c0 f724f200 f7e12000 - f7e14000 8192",
" f704d840 f704d880 f7e14000 - f7e17000 12288",
" f704d400 f704d440 f7e18000 - f7e1d000 20480",
" f73f5840 f73f5880 f7e1e000 - f7e2a000 49152",
" f6334480 f63344c0 f7e2c000 - f7e2e000 8192",
" f635d600 f635d640 f7e4a000 - f7e5b000 69632",
" f41b4700 f5771a40 f7e6e000 - f7e70000 8192",
" f622f6c0 f622f700 f7e71000 - f7e79000 32768",
" f63a9f00 f63a9f40 f7e84000 - f7e87000 12288",
" f63a9d00 f63a9d40 f7e8f000 - f7e91000 8192",
" f5546480 f39db800 f7eb8000 - f7ec2000 40960",
" f5ce9640 f5777e80 f7ec6000 - f7ed1000 45056",
" f63a9b00 f63a9b40 f7ed1000 - f7efd000 180224",
" f63a9800 f63a9840 f7f1d000 - f7f26000 36864",
" f63a9640 f63a9880 f7f43000 - f7f52000 61440",
" f5771f00 f4183840 f7f53000 - f7f64000 69632",
" f5ce9a00 f30c4a00 f7fcf000 - f801e000 323584",
" f63a93c0 f63a9400 f805d000 - f8132000 872448",
" f63a91c0 f63a95c0 f814b000 - f8150000 20480",
" f63a9140 f63a9180 f8151000 - f8352000 2101248",
" f624eb00 f624eb40 f8353000 - f8355000 8192",
" f563eb40 f563eb80 f8356000 - f835e000 32768",
" f63d5ec0 f63d5f00 f8360000 - f8371000 69632",
" f63d5cc0 f6287b80 f83c2000 - f84c3000 1052672",
" ...",
" ",
" Dump the virtual memory statistics:\n",
" %s> kmem -V",
" VM_ZONE_STAT:",
" NR_FREE_PAGES: 30085",
" NR_ZONE_INACTIVE_ANON: 1985",
" NR_ZONE_ACTIVE_ANON: 338275",
" NR_ZONE_INACTIVE_FILE: 19760",
" NR_ZONE_ACTIVE_FILE: 12018",
" NR_ZONE_UNEVICTABLE: 0",
" NR_ZONE_WRITE_PENDING: 4",
" NR_MLOCK: 0",
" NR_PAGETABLE: 1562",
" NR_KERNEL_STACK_KB: 1728",
" NR_BOUNCE: 0",
" NR_FREE_CMA_PAGES: 0",
" ",
" VM_NODE_STAT:",
" NR_INACTIVE_ANON: 1985",
" NR_ACTIVE_ANON: 338275",
" NR_INACTIVE_FILE: 19760",
" NR_ACTIVE_FILE: 12018",
" NR_UNEVICTABLE: 0",
" NR_SLAB_RECLAIMABLE: 3111",
" NR_SLAB_UNRECLAIMABLE: 3039",
" NR_ISOLATED_ANON: 0",
" NR_ISOLATED_FILE: 0",
" WORKINGSET_REFAULT: 0",
" WORKINGSET_ACTIVATE: 0",
" WORKINGSET_NODERECLAIM: 0",
" NR_ANON_MAPPED: 338089",
" NR_FILE_MAPPED: 8102",
" NR_FILE_PAGES: 33949",
" NR_FILE_DIRTY: 4",
" NR_WRITEBACK: 0",
" NR_WRITEBACK_TEMP: 0",
" NR_SHMEM: 2171",
" NR_SHMEM_THPS: 0",
" NR_SHMEM_PMDMAPPED: 0",
" NR_ANON_THPS: 86",
" NR_UNSTABLE_NFS: 0",
" NR_VMSCAN_WRITE: 0",
" NR_VMSCAN_IMMEDIATE: 0",
" NR_DIRTIED: 155",
" NR_WRITTEN: 75",
" ",
" VM_NUMA_STAT:",
" NUMA_HIT: 575409",
" NUMA_MISS: 0",
" NUMA_FOREIGN: 0",
" NUMA_INTERLEAVE_HIT: 12930",
" NUMA_LOCAL: 575409",
" NUMA_OTHER: 0",
" ",
" VM_EVENT_STATES:",
" PGPGIN: 282492",
" PGPGOUT: 6773",
" PSWPIN: 0",
" PSWPOUT: 0",
" PGALLOC_DMA: 0",
" PGALLOC_DMA32: 693092",
" PGALLOC_NORMAL: 0",
" ...",
" ",
" Display hugepage hstate information: \n",
" %s> kmem -h",
" HSTATE SIZE FREE TOTAL NAME",
" ffffffff81f7a800 2MB 10 64 hugepages-2048kB",
"",
" Determine (and verify) the page cache size:\n",
" %s> kmem -c",
" page_cache_size: 18431 (verified)",
" ",
" Dump all pages in the page_hash_table:\n",
" %s> kmem -C",
" page_hash_table[0]",
" c0325b40",
" c03a0598",
" c03b4070",
" c0364c28",
" c0357690",
" c02ef338",
" c02d7c60",
" c02c11e0",
" c02a3d70",
" page_hash_table[1]",
" c0394ce8",
" c03c4218",
" c03b4048",
" c0364c00",
" c0357668",
" c02d6e50",
" c02d7dc8",
" c02c0cb8",
" c02db630",
" c02ebad0",
" page_hash_table[2]",
" c037e808",
" c034e248",
" c03b4020",
" c02ec868",
" c03baa60",
" ...",
" page_hash_table[2047]",
" c033a798",
" c0390b48",
" c03b4098",
" c0364890",
" c03576b8",
" c02d2c38",
" c02d7c88",
" c02de5d8",
" ",
" page_cache_size: 18437 (verified)",
" ",
" Find the page_hash_table entry containing page c03576b8:\n",
" %s> kmem -c c03576b8",
" page_hash_table[2047]",
" c03576b8",
" ",
" Display kmalloc() slab data:\n",
" %s> kmem -s",
" CACHE OBJSIZE ALLOCATED TOTAL SLABS SSIZE NAME",
" c02eadc0 232 58 68 4 4k kmem_cache",
" f79c2888 128 0 0 0 4k ip_vs_conn",
" f79c2970 96 0 0 0 4k tcp_tw_bucket",
" f79c2a58 32 12 565 5 4k tcp_bind_bucket",
" f79c2b40 64 0 59 1 4k tcp_open_request",
" f79c2c28 64 1 59 1 4k inet_peer_cache",
" f79c2d10 32 11 339 3 4k ip_fib_hash",
" f79c2df8 160 8 120 5 4k ip_dst_cache",
" f79c2ee0 128 1 30 1 4k arp_cache",
" c8402970 96 30208 37800 945 4k blkdev_requests",
" c8402a58 384 0 0 0 4k nfs_read_data",
" c8402b40 384 0 0 0 4k nfs_write_data",
" c8402c28 96 0 0 0 4k nfs_page",
" c8402d10 20 0 0 0 4k dnotify cache",
" c8402df8 92 3 336 8 4k file lock cache",
" c8402ee0 16 0 0 0 4k fasync cache",
" c84027a0 32 3 339 3 4k uid_cache",
" c84026b8 160 320 624 26 4k skbuff_head_cache",
" c84025d0 832 32 180 20 8k sock",
" c84024e8 132 0 203 7 4k sigqueue",
" c8402400 64 19 472 8 4k cdev_cache",
" c8402318 64 8 236 4 4k bdev_cache",
" c8402230 96 11 120 3 4k mnt_cache",
" c8402148 480 817 848 106 4k inode_cache",
" c8402060 128 1352 1470 49 4k dentry_cache",
" c8403ee0 96 244 440 11 4k filp",
" c8403df8 4096 0 12 12 4k names_cache",
" c8403d10 96 14936 16000 400 4k buffer_head",
" c8403c28 128 25 240 8 4k mm_struct",
" c8403b40 64 393 1298 22 4k vm_area_struct",
" c8403a58 64 30 472 8 4k fs_cache",
" c8403970 416 30 135 15 4k files_cache",
" c8403888 1312 32 99 33 4k signal_act",
" c84037a0 131072 0 0 0 128k size-131072(DMA)",
" c84036b8 131072 1 1 1 128k size-131072",
" c84035d0 65536 0 0 0 64k size-65536(DMA)",
" c84034e8 65536 0 0 0 64k size-65536",
" c8403400 32768 0 0 0 32k size-32768(DMA)",
" c8403318 32768 0 1 1 32k size-32768",
" c8403230 16384 0 0 0 16k size-16384(DMA)",
" c8403148 16384 0 0 0 16k size-16384",
" c8403060 8192 0 0 0 8k size-8192(DMA)",
" c8401ee0 8192 1 2 2 8k size-8192",
" c8401df8 4096 0 0 0 4k size-4096(DMA)",
" c8401d10 4096 30 30 30 4k size-4096",
" c8401c28 2048 0 0 0 4k size-2048(DMA)",
" c8401b40 2048 37 132 66 4k size-2048",
" c8401a58 1024 0 0 0 4k size-1024(DMA)",
" c8401970 1024 301 328 82 4k size-1024",
" c8401888 512 0 0 0 4k size-512(DMA)",
" c84017a0 512 141 168 21 4k size-512",
" c84016b8 256 0 0 0 4k size-256(DMA)",
" c84015d0 256 80 435 29 4k size-256",
" c84014e8 128 0 0 0 4k size-128(DMA)",
" c8401400 128 508 840 28 4k size-128",
" c8401318 64 0 0 0 4k size-64(DMA)",
" c8401230 64 978 1357 23 4k size-64",
" c8401148 32 0 0 0 4k size-32(DMA)",
" c8401060 32 1244 1808 16 4k size-32",
" ",
" Display all slab data in the \"arp_cache\" cache:\n",
" %s> kmem -S arp_cache",
" CACHE OBJSIZE ALLOCATED TOTAL SLABS SSIZE NAME",
" f79c2ee0 128 1 30 1 4k arp_cache",
" SLAB MEMORY TOTAL ALLOCATED FREE",
" f729d000 f729d0a0 30 1 29",
" FREE / [ALLOCATED]",
" f729d0a0 (cpu 7 cache)",
" f729d120 (cpu 7 cache)",
" f729d1a0 (cpu 7 cache)",
" f729d220 (cpu 7 cache)",
" f729d2a0 (cpu 7 cache)",
" f729d320 (cpu 7 cache)",
" f729d3a0 (cpu 7 cache)",
" f729d420 (cpu 7 cache)",
" f729d4a0 (cpu 7 cache)",
" f729d520 (cpu 7 cache)",
" f729d5a0 (cpu 7 cache)",
" f729d620 (cpu 7 cache)",
" f729d6a0 (cpu 7 cache)",
" f729d720 (cpu 7 cache)",
" f729d7a0 (cpu 7 cache)",
" f729d820 (cpu 7 cache)",
" f729d8a0 (cpu 7 cache)",
" f729d920 (cpu 7 cache)",
" f729d9a0 (cpu 7 cache)",
" f729da20 (cpu 7 cache)",
" f729daa0 (cpu 7 cache)",
" f729db20 (cpu 7 cache)",
" f729dba0 (cpu 7 cache)",
" f729dc20 (cpu 7 cache)",
" f729dca0 (cpu 7 cache)",
" f729dd20 (cpu 7 cache)",
" f729dda0 (cpu 7 cache)",
" f729de20 (cpu 7 cache)",
" f729dea0 (cpu 3 cache)",
" [f729df20]",
" ",
" Search the kmalloc() slab subsystem for address c3fbdb60:\n",
" %s> kmem -s c3fbdb60",
" CACHE OBJSIZE ALLOCATED TOTAL SLABS SSIZE NAME",
" c8402970 96 30208 37800 945 4k blkdev_requests",
" SLAB MEMORY TOTAL ALLOCATED FREE",
" c3fbd020 c3fbd0e0 40 40 0",
" FREE / [ALLOCATED]",
" [c3fbdb60]",
" ",
" Make a generic search (no flags) for the same address c3fbdb60:\n",
" %s> kmem c3fbdb60 ",
" CACHE OBJSIZE ALLOCATED TOTAL SLABS SSIZE NAME",
" c8402970 96 30208 37800 945 4k blkdev_requests",
" SLAB MEMORY TOTAL ALLOCATED FREE",
" c3fbd020 c3fbd0e0 40 40 0 ",
" FREE / [ALLOCATED]",
" [c3fbdb60]",
" ",
" PAGE PHYSICAL MAPPING INDEX CNT FLAGS",
" c410ee74 3fbd000 0 0 1 slab",
"\n Display memory node data (if supported):\n",
" %s> kmem -n",
" NODE SIZE PGLIST_DATA BOOTMEM_DATA NODE_ZONES ",
" 0 262095 ffff88003d52a000 ---- ffff88003d52a000",
" ffff88003d52a740",
" ffff88003d52ae80",
" ffff88003d52b5c0",
" MEM_MAP START_PADDR START_MAPNR",
" ffffea0000000040 1000 1 ",
" ",
" ZONE NAME SIZE MEM_MAP START_PADDR START_MAPNR",
" 0 DMA 4095 ffffea0000000040 1000 1",
" 1 DMA32 258000 ffffea0000040000 1000000 4096",
" 2 Normal 0 0 0 0",
" 3 Movable 0 0 0 0",
" ",
" -------------------------------------------------------------------",
" ",
" NR SECTION CODED_MEM_MAP MEM_MAP STATE PFN",
" 0 ffff88003d4d9000 ffffea0000000000 ffffea0000000000 PM 0",
" 1 ffff88003d4d9020 ffffea0000000000 ffffea0000200000 PM 32768",
" 2 ffff88003d4d9040 ffffea0000000000 ffffea0000400000 PM 65536",
" 3 ffff88003d4d9060 ffffea0000000000 ffffea0000600000 PM 98304",
" 4 ffff88003d4d9080 ffffea0000000000 ffffea0000800000 PM 131072",
" 5 ffff88003d4d90a0 ffffea0000000000 ffffea0000a00000 PM 163840",
" 6 ffff88003d4d90c0 ffffea0000000000 ffffea0000c00000 PM 196608",
" 7 ffff88003d4d90e0 ffffea0000000000 ffffea0000e00000 PM 229376",
" ",
" MEM_BLOCK NAME PHYSICAL RANGE STATE START_SECTION_NO",
" ffff88003a707c00 memory0 0 - 7ffffff ONLINE 0",
" ffff88003a6e0000 memory1 8000000 - fffffff ONLINE 1",
" ffff88003a6e1000 memory2 10000000 - 17ffffff ONLINE 2",
" ffff88003a6e1400 memory3 18000000 - 1fffffff ONLINE 3",
" ffff88003a6e1800 memory4 20000000 - 27ffffff ONLINE 4",
" ffff88003a6e0400 memory5 28000000 - 2fffffff ONLINE 5",
" ffff88003a6e0800 memory6 30000000 - 37ffffff ONLINE 6",
" ffff88003a6e0c00 memory7 38000000 - 3fffffff ONLINE 7",
"\n Translate a page structure's flags field contents:\n",
" %s> kmem -g 4080",
" FLAGS: 4080",
" PAGE-FLAG BIT VALUE",
" PG_slab 7 0000080",
" PG_head 14 0004000",
" %s>",
NULL
};
char *help_dis[] = {
"dis",
"disassemble",
"[-rfludxs][-b [num]] [address | symbol | (expression)] [count]",
" This command disassembles source code instructions starting (or ending) at",
" a text address that may be expressed by value, symbol or expression:\n",
" -r (reverse) displays all instructions from the start of the ",
" routine up to and including the designated address.",
" -f (forward) displays all instructions from the given address ",
" to the end of the routine.",
" -l displays source code line number data in addition to the ",
" disassembly output.",
" -u address is a user virtual address in the current context;",
" otherwise the address is assumed to be a kernel virtual address.",
" If this option is used, then -r and -l are ignored.",
" -x override default output format with hexadecimal format.",
" -d override default output format with decimal format.",
" -s displays the filename and line number of the source code that",
" is associated with the specified text location, followed by a",
" source code listing if it is available on the host machine.",
" The line associated with the text location will be marked with",
" an asterisk; depending upon gdb's internal \"listsize\" variable,",
" several lines will precede the marked location. If a \"count\"",
" argument is entered, it specifies the number of source code",
" lines to be displayed after the marked location; otherwise",
" the remaining source code of the containing function will be",
" displayed.",
" -b [num] modify the pre-calculated number of encoded bytes to skip after",
" a kernel BUG (\"ud2a\") instruction; with no argument, displays",
" the current number of bytes being skipped. (x86 and x86_64 only)",
" address starting hexadecimal text address.",
" symbol symbol of starting text address. On ppc64, the symbol",
" preceded by '.' is used.",
" (expression) expression evaluating to a starting text address.",
" count the number of instructions to be disassembled (default is 1).",
" If no count argument is entered, and the starting address",
" is entered as a text symbol, then the whole routine will be",
" disassembled. The count argument is supported when used with",
" the -r and -f options.",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" Disassemble the sys_signal() routine without, and then with, line numbers:\n",
" %s> dis sys_signal",
" 0xc0112c88 <sys_signal>: push \%ebp",
" 0xc0112c89 <sys_signal+1>: mov \%esp,\%ebp",
" 0xc0112c8b <sys_signal+3>: sub $0x28,\%esp",
" 0xc0112c8e <sys_signal+6>: mov 0xc(\%ebp),\%eax",
" 0xc0112c91 <sys_signal+9>: mov \%eax,0xffffffec(\%ebp)",
" 0xc0112c94 <sys_signal+12>: movl $0xc0000000,0xfffffff0(\%ebp)",
" 0xc0112c9b <sys_signal+19>: lea 0xffffffd8(\%ebp),\%eax",
" 0xc0112c9e <sys_signal+22>: push \%eax",
" 0xc0112c9f <sys_signal+23>: lea 0xffffffec(\%ebp),\%eax",
" 0xc0112ca2 <sys_signal+26>: push \%eax",
" 0xc0112ca3 <sys_signal+27>: pushl 0x8(\%ebp)",
" 0xc0112ca6 <sys_signal+30>: call 0xc01124b8 <do_sigaction>",
" 0xc0112cab <sys_signal+35>: test \%eax,\%eax",
" 0xc0112cad <sys_signal+37>: jne 0xc0112cb2 <sys_signal+42>",
" 0xc0112caf <sys_signal+39>: mov 0xffffffd8(\%ebp),\%eax",
" 0xc0112cb2 <sys_signal+42>: leave",
" 0xc0112cb3 <sys_signal+43>: ret",
" ",
" %s> dis -l sys_signal",
" /usr/src/linux-2.2.5/kernel/signal.c: 1074",
" 0xc0112c88 <sys_signal>: push \%ebp",
" 0xc0112c89 <sys_signal+1>: mov \%esp,\%ebp",
" 0xc0112c8b <sys_signal+3>: sub $0x28,\%esp",
" 0xc0112c8e <sys_signal+6>: mov 0xc(\%ebp),\%eax",
" /usr/src/linux-2.2.5/kernel/signal.c: 1078",
" 0xc0112c91 <sys_signal+9>: mov \%eax,0xffffffec(\%ebp)",
" /usr/src/linux-2.2.5/kernel/signal.c: 1079",
" 0xc0112c94 <sys_signal+12>: movl $0xc0000000,0xfffffff0(\%ebp)",
" /usr/src/linux-2.2.5/kernel/signal.c: 1081",
" 0xc0112c9b <sys_signal+19>: lea 0xffffffd8(\%ebp),\%eax",
" 0xc0112c9e <sys_signal+22>: push \%eax",
" 0xc0112c9f <sys_signal+23>: lea 0xffffffec(\%ebp),\%eax",
" 0xc0112ca2 <sys_signal+26>: push \%eax",
" 0xc0112ca3 <sys_signal+27>: pushl 0x8(\%ebp)",
" 0xc0112ca6 <sys_signal+30>: call 0xc01124b8 <do_sigaction>",
" /usr/src/linux-2.2.5/kernel/signal.c: 1083",
" 0xc0112cab <sys_signal+35>: test \%eax,\%eax",
" 0xc0112cad <sys_signal+37>: jne 0xc0112cb2 <sys_signal+42>",
" 0xc0112caf <sys_signal+39>: mov 0xffffffd8(\%ebp),\%eax",
" /usr/src/linux-2.2.5/kernel/signal.c: 1084",
" 0xc0112cb2 <sys_signal+42>: leave",
" 0xc0112cb3 <sys_signal+43>: ret",
" ",
" Given a return address expression of \"do_no_page+65\", find out the ",
" function that do_no_page() calls by using the reverse flag:\n",
" %s> dis -r (do_no_page+65)",
" 0xc011ea68 <do_no_page>: push \%ebp",
" 0xc011ea69 <do_no_page+1>: mov \%esp,\%ebp",
" 0xc011ea6b <do_no_page+3>: push \%edi",
" 0xc011ea6c <do_no_page+4>: push \%esi",
" 0xc011ea6d <do_no_page+5>: push \%ebx",
" 0xc011ea6e <do_no_page+6>: mov 0xc(\%ebp),\%ebx",
" 0xc011ea71 <do_no_page+9>: mov 0x10(\%ebp),\%edx",
" 0xc011ea74 <do_no_page+12>: mov 0x14(\%ebp),\%edi",
" 0xc011ea77 <do_no_page+15>: mov 0x28(\%ebx),\%eax",
" 0xc011ea7a <do_no_page+18>: test \%eax,\%eax",
" 0xc011ea7c <do_no_page+20>: je 0xc011ea85 <do_no_page+29>",
" 0xc011ea7e <do_no_page+22>: mov 0x18(\%eax),\%ecx",
" 0xc011ea81 <do_no_page+25>: test \%ecx,\%ecx",
" 0xc011ea83 <do_no_page+27>: jne 0xc011eab0 <do_no_page+72>",
" 0xc011ea85 <do_no_page+29>: mov $0xffffe000,\%eax",
" 0xc011ea8a <do_no_page+34>: and \%esp,\%eax",
" 0xc011ea8c <do_no_page+36>: decl 0x30(\%eax)",
" 0xc011ea8f <do_no_page+39>: jns 0xc011ea9a <do_no_page+50>",
" 0xc011ea91 <do_no_page+41>: lock btrl $0x0,0xc022fb60",
" 0xc011ea9a <do_no_page+50>: push \%edi",
" 0xc011ea9b <do_no_page+51>: mov 0x18(\%ebp),\%esi",
" 0xc011ea9e <do_no_page+54>: push \%esi",
" 0xc011ea9f <do_no_page+55>: push \%ebx",
" 0xc011eaa0 <do_no_page+56>: mov 0x8(\%ebp),\%esi",
" 0xc011eaa3 <do_no_page+59>: push \%esi",
" 0xc011eaa4 <do_no_page+60>: call 0xc011e9e4 <do_anonymous_page>",
" 0xc011eaa9 <do_no_page+65>: jmp 0xc011eb47 <do_no_page+223>",
" ",
" Disassemble 10 instructions starting at user virtual address 0x81ec624:\n",
" %s> dis -u 81ec624 10",
" 0x81ec624: push \%ebp",
" 0x81ec625: mov \%esp,\%ebp",
" 0x81ec627: sub $0x18,\%esp",
" 0x81ec62a: movl $0x1,0x8(\%ebp)",
" 0x81ec631: mov 0x82f9040,\%eax",
" 0x81ec636: mov 0x10(\%eax),\%edx",
" 0x81ec639: and $0x100,\%edx",
" 0x81ec63f: mov 0x14(\%eax),\%ecx",
" 0x81ec642: and $0x0,\%ecx",
" 0x81ec645: mov \%ecx,\%eax",
" ",
" Override the current decimal output radix format:\n",
" %s> dis sys_read 10 -x",
" 0xffffffff8001178f <sys_read>: push %r13",
" 0xffffffff80011791 <sys_read+0x2>: mov %rsi,%r13",
" 0xffffffff80011794 <sys_read+0x5>: push %r12",
" 0xffffffff80011796 <sys_read+0x7>: mov $0xfffffffffffffff7,%r12",
" 0xffffffff8001179d <sys_read+0xe>: push %rbp",
" 0xffffffff8001179e <sys_read+0xf>: mov %rdx,%rbp",
" 0xffffffff800117a1 <sys_read+0x12>: push %rbx",
" 0xffffffff800117a2 <sys_read+0x13>: sub $0x18,%rsp",
" 0xffffffff800117a6 <sys_read+0x17>: lea 0x14(%rsp),%rsi",
" 0xffffffff800117ab <sys_read+0x1c>: callq 0xffffffff8000b5b4 <fget_light>",
" ",
" Disassemble from vfs_read+320 until the end of the function:\n",
" %s> dis -f vfs_read+320",
" 0xffffffff8119d4e0 <vfs_read+320>: cmpq $0x0,0x20(%rax)",
" 0xffffffff8119d4e5 <vfs_read+325>: jne 0xffffffff8119d3e8 <vfs_read+72>",
" 0xffffffff8119d4eb <vfs_read+331>: mov $0xffffffffffffffea,%r12",
" 0xffffffff8119d4f2 <vfs_read+338>: jmp 0xffffffff8119d4c3 <vfs_read+291>",
" 0xffffffff8119d4f4 <vfs_read+340>: nopl 0x0(%rax)",
" 0xffffffff8119d4f8 <vfs_read+344>: callq 0xffffffff8119cc40 <do_sync_read>",
" 0xffffffff8119d4fd <vfs_read+349>: mov %rax,%r12",
" 0xffffffff8119d500 <vfs_read+352>: jmpq 0xffffffff8119d44c <vfs_read+172>",
" 0xffffffff8119d505 <vfs_read+357>: nopl (%rax)",
" 0xffffffff8119d508 <vfs_read+360>: mov $0xfffffffffffffff7,%r12",
" 0xffffffff8119d50f <vfs_read+367>: jmp 0xffffffff8119d4c3 <vfs_read+291>",
" 0xffffffff8119d511 <vfs_read+369>: mov $0xfffffffffffffff2,%r12",
" 0xffffffff8119d518 <vfs_read+376>: jmp 0xffffffff8119d4c3 <vfs_read+291>",
" 0xffffffff8119d51a <vfs_read+378>: nopw 0x0(%rax,%rax,1)",
" ",
" Display the source code listing of the mmput() function:\n",
" %s> dis -s mmput",
" FILE: kernel/fork.c",
" LINE: 617",
" ",
" 612 ",
" 613 /*",
" 614 * Decrement the use count and release all resources for an mm.",
" 615 */",
" 616 void mmput(struct mm_struct *mm)",
" * 617 {",
" 618 might_sleep();",
" 619 ",
" 620 if (atomic_dec_and_test(&mm->mm_users)) {",
" 621 uprobe_clear_state(mm);",
" 622 exit_aio(mm);",
" 623 ksm_exit(mm);",
" 624 khugepaged_exit(mm); /* must run before exit_mmap */",
" 625 exit_mmap(mm);",
" 626 set_mm_exe_file(mm, NULL);",
" 627 if (!list_empty(&mm->mmlist)) {",
" 628 spin_lock(&mmlist_lock);",
" 629 list_del(&mm->mmlist);",
" 630 spin_unlock(&mmlist_lock);",
" 631 }",
" 632 if (mm->binfmt)",
" 633 module_put(mm->binfmt->module);",
" 634 mmdrop(mm);",
" 635 }",
" 636 }",
" ",
" The disassembly of dentry_kill() shows an indirect call to a function",
" whose address is contained within a register. Display the source code",
" associated with the indirect function call:\n",
" %s> dis dentry_kill",
" ...",
" 0xffffffff811dcfb4 <dentry_kill+324>: callq *%rax",
" ...",
" %s> dis -s 0xffffffff811dcfb4",
" FILE: fs/dcache.c",
" LINE: 276",
" ",
" 271 spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);",
" 272 spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);",
" 273 if (!inode->i_nlink)",
" 274 fsnotify_inoderemove(inode);",
" 275 if (dentry->d_op && dentry->d_op->d_iput)",
" * 276 dentry->d_op->d_iput(dentry, inode);",
" 277 else",
" 278 iput(inode);",
" 279 } else {",
" 280 spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);",
" 281 }",
" 282 }",
" ",
NULL
};
char *help_eval[] = {
"eval",
"evaluate",
"[-b][-l] (expression) | value",
" This command evaluates an expression or numeric value, and displays its",
" result in hexadecimal, decimal, octal and binary. If the resultant value",
" is an integral number of gigabytes, megabytes, or kilobytes, a short-hand",
" translation of the number will also be shown next to the hexadecimal",
" value. If the most significant bit is set, the decimal display will show",
" both unsigned and signed (negative) values. Expressions must of the format",
" (x operator y), where \"x\" and \"y\" may be either numeric values or",
" symbols. The list of operators are:\n",
" + - & | ^ * \% / << >>\n",
" Enclosing the expression within parentheses is optional except when the",
" \"|\", \"<<\" or \">>\" operators are used. The single \"value\" argument may",
" be a number or symbol. Number arguments must be hexadecimal or decimal.",
" A leading \"0x\" identifies a number as hexadecimal, but is not required",
" when obvious. Numbers may be followed by the letters \"k\" or \"K\", \"m\"",
" or \"M\", and \"g\" or \"G\", which multiplies the value by a factor of 1024,",
" 1 megabyte or 1 gigabyte, respectively. Numeric arguments may be preceded",
" by the one's complement operator ~.",
" ",
" -b Indicate which bit positions in the resultant value are set.",
" -l Numeric arguments are presumed to be 64-bit values, and the result",
" will be expressed as a 64-bit value. (ignored on 64-bit processors)",
" However, if either operand or the resultant value are 64-bit values,",
" then the result will be also be expressed as a 64-bit value.",
" ",
" The -b and -l options must precede the expression or value arguments.",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" %s> eval 128m",
" hexadecimal: 8000000 (128MB)",
" decimal: 134217728 ",
" octal: 1000000000",
" binary: 00001000000000000000000000000000",
" ",
" %s> eval 128 * 1m",
" hexadecimal: 8000000 (128MB)",
" decimal: 134217728 ",
" octal: 1000000000",
" binary: 00001000000000000000000000000000",
" ",
" %s> eval (1 << 27)",
" hexadecimal: 8000000 (128MB)",
" decimal: 134217728 ",
" octal: 1000000000",
" binary: 00001000000000000000000000000000",
" ",
" %s> eval (1 << 32)",
" hexadecimal: 100000000 (4GB)",
" decimal: 4294967296",
" octal: 40000000000",
" binary: 0000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000",
" ",
" %s> eval -b 41dc065",
" hexadecimal: 41dc065",
" decimal: 69058661 ",
" octal: 407340145",
" binary: 00000100000111011100000001100101",
" bits set: 26 20 19 18 16 15 14 6 5 2 0 ",
" ",
" %s> eval -lb 64g",
" hexadecimal: 1000000000 (64GB)",
" decimal: 68719476736",
" octal: 1000000000000",
" binary: 0000000000000000000000000001000000000000000000000000000000000000",
" bits set: 36",
NULL
};
char *help_sym[] = {
"sym",
"translate a symbol to its virtual address, or vice-versa ",
"[-l] | [-M] | [-m module] | [-p|-n] | [-q string] | [symbol | vaddr]",
" This command translates a symbol to its virtual address, or a static ",
" kernel virtual address to its symbol -- or to a symbol-plus-offset value,",
" if appropriate. Additionally, the symbol type is shown in parentheses, ",
" and if the symbol is a known text value, the file and line number are shown.\n",
" -l dumps all symbols and their values.",
" -M dumps the current set of module symbols.",
" -m module dumps the current set of symbols for a specified module.",
" -p display the target symbol and the previous symbol.",
" -n display the target symbol and the next symbol.",
" -q string searches for all symbols containing \"string\".",
" symbol a kernel text or data symbol.",
" vaddr a kernel virtual address.",
" ",
" If the \"symbol\", \"vaddr\" or \"string\" argument resolves to a module",
" symbol, then the module name will be displayed in brackets following the",
" symbol value.",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" Translate data symbol jiffies to its value, and vice-versa:\n",
" %s> sym jiffies",
" c0213ae0 (D) jiffies\n",
" %s> sym c0213ae0",
" c0213ae0 (D) jiffies\n",
" Translate a text address to its symbolic value and source file:\n",
" %s> sym c0109944",
" c0109944 (T) system_call+0x34 ../linux-2.2.5/arch/i386/kernel/signal.c: 723\n",
" Dump the whole symbol table:\n",
" %s> sym -l",
" c0100000 (T) _stext",
" c0100000 (A) _text",
" c0100000 (t) startup_32",
" c0100000 (T) stext",
" c01000a4 (t) checkCPUtype",
" c0100139 (t) is486",
" c0100148 (t) is386",
" c01001b1 (t) L6",
" c01001b3 (t) ready",
" c01001b4 (t) check_x87",
" c01001da (t) setup_idt",
" c01001f7 (t) rp_sidt",
" c0100204 (T) stack_start",
" c010020c (t) int_msg",
" c0100220 (t) ignore_int",
" c0100242 (t) idt_descr",
" c0100244 (T) idt",
" c010024a (t) gdt_descr",
" c010024c (T) gdt",
" c0101000 (T) swapper_pg_dir",
" c0102000 (T) pg0",
" c0103000 (T) empty_bad_page",
" c0104000 (T) empty_bad_page_table",
" c0105000 (T) empty_zero_page",
" ...\n",
" Find all symbols containing the string \"pipe\":\n",
" %s> sym -q pipe",
" c010ec60 (T) sys_pipe ",
" c012f660 (t) pipe_read ",
" c012f7b8 (t) pipe_write ",
" c012f9c0 (t) pipe_lseek ",
" c012f9d0 (t) bad_pipe_r ",
" c012f9dc (t) bad_pipe_w ",
" c012f9e8 (t) pipe_ioctl ",
" c012fa18 (t) pipe_poll ",
" c012fb00 (t) pipe_release ",
" c012fb48 (t) pipe_read_release ",
" c012fb5c (t) pipe_write_release ",
" c012fb70 (t) pipe_rdwr_release ",
" c012fba0 (t) pipe_read_open ",
" c012fbb0 (t) pipe_write_open ",
" c012fbc0 (t) pipe_rdwr_open ",
" c012fbec (t) get_pipe_inode ",
" c012fcc4 (T) do_pipe ",
" c023a920 (D) read_pipe_fops ",
" c023a960 (D) write_pipe_fops ",
" c023a9a0 (D) rdwr_pipe_fops ",
" c023a9e0 (D) pipe_inode_operations ",
"\n Dump the symbols of the uart401 module, both before, and then after,",
" the complete set of symbols are loaded with the \"mod -s\" command:\n",
" %s> sym -m uart401",
" c8032000 MODULE START: uart401",
" c8032138 (?) uart401intr ",
" c803235c (?) attach_uart401 ",
" c8032638 (?) probe_uart401 ",
" c80326d4 (?) unload_uart401 ",
" c8033770 MODULE END: uart401",
" %s> mod -s uart401",
" MODULE NAME SIZE OBJECT FILE",
" c8032000 uart401 6000 /lib/modules/2.2.14/misc/uart401.o",
" %s> sym -m uart401",
" c8032000 MODULE START: uart401",
" c8032050 (t) my_notifier_call ",
" c8032084 (t) uart401_status ",
" c8032098 (t) uart401_cmd ",
" c80320a8 (t) uart401_read ",
" c80320bc (t) uart401_write ",
" c80320cc (t) uart401_input_loop ",
" c8032138 (T) uart401intr ",
" c8032168 (t) uart401_open ",
" c80321c8 (t) uart401_close ",
" c80321f4 (t) uart401_out ",
" c80322ac (t) uart401_start_read ",
" c80322b4 (t) uart401_end_read ",
" c80322bc (t) uart401_kick ",
" c80322c4 (t) uart401_buffer_status ",
" c80322cc (t) enter_uart_mode ",
" c803235c (T) attach_uart401 ",
" c803259c (t) reset_uart401 ",
" c8032638 (T) probe_uart401 ",
" c80326d4 (T) unload_uart401 ",
" c8032760 (T) init_module",
" c80327cc (T) cleanup_module ",
" c8032b00 (d) sound_notifier ",
" c8032b0c (d) detected_devc ",
" c8032b20 (d) std_synth_info ",
" c8032bc0 (d) std_midi_synth ",
" c8033600 (d) uart401_operations ",
" c80336c4 (D) io ",
" c80336c8 (D) irq ",
" c80336e0 (b) hw_info.508 ",
" c8033770 MODULE END: uart401",
"\n Display the value of jiffies, along with the next and previous symbols:\n",
" %s> sym -np jiffies",
" c023027c (D) prof_shift",
" c0230280 (D) jiffies ",
" c02302a0 (D) task",
"\n Translate a symbol value to its name and module:\n",
" crash> sym f88878d1",
" f88878d1 (t) ext3_readdir [ext3]",
" crash>",
NULL
};
char *help_files[] = {
"files",
"open files",
"[-d dentry] | [-p inode] | [-c] [-R reference] [pid | taskp] ... ",
" This command displays information about open files of a context.",
" It prints the context's current root directory and current working",
" directory, and then for each open file descriptor it prints a pointer",
" to its file struct, a pointer to its dentry struct, a pointer to the",
" inode, the file type, and the pathname. If no arguments are entered,",
" the current context is used. The -R option, typically invoked from",
" \"foreach files\", searches for references to a supplied number, address,",
" or filename argument, and prints only the essential information leading",
" up to and including the reference. The -d option is not context",
" specific, and only shows the data requested.\n",
" -d dentry given a hexadecimal dentry address, display its inode,",
" super block, file type, and full pathname.",
" -p inode given a hexadecimal inode address, dump all of its pages",
" that are in the page cache.",
" -c for each open file descriptor, prints a pointer to its",
" inode, a pointer to the inode's i_mapping address_space",
" structure, the number of pages of the inode that are in",
" the page cache, the file type, and the pathname.",
" -R reference search for references to this file descriptor number,",
" filename, dentry, inode, address_space, or file structure",
" address.",
" pid a process PID.",
" taskp a hexadecimal task_struct pointer.",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" Display the open files of the current context:\n",
" %s> files",
" PID: 720 TASK: c67f2000 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"innd\"",
" ROOT: / CWD: /var/spool/news/articles",
" FD FILE DENTRY INODE TYPE PATH",
" 0 c6b9c740 c7cc45a0 c7c939e0 CHR /dev/null",
" 1 c6b9c800 c537bb20 c54d0000 REG /var/log/news/news",
" 2 c6df9600 c537b420 c5c36360 REG /var/log/news/errlog",
" 3 c74182c0 c6ede260 c6da3d40 PIPE",
" 4 c6df9720 c696c620 c69398c0 SOCK",
" 5 c6b9cc20 c68e7000 c6938d80 SOCK",
" 6 c6b9c920 c7cc45a0 c7c939e0 CHR /dev/null",
" 7 c6b9c680 c58fa5c0 c58a1200 REG /var/lib/news/history",
" 8 c6df9f00 c6ede760 c6da3200 PIPE",
" 9 c6b9c6e0 c58fa140 c5929560 REG /var/lib/news/history.dir",
" 10 c7fa9320 c7fab160 c7fafd40 CHR /dev/console",
" 11 c6b9c7a0 c58fa5c0 c58a1200 REG /var/lib/news/history",
" 12 c377ec60 c58fa5c0 c58a1200 REG /var/lib/news/history",
" 13 c4528aa0 c58fa6c0 c52fbb00 REG /var/lib/news/history.pag",
" 14 c6df9420 c68e7700 c6938360 SOCK",
" 15 c6df9360 c68e7780 c6938120 SOCK",
" 16 c6b9c0e0 c68e7800 c6772000 SOCK",
" 17 c6b9c200 c6b5f9c0 c6b5cea0 REG /var/lib/news/active",
" 21 c6b9c080 c6ede760 c6da3200 PIPE",
" ",
" Display the files opened by the \"crond\" daemon, which is PID 462:\n",
" %s> files 462",
" PID: 462 TASK: f7220000 CPU: 2 COMMAND: \"crond\"",
" ROOT: / CWD: /var/spool",
" FD FILE DENTRY INODE TYPE PATH",
" 0 f7534ae0 f7538de0 f7518dc0 CHR /dev/console",
" 1 f7368f80 f72c7a40 f72f27e0 FIFO pipe:/[1456]",
" 2 f74f3c80 f72c79c0 f72f2600 FIFO pipe:/[1457]",
" 3 f7368b60 f72a5be0 f74300c0 REG /var/run/crond.pid",
" 4 f7534360 f73408c0 f72c2840 REG /var/log/cron",
" 7 f7368ce0 f72c7940 f72f2420 FIFO pipe:/[1458]",
" 8 f7295de0 f72c7940 f72f2420 FIFO pipe:/[1458]",
" 21 f74f36e0 f747cdc0 f747e840 CHR /dev/null",
" ",
" The -R option is typically invoked from \"foreach files\". This example",
" shows all tasks that have \"/dev/pts/4\" open:\n",
" %s> foreach files -R pts/4",
" PID: 18633 TASK: c310a000 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"crash\"",
" ROOT: / CWD: /home/CVS_pool/crash ",
" FD FILE DENTRY INODE TYPE PATH",
" 0 c1412850 c2cb96d0 c2cad430 CHR /dev/pts/4",
" 1 c1412850 c2cb96d0 c2cad430 CHR /dev/pts/4",
" 2 c1412850 c2cb96d0 c2cad430 CHR /dev/pts/4",
" ",
" PID: 18664 TASK: c2392000 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"less\"",
" ROOT: / CWD: /home/CVS_pool/crash ",
" FD FILE DENTRY INODE TYPE PATH",
" 1 c1412850 c2cb96d0 c2cad430 CHR /dev/pts/4",
" 2 c1412850 c2cb96d0 c2cad430 CHR /dev/pts/4",
" ",
" PID: 23162 TASK: c5088000 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"bash\"",
" ROOT: / CWD: /home/CVS_pool/crash ",
" FD FILE DENTRY INODE TYPE PATH",
" 0 c1412850 c2cb96d0 c2cad430 CHR /dev/pts/4",
" 1 c1412850 c2cb96d0 c2cad430 CHR /dev/pts/4",
" 2 c1412850 c2cb96d0 c2cad430 CHR /dev/pts/4",
" 255 c1412850 c2cb96d0 c2cad430 CHR /dev/pts/4",
" ",
" PID: 23159 TASK: c10fc000 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"xterm\"",
" ROOT: / CWD: /homes/anderson/ ",
" FD FILE DENTRY INODE TYPE PATH",
" 5 c1560da0 c2cb96d0 c2cad430 CHR /dev/pts/4",
" ",
" Display information about the dentry at address f745fd60:\n",
" %s> files -d f745fd60",
" DENTRY INODE SUPERBLK TYPE PATH",
" f745fd60 f7284640 f73a3e00 REG /var/spool/lpd/lpd.lock",
" ",
" For each open file, display the number of pages that are in the page cache:\n",
" %s> files -c 1954",
" PID: 1954 TASK: f7a28000 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"syslogd\"",
" ROOT: / CWD: /",
" FD INODE I_MAPPING NRPAGES TYPE PATH",
" 0 cb3ae868 cb3ae910 0 SOCK socket:/[4690]",
" 2 f2721c5c f2721d04 461 REG /var/log/messages",
" 3 cbda4884 cbda492c 47 REG /var/log/secure",
" 4 e48092c0 e4809368 58 REG /var/log/maillog",
" 5 f65192c0 f6519368 48 REG /var/log/cron",
" 6 e4809e48 e4809ef0 0 REG /var/log/spooler",
" 7 d9c43884 d9c4392c 0 REG /var/log/boot.log",
" ",
" For the inode at address f59b90fc, display all of its pages that are in",
" the page cache:\n",
" %s> files -p f59b90fc",
" INODE NRPAGES",
" f59b90fc 6",
" ",
" PAGE PHYSICAL MAPPING INDEX CNT FLAGS",
" ca3353e0 39a9f000 f59b91ac 0 2 82c referenced,uptodate,lru,private",
" ca22cb20 31659000 f59b91ac 1 2 82c referenced,uptodate,lru,private",
" ca220160 3100b000 f59b91ac 2 2 82c referenced,uptodate,lru,private",
" ca1ddde0 2eeef000 f59b91ac 3 2 82c referenced,uptodate,lru,private",
" ca36b300 3b598000 f59b91ac 4 2 82c referenced,uptodate,lru,private",
" ca202680 30134000 f59b91ac 5 2 82c referenced,uptodate,lru,private",
" ",
NULL
};
char *help_fuser[] = {
"fuser",
"file users",
"[pathname | inode]",
" This command displays the tasks using specified files or sockets.",
" Tasks will be listed that reference the file as the current working",
" directory, root directory, an open file descriptor, or that mmap the",
" file. If the file is held open in the kernel by the lockd server on",
" behalf of a client discretionary file lock, the client hostname is",
" listed.\n",
" pathname the full pathname of the file.",
" inode the hexadecimal inode address for the file.",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" Display the tasks using file /usr/lib/libkfm.so.2.0.0\n",
" %s> fuser /usr/lib/libkfm.so.2.0.0",
" PID TASK COMM USAGE",
" 779 c5e82000 \"kwm\" mmap",
" 808 c5a8e000 \"krootwm\" mmap",
" 806 c5b42000 \"kfm\" mmap",
" 809 c5dde000 \"kpanel\" mmap",
NULL
};
char *help_net[] = {
"net",
"network command",
"[[-s | -S] [-xd] [-R ref] [pid | task]] [-a] [ -n [pid | task]] [-N addr]",
" Displays various network related data.\n",
" If no arguments are entered, the list of network devices, names and IP",
" addresses are displayed. For kernels supporting namespaces, the -n option",
" may be used to display the list of network devices with respect to the",
" network namespace of a current context or a task specified by pid or task:\n",
" -n the namespace of the current context.",
" -n pid a process PID.",
" -n task a hexadecimal task_struct pointer.\n",
" The -s and -S options display data with respect to the current context, but",
" may be appended with an argument to show the socket data with respect",
" to a specified task:",
" ",
" -s display open network socket/sock addresses, their family and type,",
" and for INET and INET6 families, their source and destination",
" addresses and ports.",
" -s pid same as above, for task with process PID pid.",
" -s task same as above, for task with hexadecimal task_struct pointer task.\n",
" -S displays open network socket/sock addresses followed by a dump",
" of both data structures.",
" -S pid same as above, with respect to process PID.",
" -S task same as above, with respect to hexadecimal task_struct pointer.",
" ",
" The -R option, typically invoked from \"foreach net\", and in conjunction",
" with the -s or -S options, searches for references to a socket address,",
" sock address, or a file descriptor; if found, only the referenced fd, socket",
" or sock data will be displayed:\n",
" -R ref socket or sock address, or file descriptor.",
" ",
" Other options:\n",
" -a display the ARP cache.",
" -N addr translates an IPv4 address expressed as a decimal or hexadecimal",
" value into a standard numbers-and-dots notation.",
" -x override default output format with hexadecimal format.",
" -d override default output format with decimal format.",
"\nEXAMPLES",
" Display the system's network device list:",
"\n %s> net",
" NET_DEVICE NAME IP ADDRESS(ES)",
" ffff8803741c0000 lo 127.0.0.1",
" fff88037059c0000 eth0 10.226.229.141",
" ffff8803705c0000 eth1 10.226.228.250",
" ffff880374ad6000 usb0 169.254.95.120",
" ",
" Display the network device list with respect to the network namespace",
" of PID 2618:",
"\n %s> net -n 2618",
" NET_DEVICE NAME IP ADDRESS(ES)",
" ffff880456ee7020 lo 127.0.0.1",
" ffff8804516a1020 eth0 10.1.9.223",
" ",
" Dump the ARP cache:\n",
" %s> net -a",
" NEIGHBOUR IP ADDRESS HW TYPE HW ADDRESS DEVICE STATE",
" f38d1b00 10.16.64.14 ETHER 00:16:3e:4b:a5:4a eth1 STALE",
" f38d1080 0.0.0.0 UNKNOWN 00 00 00 00 00 00 lo NOARP",
" f38d1bc0 10.16.71.254 ETHER 00:00:0c:07:ac:00 eth1 REACHABLE",
" f38d1200 10.16.64.21 ETHER 00:16:3e:51:d8:09 eth1 REACHABLE",
" ",
" Display the sockets for PID 2517, using both -s and -S output formats:\n",
" %s> net -s 2517",
" PID: 2517 TASK: c1598000 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"rlogin\"",
" FD SOCKET SOCK FAMILY:TYPE SOURCE-PORT DESTINATION-PORT",
" 3 c57375dc c1ff1850 INET:STREAM 10.1.8.20-1023 10.1.16.62-513",
" ",
" %s> net -S 2517",
" PID: 2517 TASK: c1598000 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"rlogin\"",
" FD SOCKET SOCK",
" 3 c57375dc c1ff1850",
" ",
" struct socket {",
" state = SS_CONNECTED,",
" flags = 131072,",
" ops = 0xc023f820,",
" inode = 0xc5737540,",
" fasync_list = 0x0,",
" file = 0xc58892b0,",
" sk = 0xc1ff1850,",
" wait = 0xc14d9ed4,",
" type = 1,",
" passcred = 0 '\\000',",
" tli = 0 '\\000'",
" }",
" struct sock {",
" sklist_next = 0xc1ff12f0,",
" sklist_prev = 0xc216bc00,",
" bind_next = 0x0,",
" bind_pprev = 0xc0918448,",
" daddr = 1041236234,",
" rcv_saddr = 336068874,",
" dport = 258,",
" num = 1023,",
" bound_dev_if = 0,",
" next = 0x0,",
" pprev = 0xc0286dd4,",
" state = 1 '\\001',",
" zapped = 0 '\\000',",
" sport = 65283,",
" family = 2,",
" reuse = 0 '\\000',",
" ...",
" "
" Translate the rcv_saddr from above into dotted-decimal notation:\n",
" %s> net -N 1041236234",
" 10.1.16.62",
" ",
" From \"foreach\", find all tasks with references to socket c08ea3cc:\n",
" %s> foreach net -s -R c08ea3cc",
" PID: 2184 TASK: c7026000 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"klines.kss\"",
" FD SOCKET SOCK FAMILY:TYPE SOURCE-PORT DESTINATION-PORT",
" 5 c08ea3cc c50d3c80 INET:STREAM 0.0.0.0-1026 0.0.0.0-0",
" ",
" PID: 2200 TASK: c670a000 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"kpanel\"",
" FD SOCKET SOCK FAMILY:TYPE SOURCE-PORT DESTINATION-PORT",
" 5 c08ea3cc c50d3c80 INET:STREAM 0.0.0.0-1026 0.0.0.0-0",
" ",
" PID: 2201 TASK: c648a000 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"kbgndwm\"",
" FD SOCKET SOCK FAMILY:TYPE SOURCE-PORT DESTINATION-PORT",
" 5 c08ea3cc c50d3c80 INET:STREAM 0.0.0.0-1026 0.0.0.0-0",
" ",
" PID: 19294 TASK: c250a000 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"prefdm\"",
" FD SOCKET SOCK FAMILY:TYPE SOURCE-PORT DESTINATION-PORT",
" 5 c08ea3cc c50d3c80 INET:STREAM 0.0.0.0-1026 0.0.0.0-0",
" ",
" PID: 2194 TASK: c62dc000 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"kaudioserver\"",
" FD SOCKET SOCK FAMILY:TYPE SOURCE-PORT DESTINATION-PORT",
" 5 c08ea3cc c50d3c80 INET:STREAM 0.0.0.0-1026 0.0.0.0-0",
" ",
" PID: 2195 TASK: c6684000 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"maudio\"",
" FD SOCKET SOCK FAMILY:TYPE SOURCE-PORT DESTINATION-PORT",
" 5 c08ea3cc c50d3c80 INET:STREAM 0.0.0.0-1026 0.0.0.0-0",
" ",
" PID: 2196 TASK: c6b58000 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"kwmsound\"",
" FD SOCKET SOCK FAMILY:TYPE SOURCE-PORT DESTINATION-PORT",
" 5 c08ea3cc c50d3c80 INET:STREAM 0.0.0.0-1026 0.0.0.0-0",
" ",
" PID: 2197 TASK: c6696000 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"kfm\"",
" FD SOCKET SOCK FAMILY:TYPE SOURCE-PORT DESTINATION-PORT",
" 5 c08ea3cc c50d3c80 INET:STREAM 0.0.0.0-1026 0.0.0.0-0",
" ",
" PID: 2199 TASK: c65ec000 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"krootwm\"",
" FD SOCKET SOCK FAMILY:TYPE SOURCE-PORT DESTINATION-PORT",
" 5 c08ea3cc c50d3c80 INET:STREAM 0.0.0.0-1026 0.0.0.0-0",
" ",
" PID: 694 TASK: c1942000 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"prefdm\"",
" FD SOCKET SOCK FAMILY:TYPE SOURCE-PORT DESTINATION-PORT",
" 5 c08ea3cc c50d3c80 INET:STREAM 0.0.0.0-1026 0.0.0.0-0",
" ",
" PID: 698 TASK: c6a2c000 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"X\"",
" FD SOCKET SOCK FAMILY:TYPE SOURCE-PORT DESTINATION-PORT",
" 5 c08ea3cc c50d3c80 INET:STREAM 0.0.0.0-1026 0.0.0.0-0",
" ",
" PID: 2159 TASK: c4a5a000 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"kwm\"",
" FD SOCKET SOCK FAMILY:TYPE SOURCE-PORT DESTINATION-PORT",
" 5 c08ea3cc c50d3c80 INET:STREAM 0.0.0.0-1026 0.0.0.0-0",
" ",
NULL
};
char *help_waitq[] = {
"waitq",
"list tasks queued on a wait queue",
" [ symbol ] | [ struct.member struct_addr ] | [ address ]",
" This command walks the wait queue list displaying the tasks which ",
" are blocked on the specified wait queue. The command differentiates",
" between the old- and new-style wait queue structures used by the kernel.",
" It can be invoked with the following argument types:",
" ",
" symbol a global symbol of a wait queue.",
" struct.member struct_addr a structure name and wait queue member combination",
" followed by the structure's hexadecimal address.",
" address a hexadecimal wait queue pointer.",
"\nEXAMPLES\n",
" Find out if any tasks are blocked on the \"buffer_wait\" wait queue:\n",
" %s> waitq buffer_wait",
" wait queue \"buffer_wait\" (c02927f0) is empty",
" ",
" See who is blocked on the \"wait_chldexit\" queue of task c5496000:\n",
" %s> waitq task_struct.wait_chldexit c5496000",
" PID: 30879 TASK: c5496000 CPU: 0 COMMAND: \"bash\"",
" ",
" Display the task list waiting on a known task queue:\n",
" %s> waitq c3534098",
" PID: 13691 TASK: c3534000 CPU: 1 COMMAND: \"bash\"",
NULL
};
/*
* Find out what the help request is looking for, accepting aliases as well,
* and print the relevant strings from the appropriate help table.
*/
void
cmd_usage(char *cmd, int helpflag)
{
char **p, *scroll_command;
struct command_table_entry *cp;
char buf[BUFSIZE];
FILE *scroll;
int i;
if (helpflag & PIPE_TO_SCROLL) {
if ((scroll_command = setup_scroll_command()) &&
(scroll = popen(scroll_command, "w")))
fp = scroll;
else
scroll = NULL;
} else {
scroll_command = NULL;
scroll = NULL;
}
if (STREQ(cmd, "copying")) {
display_copying_info();
goto done_usage;
}
if (STREQ(cmd, "warranty")) {
display_warranty_info();
goto done_usage;
}
if (STREQ(cmd, "input")) {
display_input_info();
goto done_usage;
}
if (STREQ(cmd, "output")) {
display_output_info();
goto done_usage;
}
if (STREQ(cmd, "all")) {
display_input_info();
display_output_info();
help_init();
for (i = 0; i < pc->ncmds; i++)
cmd_usage(pc->cmdlist[i], COMPLETE_HELP);
display_warranty_info();
display_copying_info();
goto done_usage;
}
if (STREQ(cmd, "commands")) {
display_commands();
goto done_usage;
}
if (STREQ(cmd, "README")) {
display_README();
goto done_usage;
}
/* look up command, possibly through an alias */
for (;;) {
struct alias_data *ad;
cp = get_command_table_entry(cmd);
if (cp != NULL)
break; /* found command */
/* try for an alias */
ad = is_alias(cmd);
if (ad == NULL)
break; /* neither command nor alias */
cmd = ad->args[0];
cp = get_command_table_entry(cmd);
}
if (cp == NULL || (p = cp->help_data) == NULL) {
if (helpflag & SYNOPSIS) {
fprintf(fp,
"No usage data for the \"%s\" command"
" is available.\n",
cmd);
RESTART();
}
if (helpflag & MUST_HELP) {
if (cp || !(pc->flags & GDB_INIT))
fprintf(fp,
"No help data for the \"%s\" command"
" is available.\n",
cmd);
else if (!gdb_pass_through(concat_args(buf, 0, FALSE),
NULL, GNU_RETURN_ON_ERROR))
fprintf(fp,
"No help data for \"%s\" is available.\n",
cmd);
}
goto done_usage;
}
p++;
if (helpflag & SYNOPSIS) {
p++;
fprintf(fp, "Usage:\n %s ", cmd);
fprintf(fp, *p, pc->program_name, pc->program_name);
fprintf(fp, "\nEnter \"help %s\" for details.\n", cmd);
RESTART();
}
fprintf(fp, "\nNAME\n %s - ", cmd);
fprintf(fp, *p, pc->program_name);
fprintf(fp, "\n\nSYNOPSIS\n");
p++;
fprintf(fp, " %s ", cmd);
fprintf(fp, *p, pc->program_name);
fprintf(fp,"\n\nDESCRIPTION\n");
p++;
do {
if (strstr(*p, "%") && !strstr(*p, "%s"))
print_verbatim(fp, *p);
else
fprintf(fp, *p, pc->program_name, pc->program_name);
fprintf(fp, "\n");
p++;
} while (*p);
fprintf(fp, "\n");
done_usage:
if (scroll) {
fflush(scroll);
pclose(scroll);
}
if (scroll_command)
FREEBUF(scroll_command);
}
static
char *input_info[] = {
"Interactive %s commands are gathered using the GNU readline library,",
"which implements a command line history mechanism, and a command line editing",
"mode.\n",
"The command line history consists of a numbered list of previously run ",
"commands, which can be viewed by entering \"h\" at any time. A previously",
"run command can be re-executed in a number of manners:",
" ",
" 1. To re-execute the last command, enter \"r\" alone, or \"!!\".",
" 2. Enter \"r\" followed by the number identifying the desired command.",
" 3. Enter \"r\" followed by a uniquely-identifying set of characters from",
" the beginning of the desired command string.",
" 4. Enter \"!\" followed by the number identifying the desired command,",
" providing that the number is not a command name in the user's PATH.",
" 5. Recycle back through the command history list by hitting the up-arrow",
" key until the desired command is re-displayed, and then hit <ENTER>.",
" If you go too far back, hit the down-arrow key.",
" ",
"The command line editing mode can be set to emulate either vi or emacs.",
"The mode can be set in the following manners, listed in increasing order of",
"precedence:",
" ",
" 1. The setting of the EDITOR environment variable.",
" 2. An entry in either in a .%src file, which can be located either",
" in the current directory or in your home directory. The entry must",
" be of the form \"set vi\" or \"set emacs\".",
" 3. By use of the %s \"-e\" command line option, as in \"-e vi\" or \"-e emacs\".",
" ",
"To edit a previously entered command:",
" ",
" 1. Recycle back through the command history list until the desired command",
" is re-displayed.",
" 2. Edit the line using vi or emacs editing commands, as appropriate. ",
" 3. Hit <ENTER>.",
" ",
"It should be noted that command line re-cycling may be accomplished by using",
"the CTRL-p and CTRL-n keys instead of the up- and down-arrow keys; in vi mode",
"you can enter <ESC>, then \"k\" to cycle back, or \"j\" to cycle forward.",
" ",
"A set of %s commands may be entered into a regular file that can be used as",
"input, using standard command line syntax:\n",
" %s> < inputfile\n",
"An input file may be also be run from the %s command line using the -i ",
"option:\n",
" $ %s -i inputfile",
"",
"Alternatively, an input file containing command arguments may be created.",
"The arguments in the input file will be passed to the command specified,",
"which will be executed repetitively for each line of arguments in the file:",
"",
" %s> ps -p < inputfile",
"",
"Lastly, if a command is entered that is not recognized, it is checked against",
"the kernel's list of variables, structure, union or typedef names, and if ",
"found, the command is passed to p, struct, union or whatis. That being the ",
"case, as long as a kernel variable/structure/union name is different than any",
"of the current commands, the appropriate command above will be executed. If",
"not, the command will be passed on to the built-in gdb command for execution.",
"If an input line starts with \"#\" or \"//\", then the line will be saved",
"as a comment that is visible when re-cycling through the history list.",
"",
"To execute an external shell command, precede the command with an \"!\".",
"To escape to a shell, enter \"!\" alone.",
NULL
};
/*
* Display information concerning command input options: history,
* command recall, command-line editing, and input files.
*/
static void
display_input_info(void)
{
int i;
for (i = 0; input_info[i]; i++) {
fprintf(fp, input_info[i],
pc->program_name, pc->program_name);
fprintf(fp, "\n");
}
}
static
char *output_info[] = {
"\nBy default, %s command output is piped to \"/usr/bin/less -E -X\" along",
"with a prompt line. This behavior can be turned off in two ways:\n",
" 1. During runtime, enter \"set scroll off\" or the alias \"sf\".",
" 2. Enter \"set scroll off\" in a .%src file, which can be located either",
" in the current directory or in your home directory.\n",
"To restore the scrolling behavior during runtime, enter \"set scroll on\"",
"or the alias: \"sn\"\n",
"Command output may be piped to an external command using standard command",
"line pipe syntax. For example:\n",
" %s> log | grep eth0\n",
"Command output may be redirected to a file using standard command line syntax.",
"For example:\n",
" %s> foreach bt > bt.all\n",
"Use double brackets to append the output to a pre-existing file:\n",
" %s> ps >> crash.data\n",
"The default output radix for gdb output and certain %s commands is",
"hexadecimal. This can be changed to decimal by entering \"set radix 10\"",
"or the alias \"dec\". It can be reverted back to hexadecimal by entering",
"\"set radix 16\" or the alias \"hex\".\n",
"To execute an external shell command, precede the command with an \"!\".",
"To escape to a shell, enter \"!\" alone.",
" ",
NULL
};
/*
* Display information concerning command output options.
*/
static void
display_output_info(void)
{
int i;
for (i = 0; output_info[i]; i++) {
fprintf(fp, output_info[i],
pc->program_name, pc->program_name);
fprintf(fp, "\n");
}
}
/*
* Display the program name, version, and the GPL-required stuff for
* interactive programs.
*/
void
display_version(void)
{
int i;
if (pc->flags & SILENT)
return;
fprintf(fp, "\n%s %s\n", pc->program_name, pc->program_version);
for (i = 0; version_info[i]; i++)
fprintf(fp, "%s\n", version_info[i]);
}
static
char *version_info[] = {
"Copyright (C) 2002-2020 Red Hat, Inc.",
"Copyright (C) 2004, 2005, 2006, 2010 IBM Corporation",
"Copyright (C) 1999-2006 Hewlett-Packard Co",
"Copyright (C) 2005, 2006, 2011, 2012 Fujitsu Limited",
"Copyright (C) 2006, 2007 VA Linux Systems Japan K.K.",
"Copyright (C) 2005, 2011 NEC Corporation",
"Copyright (C) 1999, 2002, 2007 Silicon Graphics, Inc.",
"Copyright (C) 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002 Mission Critical Linux, Inc.",
"This program is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License,",
"and you are welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under",
"certain conditions. Enter \"help copying\" to see the conditions.",
"This program has absolutely no warranty. Enter \"help warranty\" for details.",
" ",
NULL
};
/*
* "help copying" output
*/
static void
display_copying_info(void)
{
int i;
switch (GPL_version)
{
case GPLv2:
for (i = 0; !strstr(gnu_public_license[i], "NO WARRANTY"); i++)
fprintf(fp, "%s\n", gnu_public_license[i]);
break;
case GPLv3:
for (i = 0; !strstr(gnu_public_license_v3[i],
"15. Disclaimer of Warranty."); i++)
fprintf(fp, "%s\n", gnu_public_license_v3[i]);
break;
}
}
/*
* "help warranty" output
*/
static void
display_warranty_info(void)
{
int i;
switch (GPL_version)
{
case GPLv2:
for (i = 0; !strstr(gnu_public_license[i], "NO WARRANTY"); i++)
;
do {
fprintf(fp, "%s\n", gnu_public_license[i]);
} while (!strstr(gnu_public_license[i++], "END OF TERMS"));
break;
case GPLv3:
for (i = 0; !strstr(gnu_public_license_v3[i],
"15. Disclaimer of Warranty."); i++)
;
while (!strstr(gnu_public_license_v3[i], "END OF TERMS"))
fprintf(fp, "%s\n", gnu_public_license_v3[i++]);
break;
}
}
static
char *gnu_public_license[] = {
"",
" GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE",
" Version 2, June 1991",
"",
" Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.",
" 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA",
" Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies",
" of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.",
"",
" Preamble",
"",
" The licenses for most software are designed to take away your",
"freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public",
"License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free",
"software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This",
"General Public License applies to most of the Free Software",
"Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to",
"using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by",
"the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to",
"your programs, too.",
"",
" When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not",
"price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you",
"have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for",
"this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it",
"if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it",
"in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.",
"",
" To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid",
"anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.",
"These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you",
"distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.",
"",
" For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether",
"gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that",
"you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the",
"source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their",
"rights.",
"",
" We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and",
"(2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,",
"distribute and/or modify the software.",
"",
" Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain",
"that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free",
"software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we",
"want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so",
"that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original",
"authors' reputations.",
"",
" Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software",
"patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free",
"program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the",
"program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any",
"patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.",
"",
" The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and",
"modification follow.",
"",
" GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE",
" TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION",
"",
" 0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains",
"a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed",
"under the terms of this General Public License. The \"Program\", below,",
"refers to any such program or work, and a \"work based on the Program\"",
"means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:",
"that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,",
"either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another",
"language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in",
"the term \"modification\".) Each licensee is addressed as \"you\".",
"",
"Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not",
"covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of",
"running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program",
"is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the",
"Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).",
"Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.",
"",
" 1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's",
"source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you",
"conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate",
"copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the",
"notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;",
"and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License",
"along with the Program.",
"",
"You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and",
"you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.",
"",
" 2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion",
"of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and",
"distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1",
"above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:",
"",
" a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices",
" stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.",
"",
" b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in",
" whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any",
" part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third",
" parties under the terms of this License.",
"",
" c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively",
" when run, you must cause it, when started running for such",
" interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an",
" announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a",
" notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide",
" a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under",
" these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this",
" License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but",
" does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on",
" the Program is not required to print an announcement.)",
"",
"These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If",
"identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,",
"and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in",
"themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those",
"sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you",
"distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based",
"on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of",
"this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the",
"entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.",
"",
"Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest",
"your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to",
"exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or",
"collective works based on the Program.",
"",
"In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program",
"with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of",
"a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under",
"the scope of this License.",
"",
" 3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,",
"under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of",
"Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:",
"",
" a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable",
" source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections",
" 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,",
"",
" b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three",
" years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your",
" cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete",
" machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be",
" distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium",
" customarily used for software interchange; or,",
"",
" c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer",
" to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is",
" allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you",
" received the program in object code or executable form with such",
" an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)",
"",
"The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for",
"making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source",
"code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any",
"associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to",
"control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a",
"special exception, the source code distributed need not include",
"anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary",
"form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the",
"operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component",
"itself accompanies the executable.",
"",
"If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering",
"access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent",
"access to copy the source code from the same place counts as",
"distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not",
"compelled to copy the source along with the object code.",
"",
" 4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program",
"except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt",
"otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is",
"void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.",
"However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under",
"this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such",
"parties remain in full compliance.",
"",
" 5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not",
"signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or",
"distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are",
"prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by",
"modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the",
"Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and",
"all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying",
"the Program or works based on it.",
"",
" 6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the",
"Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the",
"original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to",
"these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further",
"restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.",
"You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to",
"this License.",
"",
" 7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent",
"infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),",
"conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or",
"otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not",
"excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot",
"distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this",
"License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you",
"may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent",
"license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by",
"all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then",
"the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to",
"refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.",
"",
"If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under",
"any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to",
"apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other",
"circumstances.",
"",
"It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any",
"patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any",
"such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the",
"integrity of the free software distribution system, which is",
"implemented by public license practices. Many people have made",
"generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed",
"through that system in reliance on consistent application of that",
"system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing",
"to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot",
"impose that choice.",
"",
"This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to",
"be a consequence of the rest of this License.",
"",
" 8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in",
"certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the",
"original copyright holder who places the Program under this License",
"may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding",
"those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among",
"countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates",
"the limitation as if written in the body of this License.",
"",
" 9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions",
"of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will",
"be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to",
"address new problems or concerns.",
"",
"Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program",
"specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and \"any",
"later version\", you have the option of following the terms and conditions",
"either of that version or of any later version published by the Free",
"Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of",
"this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software",
"Foundation.",
"",
" 10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free",
"programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author",
"to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free",
"Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes",
"make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals",
"of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and",
"of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.",
"",
"\n NO WARRANTY",
"",
" 11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY",
"FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN",
"OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES",
"PROVIDE THE PROGRAM \"AS IS\" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED",
"OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF",
"MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS",
"TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE",
"PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,",
"REPAIR OR CORRECTION.",
"",
" 12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING",
"WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR",
"REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,",
"INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING",
"OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED",
"TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY",
"YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER",
"PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE",
"POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.",
"",
" END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS\n",
};
static
char *gnu_public_license_v3[] = {
" GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE",
" Version 3, 29 June 2007",
"",
" Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>",
" Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies",
" of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.",
"",
" Preamble",
"",
" The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for",
"software and other kinds of works.",
"",
" The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed",
"to take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast,",
"the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to",
"share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains free",
"software for all its users. We, the Free Software Foundation, use the",
"GNU General Public License for most of our software; it applies also to",
"any other work released this way by its authors. You can apply it to",
"your programs, too.",
"",
" When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not",
"price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you",
"have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for",
"them if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you",
"want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new",
"free programs, and that you know you can do these things.",
"",
" To protect your rights, we need to prevent others from denying you",
"these rights or asking you to surrender the rights. Therefore, you have",
"certain responsibilities if you distribute copies of the software, or if",
"you modify it: responsibilities to respect the freedom of others.",
"",
" For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether",
"gratis or for a fee, you must pass on to the recipients the same",
"freedoms that you received. You must make sure that they, too, receive",
"or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they",
"know their rights.",
"",
" Developers that use the GNU GPL protect your rights with two steps:",
"(1) assert copyright on the software, and (2) offer you this License",
"giving you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify it.",
"",
" For the developers' and authors' protection, the GPL clearly explains",
"that there is no warranty for this free software. For both users' and",
"authors' sake, the GPL requires that modified versions be marked as",
"changed, so that their problems will not be attributed erroneously to",
"authors of previous versions.",
"",
" Some devices are designed to deny users access to install or run",
"modified versions of the software inside them, although the manufacturer",
"can do so. This is fundamentally incompatible with the aim of",
"protecting users' freedom to change the software. The systematic",
"pattern of such abuse occurs in the area of products for individuals to",
"use, which is precisely where it is most unacceptable. Therefore, we",
"have designed this version of the GPL to prohibit the practice for those",
"products. If such problems arise substantially in other domains, we",
"stand ready to extend this provision to those domains in future versions",
"of the GPL, as needed to protect the freedom of users.",
"",
" Finally, every program is threatened constantly by software patents.",
"States should not allow patents to restrict development and use of",
"software on general-purpose computers, but in those that do, we wish to",
"avoid the special danger that patents applied to a free program could",
"make it effectively proprietary. To prevent this, the GPL assures that",
"patents cannot be used to render the program non-free.",
"",
" The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and",
"modification follow.",
"",
" TERMS AND CONDITIONS",
"",
" 0. Definitions.",
"",
" \"This License\" refers to version 3 of the GNU General Public License.",
"",
" \"Copyright\" also means copyright-like laws that apply to other kinds of",
"works, such as semiconductor masks.",
"",
" \"The Program\" refers to any copyrightable work licensed under this",
"License. Each licensee is addressed as \"you\". \"Licensees\" and",
"\"recipients\" may be individuals or organizations.",
"",
" To \"modify\" a work means to copy from or adapt all or part of the work",
"in a fashion requiring copyright permission, other than the making of an",
"exact copy. The resulting work is called a \"modified version\" of the",
"earlier work or a work \"based on\" the earlier work.",
"",
" A \"covered work\" means either the unmodified Program or a work based",
"on the Program.",
"",
" To \"propagate\" a work means to do anything with it that, without",
"permission, would make you directly or secondarily liable for",
"infringement under applicable copyright law, except executing it on a",
"computer or modifying a private copy. Propagation includes copying,",
"distribution (with or without modification), making available to the",
"public, and in some countries other activities as well.",
"",
" To \"convey\" a work means any kind of propagation that enables other",
"parties to make or receive copies. Mere interaction with a user through",
"a computer network, with no transfer of a copy, is not conveying.",
"",
" An interactive user interface displays \"Appropriate Legal Notices\"",
"to the extent that it includes a convenient and prominently visible",
"feature that (1) displays an appropriate copyright notice, and (2)",
"tells the user that there is no warranty for the work (except to the",
"extent that warranties are provided), that licensees may convey the",
"work under this License, and how to view a copy of this License. If",
"the interface presents a list of user commands or options, such as a",
"menu, a prominent item in the list meets this criterion.",
"",
" 1. Source Code.",
"",
" The \"source code\" for a work means the preferred form of the work",
"for making modifications to it. \"Object code\" means any non-source",
"form of a work.",
"",
" A \"Standard Interface\" means an interface that either is an official",
"standard defined by a recognized standards body, or, in the case of",
"interfaces specified for a particular programming language, one that",
"is widely used among developers working in that language.",
"",
" The \"System Libraries\" of an executable work include anything, other",
"than the work as a whole, that (a) is included in the normal form of",
"packaging a Major Component, but which is not part of that Major",
"Component, and (b) serves only to enable use of the work with that",
"Major Component, or to implement a Standard Interface for which an",
"implementation is available to the public in source code form. A",
"\"Major Component\", in this context, means a major essential component",
"(kernel, window system, and so on) of the specific operating system",
"(if any) on which the executable work runs, or a compiler used to",
"produce the work, or an object code interpreter used to run it.",
"",
" The \"Corresponding Source\" for a work in object code form means all",
"the source code needed to generate, install, and (for an executable",
"work) run the object code and to modify the work, including scripts to",
"control those activities. However, it does not include the work's",
"System Libraries, or general-purpose tools or generally available free",
"programs which are used unmodified in performing those activities but",
"which are not part of the work. For example, Corresponding Source",
"includes interface definition files associated with source files for",
"the work, and the source code for shared libraries and dynamically",
"linked subprograms that the work is specifically designed to require,",
"such as by intimate data communication or control flow between those",
"subprograms and other parts of the work.",
"",
" The Corresponding Source need not include anything that users",
"can regenerate automatically from other parts of the Corresponding",
"Source.",
"",
" The Corresponding Source for a work in source code form is that",
"same work.",
"",
" 2. Basic Permissions.",
"",
" All rights granted under this License are granted for the term of",
"copyright on the Program, and are irrevocable provided the stated",
"conditions are met. This License explicitly affirms your unlimited",
"permission to run the unmodified Program. The output from running a",
"covered work is covered by this License only if the output, given its",
"content, constitutes a covered work. This License acknowledges your",
"rights of fair use or other equivalent, as provided by copyright law.",
"",
" You may make, run and propagate covered works that you do not",
"convey, without conditions so long as your license otherwise remains",
"in force. You may convey covered works to others for the sole purpose",
"of having them make modifications exclusively for you, or provide you",
"with facilities for running those works, provided that you comply with",
"the terms of this License in conveying all material for which you do",
"not control copyright. Those thus making or running the covered works",
"for you must do so exclusively on your behalf, under your direction",
"and control, on terms that prohibit them from making any copies of",
"your copyrighted material outside their relationship with you.",
"",
" Conveying under any other circumstances is permitted solely under",
"the conditions stated below. Sublicensing is not allowed; section 10",
"makes it unnecessary.",
"",
" 3. Protecting Users' Legal Rights From Anti-Circumvention Law.",
"",
" No covered work shall be deemed part of an effective technological",
"measure under any applicable law fulfilling obligations under article",
"11 of the WIPO copyright treaty adopted on 20 December 1996, or",
"similar laws prohibiting or restricting circumvention of such",
"measures.",
"",
" When you convey a covered work, you waive any legal power to forbid",
"circumvention of technological measures to the extent such circumvention",
"is effected by exercising rights under this License with respect to",
"the covered work, and you disclaim any intention to limit operation or",
"modification of the work as a means of enforcing, against the work's",
"users, your or third parties' legal rights to forbid circumvention of",
"technological measures.",
"",
" 4. Conveying Verbatim Copies.",
"",
" You may convey verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you",
"receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and",
"appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice;",
"keep intact all notices stating that this License and any",
"non-permissive terms added in accord with section 7 apply to the code;",
"keep intact all notices of the absence of any warranty; and give all",
"recipients a copy of this License along with the Program.",
"",
" You may charge any price or no price for each copy that you convey,",
"and you may offer support or warranty protection for a fee.",
"",
" 5. Conveying Modified Source Versions.",
"",
" You may convey a work based on the Program, or the modifications to",
"produce it from the Program, in the form of source code under the",
"terms of section 4, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:",
"",
" a) The work must carry prominent notices stating that you modified",
" it, and giving a relevant date.",
"",
" b) The work must carry prominent notices stating that it is",
" released under this License and any conditions added under section",
" 7. This requirement modifies the requirement in section 4 to",
" \"keep intact all notices\".",
"",
" c) You must license the entire work, as a whole, under this",
" License to anyone who comes into possession of a copy. This",
" License will therefore apply, along with any applicable section 7",
" additional terms, to the whole of the work, and all its parts,",
" regardless of how they are packaged. This License gives no",
" permission to license the work in any other way, but it does not",
" invalidate such permission if you have separately received it.",
"",
" d) If the work has interactive user interfaces, each must display",
" Appropriate Legal Notices; however, if the Program has interactive",
" interfaces that do not display Appropriate Legal Notices, your",
" work need not make them do so.",
"",
" A compilation of a covered work with other separate and independent",
"works, which are not by their nature extensions of the covered work,",
"and which are not combined with it such as to form a larger program,",
"in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an",
"\"aggregate\" if the compilation and its resulting copyright are not",
"used to limit the access or legal rights of the compilation's users",
"beyond what the individual works permit. Inclusion of a covered work",
"in an aggregate does not cause this License to apply to the other",
"parts of the aggregate.",
"",
" 6. Conveying Non-Source Forms.",
"",
" You may convey a covered work in object code form under the terms",
"of sections 4 and 5, provided that you also convey the",
"machine-readable Corresponding Source under the terms of this License,",
"in one of these ways:",
"",
" a) Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product",
" (including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by the",
" Corresponding Source fixed on a durable physical medium",
" customarily used for software interchange.",
"",
" b) Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product",
" (including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by a",
" written offer, valid for at least three years and valid for as",
" long as you offer spare parts or customer support for that product",
" model, to give anyone who possesses the object code either (1) a",
" copy of the Corresponding Source for all the software in the",
" product that is covered by this License, on a durable physical",
" medium customarily used for software interchange, for a price no",
" more than your reasonable cost of physically performing this",
" conveying of source, or (2) access to copy the",
" Corresponding Source from a network server at no charge.",
"",
" c) Convey individual copies of the object code with a copy of the",
" written offer to provide the Corresponding Source. This",
" alternative is allowed only occasionally and noncommercially, and",
" only if you received the object code with such an offer, in accord",
" with subsection 6b.",
"",
" d) Convey the object code by offering access from a designated",
" place (gratis or for a charge), and offer equivalent access to the",
" Corresponding Source in the same way through the same place at no",
" further charge. You need not require recipients to copy the",
" Corresponding Source along with the object code. If the place to",
" copy the object code is a network server, the Corresponding Source",
" may be on a different server (operated by you or a third party)",
" that supports equivalent copying facilities, provided you maintain",
" clear directions next to the object code saying where to find the",
" Corresponding Source. Regardless of what server hosts the",
" Corresponding Source, you remain obligated to ensure that it is",
" available for as long as needed to satisfy these requirements.",
"",
" e) Convey the object code using peer-to-peer transmission, provided",
" you inform other peers where the object code and Corresponding",
" Source of the work are being offered to the general public at no",
" charge under subsection 6d.",
"",
" A separable portion of the object code, whose source code is excluded",
"from the Corresponding Source as a System Library, need not be",
"included in conveying the object code work.",
"",
" A \"User Product\" is either (1) a \"consumer product\", which means any",
"tangible personal property which is normally used for personal, family,",
"or household purposes, or (2) anything designed or sold for incorporation",
"into a dwelling. In determining whether a product is a consumer product,",
"doubtful cases shall be resolved in favor of coverage. For a particular",
"product received by a particular user, \"normally used\" refers to a",
"typical or common use of that class of product, regardless of the status",
"of the particular user or of the way in which the particular user",
"actually uses, or expects or is expected to use, the product. A product",
"is a consumer product regardless of whether the product has substantial",
"commercial, industrial or non-consumer uses, unless such uses represent",
"the only significant mode of use of the product.",
"",
" \"Installation Information\" for a User Product means any methods,",
"procedures, authorization keys, or other information required to install",
"and execute modified versions of a covered work in that User Product from",
"a modified version of its Corresponding Source. The information must",
"suffice to ensure that the continued functioning of the modified object",
"code is in no case prevented or interfered with solely because",
"modification has been made.",
"",
" If you convey an object code work under this section in, or with, or",
"specifically for use in, a User Product, and the conveying occurs as",
"part of a transaction in which the right of possession and use of the",
"User Product is transferred to the recipient in perpetuity or for a",
"fixed term (regardless of how the transaction is characterized), the",
"Corresponding Source conveyed under this section must be accompanied",
"by the Installation Information. But this requirement does not apply",
"if neither you nor any third party retains the ability to install",
"modified object code on the User Product (for example, the work has",
"been installed in ROM).",
"",
" The requirement to provide Installation Information does not include a",
"requirement to continue to provide support service, warranty, or updates",
"for a work that has been modified or installed by the recipient, or for",
"the User Product in which it has been modified or installed. Access to a",
"network may be denied when the modification itself materially and",
"adversely affects the operation of the network or violates the rules and",
"protocols for communication across the network.",
"",
" Corresponding Source conveyed, and Installation Information provided,",
"in accord with this section must be in a format that is publicly",
"documented (and with an implementation available to the public in",
"source code form), and must require no special password or key for",
"unpacking, reading or copying.",
"",
" 7. Additional Terms.",
"",
" \"Additional permissions\" are terms that supplement the terms of this",
"License by making exceptions from one or more of its conditions.",
"Additional permissions that are applicable to the entire Program shall",
"be treated as though they were included in this License, to the extent",
"that they are valid under applicable law. If additional permissions",
"apply only to part of the Program, that part may be used separately",
"under those permissions, but the entire Program remains governed by",
"this License without regard to the additional permissions.",
"",
" When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option",
"remove any additional permissions from that copy, or from any part of",
"it. (Additional permissions may be written to require their own",
"removal in certain cases when you modify the work.) You may place",
"additional permissions on material, added by you to a covered work,",
"for which you have or can give appropriate copyright permission.",
"",
" Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, for material you",
"add to a covered work, you may (if authorized by the copyright holders of",
"that material) supplement the terms of this License with terms:",
"",
" a) Disclaiming warranty or limiting liability differently from the",
" terms of sections 15 and 16 of this License; or",
"",
" b) Requiring preservation of specified reasonable legal notices or",
" author attributions in that material or in the Appropriate Legal",
" Notices displayed by works containing it; or",
"",
" c) Prohibiting misrepresentation of the origin of that material, or",
" requiring that modified versions of such material be marked in",
" reasonable ways as different from the original version; or",
"",
" d) Limiting the use for publicity purposes of names of licensors or",
" authors of the material; or",
"",
" e) Declining to grant rights under trademark law for use of some",
" trade names, trademarks, or service marks; or",
"",
" f) Requiring indemnification of licensors and authors of that",
" material by anyone who conveys the material (or modified versions of",
" it) with contractual assumptions of liability to the recipient, for",
" any liability that these contractual assumptions directly impose on",
" those licensors and authors.",
"",
" All other non-permissive additional terms are considered \"further",
"restrictions\" within the meaning of section 10. If the Program as you",
"received it, or any part of it, contains a notice stating that it is",
"governed by this License along with a term that is a further",
"restriction, you may remove that term. If a license document contains",
"a further restriction but permits relicensing or conveying under this",
"License, you may add to a covered work material governed by the terms",
"of that license document, provided that the further restriction does",
"not survive such relicensing or conveying.",
"",
" If you add terms to a covered work in accord with this section, you",
"must place, in the relevant source files, a statement of the",
"additional terms that apply to those files, or a notice indicating",
"where to find the applicable terms.",
"",
" Additional terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in the",
"form of a separately written license, or stated as exceptions;",
"the above requirements apply either way.",
"",
" 8. Termination.",
"",
" You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly",
"provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to propagate or",
"modify it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under",
"this License (including any patent licenses granted under the third",
"paragraph of section 11).",
"",
" However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your",
"license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)",
"provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and",
"finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright",
"holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means",
"prior to 60 days after the cessation.",
"",
" Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is",
"reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the",
"violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have",
"received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that",
"copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after",
"your receipt of the notice.",
"",
" Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the",
"licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under",
"this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently",
"reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new licenses for the same",
"material under section 10.",
"",
" 9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies.",
"",
" You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or",
"run a copy of the Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered work",
"occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission",
"to receive a copy likewise does not require acceptance. However,",
"nothing other than this License grants you permission to propagate or",
"modify any covered work. These actions infringe copyright if you do",
"not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or propagating a",
"covered work, you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so.",
"",
" 10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients.",
"",
" Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically",
"receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and",
"propagate that work, subject to this License. You are not responsible",
"for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License.",
"",
" An \"entity transaction\" is a transaction transferring control of an",
"organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an",
"organization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a covered",
"work results from an entity transaction, each party to that",
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"the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts.",
"",
" You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the",
"rights granted or affirmed under this License. For example, you may",
"not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of",
"rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation",
"(including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that",
"any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for",
"sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it.",
"",
" 11. Patents.",
"",
" A \"contributor\" is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this",
"License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The",
"work thus licensed is called the contributor's \"contributor version\".",
"",
" A contributor's \"essential patent claims\" are all patent claims",
"owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or",
"hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted",
"by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version,",
"but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a",
"consequence of further modification of the contributor version. For",
"purposes of this definition, \"control\" includes the right to grant",
"patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of",
"this License.",
"",
" Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free",
"patent license under the contributor's essential patent claims, to",
"make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and",
"propagate the contents of its contributor version.",
"",
" In the following three paragraphs, a \"patent license\" is any express",
"agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent",
"(such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to",
"sue for patent infringement). To \"grant\" such a patent license to a",
"party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a",
"patent against the party.",
"",
" If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license,",
"and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone",
"to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a",
"publicly available network server or other readily accessible means,",
"then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so",
"available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the",
"patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner",
"consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent",
"license to downstream recipients. \"Knowingly relying\" means you have",
"actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the",
"covered work in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work",
"in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that",
"country that you have reason to believe are valid.",
"",
" If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or",
"arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a",
"covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties",
"receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify",
"or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license",
"you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered",
"work and works based on it.",
"",
" A patent license is \"discriminatory\" if it does not include within",
"the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is",
"conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are",
"specifically granted under this License. You may not convey a covered",
"work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is",
"in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment",
"to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying",
"the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the",
"parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory",
"patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work",
"conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily",
"for and in connection with specific products or compilations that",
"contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement,",
"or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.",
"",
" Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting",
"any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may",
"otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.",
"",
" 12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.",
"",
" If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or",
"otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not",
"excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a",
"covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this",
"License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may",
"not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you",
"to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey",
"the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this",
"License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.",
"",
" 13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.",
"",
" Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have",
"permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed",
"under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single",
"combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this",
"License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work,",
"but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License,",
"section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the",
"combination as such.",
"",
" 14. Revised Versions of this License.",
"",
" The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of",
"the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will",
"be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to",
"address new problems or concerns.",
"",
" Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the",
"Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General",
"Public License \"or any later version\" applies to it, you have the",
"option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered",
"version or of any later version published by the Free Software",
"Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the",
"GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published",
"by the Free Software Foundation.",
"",
" If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future",
"versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's",
"public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you",
"to choose that version for the Program.",
"",
" Later license versions may give you additional or different",
"permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any",
"author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a",
"later version.",
"",
" 15. Disclaimer of Warranty.",
"",
" THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY",
"APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT",
"HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM \"AS IS\" WITHOUT WARRANTY",
"OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,",
"THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR",
"PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM",
"IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF",
"ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.",
"",
" 16. Limitation of Liability.",
"",
" IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING",
"WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS",
"THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY",
"GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE",
"USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF",
"DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD",
"PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS),",
"EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF",
"SUCH DAMAGES.",
"",
" 17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.",
"",
" If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided",
"above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,",
"reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates",
"an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the",
"Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a",
"copy of the Program in return for a fee.",
"",
" END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS",
};
#define README_CRASH_VERSION "README_CRASH_VERSION"
#define README_GNU_GDB_VERSION "README_GNU_GDB_VERSION"
#define README_DATE "README_DATE"
#define README_GPL_INFO "README_GPL_INFO"
#define README_HELP_MENU "README_HELP_MENU"
#define README_ENTER_DIRECTORY "README_ENTER_DIRECTORY"
#define README_MEMORY_DRIVER "README_MEMORY_DRIVER"
static void
display_README(void)
{
int i, j;
time_t time_now;
for (i = 0; README[i]; i++) {
if (STREQ(README[i], README_CRASH_VERSION)) {
fprintf(fp, " crash %s\n", pc->program_version);
} else if (STREQ(README[i], README_GNU_GDB_VERSION)) {
fprintf(fp, " GNU gdb %s\n", pc->gdb_version);
} else if (STREQ(README[i], README_DATE)) {
time(&time_now);
fprintf(fp, " DATE: %s\n",
strip_linefeeds(ctime(&time_now)));
} else if (STREQ(README[i], README_HELP_MENU)) {
display_help_screen(" ");
} else if (STREQ(README[i], README_GPL_INFO)) {
for (j = 0; version_info[j]; j++)
fprintf(fp, " %s\n", version_info[j]);
} else if (STREQ(README[i], README_ENTER_DIRECTORY)) {
fprintf(fp,
" $ tar -xf crash-%s.tar.gz\n",
pc->program_version);
fprintf(fp,
" $ cd crash-%s\n", pc->program_version);
} else if (STREQ(README[i], README_MEMORY_DRIVER)) {
fprintf(fp,
" is included in the crash-%s/memory_driver subdirectory.\n",
pc->program_version);
} else
fprintf(fp, "%s\n", README[i]);
}
}
static
char *README[] = {
"",
"",
" CORE ANALYSIS SUITE",
"",
" The core analysis suite is a self-contained tool that can be used to",
" investigate either live systems, kernel core dumps created from dump",
" creation facilities such as kdump, kvmdump, xendump, the netdump and",
" diskdump packages offered by Red Hat, the LKCD kernel patch, the mcore",
" kernel patch created by Mission Critical Linux, as well as other formats",
" created by manufacturer-specific firmware.",
"",
" o The tool is loosely based on the SVR4 crash command, but has been",
" completely integrated with gdb in order to be able to display ",
" formatted kernel data structures, disassemble source code, etc.",
" ",
" o The current set of available commands consist of common kernel core",
" analysis tools such as a context-specific stack traces, source code",
" disassembly, kernel variable displays, memory display, dumps of ",
" linked-lists, etc. In addition, any gdb command may be entered,",
" which in turn will be passed onto the gdb module for execution. ",
"",
" o There are several commands that delve deeper into specific kernel",
" subsystems, which also serve as templates for kernel developers",
" to create new commands for analysis of a specific area of interest.",
" Adding a new command is a simple affair, and a quick recompile",
" adds it to the command menu.",
"",
" o The intent is to make the tool independent of Linux version dependencies,",
" building in recognition of major kernel code changes so as to adapt to ",
" new kernel versions, while maintaining backwards compatibility.",
"",
" A whitepaper with complete documentation concerning the use of this utility",
" can be found here:",
" ",
" http://people.redhat.com/anderson/crash_whitepaper",
" ",
" These are the current prerequisites: ",
"",
" o At this point, x86, ia64, x86_64, ppc64, ppc, arm, arm64, alpha, mips,",
" s390 and s390x-based kernels are supported. Other architectures may be",
" addressed in the future.",
"",
" o One size fits all -- the utility can be run on any Linux kernel version",
" version dating back to 2.2.5-15. A primary design goal is to always",
" maintain backwards-compatibility.",
"",
" o In order to contain debugging data, the top-level kernel Makefile's CFLAGS",
" definition must contain the -g flag. Typically distributions will contain",
" a package containing a vmlinux file with full debuginfo data. If not, the",
" kernel must be rebuilt:",
"",
" For 2.2 kernels that are not built with -g, change the following line:",
"",
" CFLAGS = -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -O2 -fomit-frame-pointer",
"",
" to:",
"",
" CFLAGS = -g -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -O2 -fomit-frame-pointer",
"",
" For 2.4 kernels that are not built with -g, change the following line:",
"",
" CFLAGS := $(CPPFLAGS) -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -O2 -fomit-frame-pointer -fno-strict-aliasing",
"",
" to:",
"",
" CFLAGS := -g $(CPPFLAGS) -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -O2 -fomit-frame-pointer -fno-strict-aliasing",
"",
" For 2.6 and later kernels that are not built with -g, the kernel should",
" be configured with CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO enabled, which in turn will add",
" the -g flag to the CFLAGS setting in the kernel Makefile.",
" ",
" After the kernel is re-compiled, the uncompressed \"vmlinux\" kernel",
" that is created in the top-level kernel build directory must be saved.",
"",
" To build the crash utility: ",
"",
README_ENTER_DIRECTORY,
" $ make",
"",
" The initial build will take several minutes because the embedded gdb module",
" must be configured and built. Alternatively, the crash source RPM file",
" may be installed and built, and the resultant crash binary RPM file installed.",
"",
" The crash binary can only be used on systems of the same architecture as",
" the host build system. There are a few optional manners of building the",
" crash binary:",
"",
" o On an x86_64 host, a 32-bit x86 binary that can be used to analyze",
" 32-bit x86 dumpfiles may be built by typing \"make target=X86\".",
" o On an x86 or x86_64 host, a 32-bit x86 binary that can be used to analyze",
" 32-bit arm dumpfiles may be built by typing \"make target=ARM\".",
" o On an x86 or x86_64 host, a 32-bit x86 binary that can be used to analyze",
" 32-bit mips dumpfiles may be built by typing \"make target=MIPS\".",
" o On an ppc64 host, a 32-bit ppc binary that can be used to analyze",
" 32-bit ppc dumpfiles may be built by typing \"make target=PPC\".",
" o On an x86_64 host, an x86_64 binary that can be used to analyze",
" arm64 dumpfiles may be built by typing \"make target=ARM64\".",
" o On an x86_64 host, an x86_64 binary that can be used to analyze",
" ppc64le dumpfiles may be built by typing \"make target=PPC64\".",
"",
" Traditionally when vmcores are compressed via the makedumpfile(8) facility",
" the libz compression library is used, and by default the crash utility",
" only supports libz. Recently makedumpfile has been enhanced to optionally",
" use either the LZO or snappy compression libraries. To build crash with",
" either or both of those libraries, type \"make lzo\" or \"make snappy\".",
"",
" All of the alternate build commands above are \"sticky\" in that the",
" special \"make\" targets only have to be entered one time; all subsequent",
" builds will follow suit.",
"",
" If the tool is run against a kernel dumpfile, two arguments are required, the",
" uncompressed kernel name and the kernel dumpfile name. ",
"",
" If run on a live system, only the kernel name is required, because /dev/mem ",
" will be used as the \"dumpfile\". On Red Hat or Fedora kernels where the",
" /dev/mem device is restricted, the /dev/crash memory driver will be used.",
" If neither /dev/mem or /dev/crash are available, then /proc/kcore will be",
" be used as the live memory source. If /proc/kcore is also restricted, then",
" the Red Hat /dev/crash driver may be compiled and installed; its source",
README_MEMORY_DRIVER,
"",
" If the kernel file is stored in /boot, /, /boot/efi, or in any /usr/src",
" or /usr/lib/debug/lib/modules subdirectory, then no command line arguments",
" are required -- the first kernel found that matches /proc/version will be",
" used as the namelist.",
" ",
" For example, invoking crash on a live system would look like this:",
"",
" $ crash",
" ",
README_CRASH_VERSION,
README_GPL_INFO,
README_GNU_GDB_VERSION,
" Copyright 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.",
" License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>",
" This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.",
" There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Type \"show copying\"",
" and \"show warranty\" for details.",
" This GDB was configured as \"i686-pc-linux-gnu\"...",
" ",
" KERNEL: /boot/vmlinux",
" DUMPFILE: /dev/mem",
" CPUS: 1",
README_DATE,
" UPTIME: 10 days, 22:55:18",
" LOAD AVERAGE: 0.08, 0.03, 0.01",
" TASKS: 42",
" NODENAME: ha2.mclinux.com",
" RELEASE: 2.4.0-test10",
" VERSION: #11 SMP Thu Nov 4 15:09:25 EST 2000",
" MACHINE: i686 (447 MHz)",
" MEMORY: 128 MB",
" PID: 3621 ",
" COMMAND: \"crash\"",
" TASK: c463c000 ",
" CPU: 0",
" STATE: TASK_RUNNING (ACTIVE)",
"",
" crash> help",
README_HELP_MENU,
" crash> ",
" ",
" When run on a dumpfile, both the kernel namelist and dumpfile must be ",
" entered on the command line. For example, when run on a core dump created",
" by the Red Hat netdump or diskdump facilities:",
"",
" $ crash vmlinux vmcore",
" ",
README_CRASH_VERSION,
README_GPL_INFO,
README_GNU_GDB_VERSION,
" Copyright 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.",
" License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>",
" This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.",
" There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Type \"show copying\"",
" and \"show warranty\" for details.",
" This GDB was configured as \"i686-pc-linux-gnu\"...",
" ",
" KERNEL: vmlinux",
" DUMPFILE: vmcore",
" CPUS: 4",
" DATE: Tue Mar 2 13:57:09 2004",
" UPTIME: 00:02:40",
" LOAD AVERAGE: 2.24, 0.96, 0.37",
" TASKS: 70",
" NODENAME: pro1.lab.boston.redhat.com",
" RELEASE: 2.6.3-2.1.214.11smp",
" VERSION: #1 SMP Tue Mar 2 10:58:27 EST 2004",
" MACHINE: i686 (2785 Mhz)",
" MEMORY: 512 MB",
" PANIC: \"Oops: 0002 [#1]\" (check log for details)",
" PID: 0",
" COMMAND: \"swapper\"",
" TASK: 22fa200 (1 of 4) [THREAD_INFO: 2356000]",
" CPU: 0",
" STATE: TASK_RUNNING (PANIC)",
" ",
" crash> ",
"",
" The tool's environment is context-specific. On a live system, the default",
" context is the command itself; on a dump the default context will be the",
" task that panicked. The most commonly-used commands are:",
"",
" set - set a new task context by pid, task address, or cpu.",
" bt - backtrace of the current context, or as specified with arguments.",
" p - print the contents of a kernel variable.",
" rd - read memory, which may be either kernel virtual, user virtual, or",
" physical.",
" ps - simple process listing.",
" log - dump the kernel log_buf.",
" struct - print the contents of a structure at a specified address.",
" foreach - execute a command on all tasks, or those specified, in the system.",
" ",
" Detailed help concerning the use of each of the commands in the menu above ",
" may be displayed by entering \"help command\", where \"command\" is one of those ",
" listed above. Rather than getting bogged down in details here, simply",
" run the help command on each of the commands above. Note that many commands",
" have multiple options so as to avoid the proliferation of command names.",
"",
" Command output may be piped to external commands or redirected to files.",
" Enter \"help output\" for details.",
"",
" The command line history mechanism allows for command-line recall and ",
" command-line editing. Input files containing a set of crash commands may ",
" be substituted for command-line input. Enter \"help input\" for details.",
"",
" Note that a .crashrc file (or .<your-command-name>rc if the name has been ",
" changed), may contain any number of \"set\" or \"alias\" commands -- see the",
" help pages on those two commands for details.",
" ",
" Lastly, if a command is entered that is not recognized, it is checked",
" against the kernel's list of variables, structure, union or typedef names, ",
" and if found, the command is passed to \"p\", \"struct\", \"union\" or \"whatis\".",
" That being the case, as long as a kernel variable/structure/union name is ",
" different than any of the current commands.",
"",
" (1) A kernel variable can be dumped by simply entering its name:",
" ",
" crash> init_mm",
" init_mm = $2 = {",
" mmap = 0xc022d540, ",
" mmap_avl = 0x0, ",
" mmap_cache = 0x0, ",
" pgd = 0xc0101000, ",
" count = {",
" counter = 0x6",
" }, ",
" map_count = 0x1, ",
" mmap_sem = {",
" count = {",
" counter = 0x1",
" }, ",
" waking = 0x0, ",
" wait = 0x0",
" }, ",
" context = 0x0, ",
" start_code = 0xc0000000, ",
" end_code = 0xc022b4c8,",
" end_data = c0250388,",
" ...",
" ",
" (2) A structure or can be dumped simply by entering its name and address: ",
"",
" crash> vm_area_struct c5ba3910",
" struct vm_area_struct {",
" vm_mm = 0xc3ae3210, ",
" vm_start = 0x821b000, ",
" vm_end = 0x8692000, ",
" vm_next = 0xc5ba3890, ",
" vm_page_prot = {",
" pgprot = 0x25",
" }, ",
" vm_flags = 0x77, ",
" vm_avl_height = 0x4, ",
" vm_avl_left = 0xc0499540, ",
" vm_avl_right = 0xc0499f40, ",
" vm_next_share = 0xc04993c0, ",
" vm_pprev_share = 0xc0499060, ",
" vm_ops = 0x0, ",
" vm_offset = 0x0, ",
" vm_file = 0x0, ",
" vm_pte = 0x0",
" }",
"",
"",
" The crash utility has been designed to facilitate the task of adding new ",
" commands. New commands may be permanently compiled into the crash executable,",
" or dynamically added during runtime using shared object files.",
" ",
" To permanently add a new command to the crash executable's menu:",
"",
" 1. For a command named \"xxx\", put a reference to cmd_xxx() in defs.h.",
" ",
" 2. Add cmd_xxx into the base_command_table[] array in global_data.c. ",
"",
" 3. Write cmd_xxx(), putting it in one of the appropriate files. Look at ",
" the other commands for guidance on getting symbolic data, reading",
" memory, displaying data, etc...",
"",
" 4. Recompile and run.",
"",
" Note that while the initial compile of crash, which configures and compiles",
" the gdb module, takes several minutes, subsequent re-compiles to do such",
" things as add new commands or fix bugs just takes a few seconds.",
"",
" Alternatively, you can create shared object library files consisting of",
" crash command extensions, that can be dynamically linked into the crash",
" executable during runtime or during initialization. This will allow",
" the same shared object to be used with subsequent crash releases without",
" having to re-merge the command's code into each new set of crash sources.",
" The dynamically linked-in commands will automatically show up in the crash",
" help menu. For details, enter \"help extend\" during runtime, or enter",
" \"crash -h extend\" from the shell command line.",
" ",
"",
"",
"",
"",
0
};