// Ceres Solver - A fast non-linear least squares minimizer
// Copyright 2015 Google Inc. All rights reserved.
// http://ceres-solver.org/
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
//
// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
// this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
// this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
// and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its contributors may be
// used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
// specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
// AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
// IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
// ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
// LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
// CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
// SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
// INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
// CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
// ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
// POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//
// Author: richie.stebbing@gmail.com (Richard Stebbing)
//
// This fits points randomly distributed on an ellipse with an approximate
// line segment contour. This is done by jointly optimizing the control points
// of the line segment contour along with the preimage positions for the data
// points. The purpose of this example is to show an example use case for
// dynamic_sparsity, and how it can benefit problems which are numerically
// dense but dynamically sparse.
#include <cmath>
#include <vector>
#include "ceres/ceres.h"
#include "glog/logging.h"
// Data generated with the following Python code.
// import numpy as np
// np.random.seed(1337)
// t = np.linspace(0.0, 2.0 * np.pi, 212, endpoint=False)
// t += 2.0 * np.pi * 0.01 * np.random.randn(t.size)
// theta = np.deg2rad(15)
// a, b = np.cos(theta), np.sin(theta)
// R = np.array([[a, -b],
// [b, a]])
// Y = np.dot(np.c_[4.0 * np.cos(t), np.sin(t)], R.T)
const int kYRows = 212;
const int kYCols = 2;
const double kYData[kYRows * kYCols] = {
+3.871364e+00, +9.916027e-01,
+3.864003e+00, +1.034148e+00,
+3.850651e+00, +1.072202e+00,
+3.868350e+00, +1.014408e+00,
+3.796381e+00, +1.153021e+00,
+3.857138e+00, +1.056102e+00,
+3.787532e+00, +1.162215e+00,
+3.704477e+00, +1.227272e+00,
+3.564711e+00, +1.294959e+00,
+3.754363e+00, +1.191948e+00,
+3.482098e+00, +1.322725e+00,
+3.602777e+00, +1.279658e+00,
+3.585433e+00, +1.286858e+00,
+3.347505e+00, +1.356415e+00,
+3.220855e+00, +1.378914e+00,
+3.558808e+00, +1.297174e+00,
+3.403618e+00, +1.343809e+00,
+3.179828e+00, +1.384721e+00,
+3.054789e+00, +1.398759e+00,
+3.294153e+00, +1.366808e+00,
+3.247312e+00, +1.374813e+00,
+2.988547e+00, +1.404247e+00,
+3.114508e+00, +1.392698e+00,
+2.899226e+00, +1.409802e+00,
+2.533256e+00, +1.414778e+00,
+2.654773e+00, +1.415909e+00,
+2.565100e+00, +1.415313e+00,
+2.976456e+00, +1.405118e+00,
+2.484200e+00, +1.413640e+00,
+2.324751e+00, +1.407476e+00,
+1.930468e+00, +1.378221e+00,
+2.329017e+00, +1.407688e+00,
+1.760640e+00, +1.360319e+00,
+2.147375e+00, +1.396603e+00,
+1.741989e+00, +1.358178e+00,
+1.743859e+00, +1.358394e+00,
+1.557372e+00, +1.335208e+00,
+1.280551e+00, +1.295087e+00,
+1.429880e+00, +1.317546e+00,
+1.213485e+00, +1.284400e+00,
+9.168172e-01, +1.232870e+00,
+1.311141e+00, +1.299839e+00,
+1.231969e+00, +1.287382e+00,
+7.453773e-01, +1.200049e+00,
+6.151587e-01, +1.173683e+00,
+5.935666e-01, +1.169193e+00,
+2.538707e-01, +1.094227e+00,
+6.806136e-01, +1.187089e+00,
+2.805447e-01, +1.100405e+00,
+6.184807e-01, +1.174371e+00,
+1.170550e-01, +1.061762e+00,
+2.890507e-01, +1.102365e+00,
+3.834234e-01, +1.123772e+00,
+3.980161e-04, +1.033061e+00,
-3.651680e-01, +9.370367e-01,
-8.386351e-01, +7.987201e-01,
-8.105704e-01, +8.073702e-01,
-8.735139e-01, +7.878886e-01,
-9.913836e-01, +7.506100e-01,
-8.784011e-01, +7.863636e-01,
-1.181440e+00, +6.882566e-01,
-1.229556e+00, +6.720191e-01,
-1.035839e+00, +7.362765e-01,
-8.031520e-01, +8.096470e-01,
-1.539136e+00, +5.629549e-01,
-1.755423e+00, +4.817306e-01,
-1.337589e+00, +6.348763e-01,
-1.836966e+00, +4.499485e-01,
-1.913367e+00, +4.195617e-01,
-2.126467e+00, +3.314900e-01,
-1.927625e+00, +4.138238e-01,
-2.339862e+00, +2.379074e-01,
-1.881736e+00, +4.322152e-01,
-2.116753e+00, +3.356163e-01,
-2.255733e+00, +2.754930e-01,
-2.555834e+00, +1.368473e-01,
-2.770277e+00, +2.895711e-02,
-2.563376e+00, +1.331890e-01,
-2.826715e+00, -9.000818e-04,
-2.978191e+00, -8.457804e-02,
-3.115855e+00, -1.658786e-01,
-2.982049e+00, -8.678322e-02,
-3.307892e+00, -2.902083e-01,
-3.038346e+00, -1.194222e-01,
-3.190057e+00, -2.122060e-01,
-3.279086e+00, -2.705777e-01,
-3.322028e+00, -2.999889e-01,
-3.122576e+00, -1.699965e-01,
-3.551973e+00, -4.768674e-01,
-3.581866e+00, -5.032175e-01,
-3.497799e+00, -4.315203e-01,
-3.565384e+00, -4.885602e-01,
-3.699493e+00, -6.199815e-01,
-3.585166e+00, -5.061925e-01,
-3.758914e+00, -6.918275e-01,
-3.741104e+00, -6.689131e-01,
-3.688331e+00, -6.077239e-01,
-3.810425e+00, -7.689015e-01,
-3.791829e+00, -7.386911e-01,
-3.789951e+00, -7.358189e-01,
-3.823100e+00, -7.918398e-01,
-3.857021e+00, -8.727074e-01,
-3.858250e+00, -8.767645e-01,
-3.872100e+00, -9.563174e-01,
-3.864397e+00, -1.032630e+00,
-3.846230e+00, -1.081669e+00,
-3.834799e+00, -1.102536e+00,
-3.866684e+00, -1.022901e+00,
-3.808643e+00, -1.139084e+00,
-3.868840e+00, -1.011569e+00,
-3.791071e+00, -1.158615e+00,
-3.797999e+00, -1.151267e+00,
-3.696278e+00, -1.232314e+00,
-3.779007e+00, -1.170504e+00,
-3.622855e+00, -1.270793e+00,
-3.647249e+00, -1.259166e+00,
-3.655412e+00, -1.255042e+00,
-3.573218e+00, -1.291696e+00,
-3.638019e+00, -1.263684e+00,
-3.498409e+00, -1.317750e+00,
-3.304143e+00, -1.364970e+00,
-3.183001e+00, -1.384295e+00,
-3.202456e+00, -1.381599e+00,
-3.244063e+00, -1.375332e+00,
-3.233308e+00, -1.377019e+00,
-3.060112e+00, -1.398264e+00,
-3.078187e+00, -1.396517e+00,
-2.689594e+00, -1.415761e+00,
-2.947662e+00, -1.407039e+00,
-2.854490e+00, -1.411860e+00,
-2.660499e+00, -1.415900e+00,
-2.875955e+00, -1.410930e+00,
-2.675385e+00, -1.415848e+00,
-2.813155e+00, -1.413363e+00,
-2.417673e+00, -1.411512e+00,
-2.725461e+00, -1.415373e+00,
-2.148334e+00, -1.396672e+00,
-2.108972e+00, -1.393738e+00,
-2.029905e+00, -1.387302e+00,
-2.046214e+00, -1.388687e+00,
-2.057402e+00, -1.389621e+00,
-1.650250e+00, -1.347160e+00,
-1.806764e+00, -1.365469e+00,
-1.206973e+00, -1.283343e+00,
-8.029259e-01, -1.211308e+00,
-1.229551e+00, -1.286993e+00,
-1.101507e+00, -1.265754e+00,
-9.110645e-01, -1.231804e+00,
-1.110046e+00, -1.267211e+00,
-8.465274e-01, -1.219677e+00,
-7.594163e-01, -1.202818e+00,
-8.023823e-01, -1.211203e+00,
-3.732519e-01, -1.121494e+00,
-1.918373e-01, -1.079668e+00,
-4.671988e-01, -1.142253e+00,
-4.033645e-01, -1.128215e+00,
-1.920740e-01, -1.079724e+00,
-3.022157e-01, -1.105389e+00,
-1.652831e-01, -1.073354e+00,
+4.671625e-01, -9.085886e-01,
+5.940178e-01, -8.721832e-01,
+3.147557e-01, -9.508290e-01,
+6.383631e-01, -8.591867e-01,
+9.888923e-01, -7.514088e-01,
+7.076339e-01, -8.386023e-01,
+1.326682e+00, -6.386698e-01,
+1.149834e+00, -6.988221e-01,
+1.257742e+00, -6.624207e-01,
+1.492352e+00, -5.799632e-01,
+1.595574e+00, -5.421766e-01,
+1.240173e+00, -6.684113e-01,
+1.706612e+00, -5.004442e-01,
+1.873984e+00, -4.353002e-01,
+1.985633e+00, -3.902561e-01,
+1.722880e+00, -4.942329e-01,
+2.095182e+00, -3.447402e-01,
+2.018118e+00, -3.768991e-01,
+2.422702e+00, -1.999563e-01,
+2.370611e+00, -2.239326e-01,
+2.152154e+00, -3.205250e-01,
+2.525121e+00, -1.516499e-01,
+2.422116e+00, -2.002280e-01,
+2.842806e+00, +9.536372e-03,
+3.030128e+00, +1.146027e-01,
+2.888424e+00, +3.433444e-02,
+2.991609e+00, +9.226409e-02,
+2.924807e+00, +5.445844e-02,
+3.007772e+00, +1.015875e-01,
+2.781973e+00, -2.282382e-02,
+3.164737e+00, +1.961781e-01,
+3.237671e+00, +2.430139e-01,
+3.046123e+00, +1.240014e-01,
+3.414834e+00, +3.669060e-01,
+3.436591e+00, +3.833600e-01,
+3.626207e+00, +5.444311e-01,
+3.223325e+00, +2.336361e-01,
+3.511963e+00, +4.431060e-01,
+3.698380e+00, +6.187442e-01,
+3.670244e+00, +5.884943e-01,
+3.558833e+00, +4.828230e-01,
+3.661807e+00, +5.797689e-01,
+3.767261e+00, +7.030893e-01,
+3.801065e+00, +7.532650e-01,
+3.828523e+00, +8.024454e-01,
+3.840719e+00, +8.287032e-01,
+3.848748e+00, +8.485921e-01,
+3.865801e+00, +9.066551e-01,
+3.870983e+00, +9.404873e-01,
+3.870263e+00, +1.001884e+00,
+3.864462e+00, +1.032374e+00,
+3.870542e+00, +9.996121e-01,
+3.865424e+00, +1.028474e+00
};
ceres::ConstMatrixRef kY(kYData, kYRows, kYCols);
class PointToLineSegmentContourCostFunction : public ceres::CostFunction {
public:
PointToLineSegmentContourCostFunction(const int num_segments,
const Eigen::Vector2d& y)
: num_segments_(num_segments), y_(y) {
// The first parameter is the preimage position.
mutable_parameter_block_sizes()->push_back(1);
// The next parameters are the control points for the line segment contour.
for (int i = 0; i < num_segments_; ++i) {
mutable_parameter_block_sizes()->push_back(2);
}
set_num_residuals(2);
}
virtual bool Evaluate(const double* const* x,
double* residuals,
double** jacobians) const {
// Convert the preimage position `t` into a segment index `i0` and the
// line segment interpolation parameter `u`. `i1` is the index of the next
// control point.
const double t = ModuloNumSegments(*x[0]);
CHECK_GE(t, 0.0);
CHECK_LT(t, num_segments_);
const int i0 = floor(t), i1 = (i0 + 1) % num_segments_;
const double u = t - i0;
// Linearly interpolate between control points `i0` and `i1`.
residuals[0] = y_[0] - ((1.0 - u) * x[1 + i0][0] + u * x[1 + i1][0]);
residuals[1] = y_[1] - ((1.0 - u) * x[1 + i0][1] + u * x[1 + i1][1]);
if (jacobians == NULL) {
return true;
}
if (jacobians[0] != NULL) {
jacobians[0][0] = x[1 + i0][0] - x[1 + i1][0];
jacobians[0][1] = x[1 + i0][1] - x[1 + i1][1];
}
for (int i = 0; i < num_segments_; ++i) {
if (jacobians[i + 1] != NULL) {
ceres::MatrixRef(jacobians[i + 1], 2, 2).setZero();
if (i == i0) {
jacobians[i + 1][0] = -(1.0 - u);
jacobians[i + 1][3] = -(1.0 - u);
} else if (i == i1) {
jacobians[i + 1][0] = -u;
jacobians[i + 1][3] = -u;
}
}
}
return true;
}
static ceres::CostFunction* Create(const int num_segments,
const Eigen::Vector2d& y) {
return new PointToLineSegmentContourCostFunction(num_segments, y);
}
private:
inline double ModuloNumSegments(const double t) const {
return t - num_segments_ * floor(t / num_segments_);
}
const int num_segments_;
const Eigen::Vector2d y_;
};
class EuclideanDistanceFunctor {
public:
explicit EuclideanDistanceFunctor(const double& sqrt_weight)
: sqrt_weight_(sqrt_weight) {}
template <typename T>
bool operator()(const T* x0, const T* x1, T* residuals) const {
residuals[0] = sqrt_weight_ * (x0[0] - x1[0]);
residuals[1] = sqrt_weight_ * (x0[1] - x1[1]);
return true;
}
static ceres::CostFunction* Create(const double sqrt_weight) {
return new ceres::AutoDiffCostFunction<EuclideanDistanceFunctor, 2, 2, 2>(
new EuclideanDistanceFunctor(sqrt_weight));
}
private:
const double sqrt_weight_;
};
bool SolveWithFullReport(ceres::Solver::Options options,
ceres::Problem* problem,
bool dynamic_sparsity) {
options.dynamic_sparsity = dynamic_sparsity;
ceres::Solver::Summary summary;
ceres::Solve(options, problem, &summary);
std::cout << "####################" << std::endl;
std::cout << "dynamic_sparsity = " << dynamic_sparsity << std::endl;
std::cout << "####################" << std::endl;
std::cout << summary.FullReport() << std::endl;
return summary.termination_type == ceres::CONVERGENCE;
}
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
google::InitGoogleLogging(argv[0]);
// Problem configuration.
const int num_segments = 151;
const double regularization_weight = 1e-2;
// Eigen::MatrixXd is column major so we define our own MatrixXd which is
// row major. Eigen::VectorXd can be used directly.
typedef Eigen::Matrix<double,
Eigen::Dynamic, Eigen::Dynamic,
Eigen::RowMajor> MatrixXd;
using Eigen::VectorXd;
// `X` is the matrix of control points which make up the contour of line
// segments. The number of control points is equal to the number of line
// segments because the contour is closed.
//
// Initialize `X` to points on the unit circle.
VectorXd w(num_segments + 1);
w.setLinSpaced(num_segments + 1, 0.0, 2.0 * M_PI);
w.conservativeResize(num_segments);
MatrixXd X(num_segments, 2);
X.col(0) = w.array().cos();
X.col(1) = w.array().sin();
// Each data point has an associated preimage position on the line segment
// contour. For each data point we initialize the preimage positions to
// the index of the closest control point.
const int num_observations = kY.rows();
VectorXd t(num_observations);
for (int i = 0; i < num_observations; ++i) {
(X.rowwise() - kY.row(i)).rowwise().squaredNorm().minCoeff(&t[i]);
}
ceres::Problem problem;
// For each data point add a residual which measures its distance to its
// corresponding position on the line segment contour.
std::vector<double*> parameter_blocks(1 + num_segments);
parameter_blocks[0] = NULL;
for (int i = 0; i < num_segments; ++i) {
parameter_blocks[i + 1] = X.data() + 2 * i;
}
for (int i = 0; i < num_observations; ++i) {
parameter_blocks[0] = &t[i];
problem.AddResidualBlock(
PointToLineSegmentContourCostFunction::Create(num_segments, kY.row(i)),
NULL,
parameter_blocks);
}
// Add regularization to minimize the length of the line segment contour.
for (int i = 0; i < num_segments; ++i) {
problem.AddResidualBlock(
EuclideanDistanceFunctor::Create(sqrt(regularization_weight)),
NULL,
X.data() + 2 * i,
X.data() + 2 * ((i + 1) % num_segments));
}
ceres::Solver::Options options;
options.max_num_iterations = 100;
options.linear_solver_type = ceres::SPARSE_NORMAL_CHOLESKY;
// First, solve `X` and `t` jointly with dynamic_sparsity = true.
MatrixXd X0 = X;
VectorXd t0 = t;
CHECK(SolveWithFullReport(options, &problem, true));
// Second, solve with dynamic_sparsity = false.
X = X0;
t = t0;
CHECK(SolveWithFullReport(options, &problem, false));
return 0;
}