. \" @(#)makefiles.4	1.6 01/04/29 Copyr 1996 J. Schilling
. \" User Manual page for makefile system
. \"
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.\".TH makefiles 4L "14. February 1997" "J\*org Schilling" "Schily\'s FILE FORMATS"
.TH makefiles 4L "14. February 1997" "J\*org Schilling" "GMD FOKUS FILE FORMATS"
.SH NAME
makefiles \- users guide for compiling projects on different platforms
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B "make [target]
.br
.B "gmake [target]
.br
.B "smake [target]
.br
.PP
Target may be one of:
.TP 10
\&.help
to get a list of possible targets and a short description.
.TP
all
to make the default targets
.TP
install
to make and install the default targets
(see 
.IR INS_BASE " and " INS_KBASE
to learn how to modify the installation path).
.TP
ibins
to make and install a target in 
.I SRCROOT/bins
.TP
depend
to re-make dependency rules for all default targets.
Note: All dependency files will automatically remade 
on the next run of make before they are included.
.TP
clean
to remove 
.I core 
files and all intermediate object files.
.TP
clobber
to remove the targets from
.IR clean ,
all dependency files and all final targets
.TP
distclean
to remove the targets from
.IR clean " and " clobber 
and all made files for all architectures.
.TP
tags
to make 
.IR vi (1)
compatible tags
.TP
TAGS
to make 
.IR emacs (1)
compatible tags
.TP
config
reserved for future use.
.TP
rmtarget
to remove the default target
.TP
relink
to remove the default target and remake it immediately. This can be
used to change .e.g LD_RUN_PATH in the executable.

.SH DESCRIPTION
Makefiles is a set of rules that allows compiling of structured
projects with small and uniformly structured makefiles.
All rules are located in a central directory.
Compiling the projects on different platforms can be done
simultaneously without
the need to modify any of the makefiles that are located
in the projects directories.
.PP
Makefiles is a set of high level portability tools superior to
.B autoconf
and easier to use.
.PP
Three make programs are supported:
.IR "Sunpro make" , 
.I "GNU make"
and
.IR smake .
.PP
.I BSDmake
could be supported if it supports pattern matching rules correctly.
.PP
The main design goal was to have a set of small and easy to read
makefiles, each located in the project's leaf directory and therefore 
called
.IR leaf -makefile.
.PP
Each of these 
.IR leaf -makefiles,
in fact contains no rule at all. It simply defines some macros
for the 
.IR make -program
and includes two files from a central make rule depository.
The included files and the files that are recursively included 
define the rules that are needed to compile the project.
.PP
Each 
.IR leaf -makefile
is formed in a really simple way:
.TP
\(bu
It first defines two macros that define the relative location
of the project's root directory and the name of the directory
that contains the complete set of of rules and then includes
the rule file 
.I rules.top
from the directory that forms the central rule depository.
You only have to edit the macro
.I SRCROOT
to reflect the relative location of the project's root directory.
.TP
\(bu
The next part of a 
.IR leaf -makefile
defines macros that describe the target and the source.
You can only have one target per 
.IR leaf -makefile.
Of course, there may be many source files, that are needed to create
that target.
If you want to make more than one target in a specific directory,
you have to put more than one makefile into that directory.
This is the part of a makefile that describes a unique target.
Edit this part to contain all source files, all local include files
and all non global compile time flags that are needed for your target.
For a typical target this is as simple as filling in a form.
.TP
\(bu
Each
.IR leaf -makefile
finally includes a file from the rules directory that contains
rules for the appropriate type of target that is to be made
from this 
.IR leaf -makefile.
.PP
The makefile in each directory has to be called
.IR Makefile .
If you want to have more than one makefile in a specific directory,
you have to choose different names for the other makefiles.
.PP
There are rules for the following type of targets:
.TP 20
commands
The make rules for user level commands like
.IR cat ", " ls 
etc. are located in the file 
.I rules.cmd
.TP
drivers
The make rules for device drivers
are located in the file 
.I rules.drv
.TP
libraries
The make rules for non shared libraries
are located in the file 
.I rules.lib
.TP
shared libraries
The make rules for shared libraries
are located in the file 
.I rules.shl
.TP
localized files
The make rules for localized files
are located in the file 
.I rules.loc
.TP
nonlocalized files
The make rules for non localized files
are located in the file 
.I rules.aux
.TP
shell scripts
The make rules for shell scripts (a variant of localized files)
are located in the file 
.I rules.scr
.TP
manual pages
The make rules for manual pages (a variant of localized files)
are located in the file 
.I rules.man
.TP
diverted makefiles
The make rules for projects that need to have more than
one makefile in a specific directory
are located in the file 
.I rules.mks
It contains a rule that diverts to the listed sub makefiles.
Each sub makefile may be of any type.
.TP
directories
The make rules for sub directories
are located in the file 
.I rules.dir

.SH "Macros/Variables Used In Rules
.PP
The following is a description of the most important macros
used within the make rules.
.I NOTE: 
not all of them might be changed in a specific makefile.
Carefully read the description and change only those macros
that are intended to be used to change the behavior of
the compilation.

.TP 13
ARCHDIR
contains the location where object files and make targets will be placed.
A typical name would be:
.I "OBJ/sparc\-sunos5\-cc
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
ASFLAGS
The flags that are used with the assembler.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
ASMFILES
a list of assembler source files, to be specified in a
leaf makefile.
.
.TP
ASOPTS
The internal macro that contains the flags for the assembler.
Change this macro if you want to change the behavior.
Use: 
.B "ASOPTS= value"
If you want to override the default value. If you want to
override the default assembler flags from the command line
call:
.B "make 'ASOPTS=value'"
Use: 
.B "ASOPTS += value"
If you want to add flags to the default value from within a makefile.
.
.TP
ASOPTX
may be used if you want to add flags to the assembler flags from the
command line. Use:
.B "make 'ASOPTX=value'
.
.TP
C_ARCH
this macro contains the c-compiler architecture name.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
CCOM
This macro may be used from the command line to use a different
c-compiler than the default.
Use:
.B "make 'CCOM=gcc'
to use 
.I gcc
for the next run.
Note: The value of 
.I CCOM
must not necessarily be identical to the real name of the c-compiler.
It refers to a filename which contains the definition for that
c-compiler. This hint applies as well to all other macros that deal with
the name of the c-compiler.
The only macro, that contains the real invocation name of the c-compiler,
is 
.IR CC .
.I CC
is set inside the machine dependent configuration file in the central
rules depository and must not be changed elsewhere.
.
.TP
CFILES
a list of C source files, to be specified in a
leaf makefile.
.
.TP
CFLAGS
The flags that are used with the c-compiler.
Do not use flags that belong to the c-preprocessor in the 
.IR COPTOPT ", " COPTS " and " COPTX
macros.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
CLEAN_FILES
A list of files ( besides the object files ) that will be
removed with
.IR "make clean" .
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
CLEAN_FILEX
this macro may be used to define additional files that should
be removed with
.IR "make clean" .
.
.TP
CLOBBER_FILEX
this macro may be used to define additional files that should
be removed with
.IR "make clobber" .
.
.TP
COPTOPT
The c-compiler optimization flag. This flag is intended to 
be overridden either from a makefile or from command line.
.
.TP
COPTS
The internal macro that contains the flags for the c-compiler.
Change this macro if you want to change the behavior.
Use: 
.B "COPTS= value"
If you want to override the default value. If you want to
override the default c-compiler flags from the command line
call:
.B "make 'COPTS=value'"
Use: 
.B "COPTS += value"
If you want to add flags to the default value from within a makefile.
.
.TP
COPTX
may be used if you want to add flags to the c-compiler flags from the
command line. Use:
.B "make 'COPTX=value'
.
.TP
CPPFLAGS
The flags that are used with the c-preprocessor.
This macro as well as:
.IR CPPOPTS " and " CPPOPTX
are also used when compiling c-programs.
They should contain only the following flags:
.IR "\-Dname=value ", " \-Uname " , " 
.IR \-Idirectory " and " \-Ydirectory .
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
CPPOPTS
The internal macro that contains the flags for the c-preprocessor.
Change this macro if you want to change the behavior.
Use: 
.B "CPPOPTS= value"
If you want to override the default value. If you want to
override the default c-preprocessor flags from the command line
call:
.B "make 'CPPOPTS=value'"
Use: 
.B "CPPOPTS += value"
If you want to add flags to the default value from within a makefile.
.
.TP
CPPOPTX
may be used if you want to add flags to the c-preprocessor flags from the
command line. Use:
.B "make 'CPPOPTX=value'
.
.TP
CURDIR
This macro contains the name of the sub directory that is currently processed.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
CWARNOPTS
This macro may be set in
.I $(DEFLTSROOT)/$(DEFLTSDIR)/Defaults
or 
.I $(DEFLTSROOT)/$(DEFLTSDIR)/Defaults.$(O_ARCH)
to overwrite the default c-compiler warn options.
.
.TP
CWOPTS
This macro is set inside the machine dependent configuration file in the central
rules depository and must not be changed elsewhere.
It contains the flags that set the default warning level for the c-compiler.
.
.TP
DEFINSGRP
this macro may be set in the projects defaults file to set up the
default group id for installation 
.TP
DEFINSMODE
this macro may be set in the projects defaults file to set up the
default file permission for installation 
.TP
DEFINSUSR
this macro may be set in the projects defaults file to set up the
default user id for installation 
.TP
DEFUMASK
this macro may be set in the projects defaults file to set up the
default 
.I umask
value for creating sub directories
.
.TP
DEFAULTSDIR
this macro may be set from command line or from the shell environment
if the user wants to use a different set of 
.I Defaults
files that is not located in the directory
.B DEFAULTS
in the source root directory.
This may be used to hold two or more set of defaults that differ e.g. in the
installation path or the C-compiler.
.
.TP
DEFAULTSROOT
this macro may be set in a leaf makefile, if that makefile wants to use
a 
.I Defaults
file that is not located in 
.I $(DEFAULTSDIR)
in the source root.
This may be used, if a sub tree in a big project needs a different setup.
.
.TP
DEFLTSDIR
This is an internally used macro that is set from 
.I $(DEFAULTSDIR) 
or from the internal defaults.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
DEFLTSROOT
This is an internally used macro that is set from 
.I $(DEFAULTSROOT) 
or from the internal defaults.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
DEFCCOM
the default name of the c-compiler. This is usually set in the file
.I $(DEFLTSROOT)/$(DEFLTSDIR)/Defaults
or 
.IR $(DEFLTSROOT)/$(DEFLTSDIR)/Defaults.$(O_ARCH) .
.
.TP
DEFINCDIRS
a list of directories that are searched by default in addition to 
the system include directories. If this macro is not set, 
.I $(SRCROOT)/include
is used.
.
.TP
DIRNAME
this macro needs to be set in the makefile that is located in
the 
.I "$(SRCROOT)
directory.
The value should be either set to the name of the directory
where the makefile is located or to 
.BR SRCROOT .
The value of this macro is updated automatically 
to follow the directory hierarchy.
Do not change this macro in a make file other than the make file
in the source root.
.
.TP
DIRS
this macro needs to be set in a makefile that is located in
a directory that contains diversion directories.
It must contain a list of directory names where the diversions
go to e.g.
.BR "DIRS= libfoo libbar libgarbage" .
.
.TP
HFILES
for normal operation, 
.I makefiles 
will automatically find which include files are needed
for compilation.
However, if you want to create a tag file that includes
tags for definitions that occur within include files, 
you should set 
.I HFILES
to be a list of include files containing such definitions.
.
.TP
INCDIRS
this macro will normally be a copy from 
.IR DEFINCDIRS .
You may however specify a different value in a leaf makefile
or from command line. This will overwrite the defaults value.
.
.TP
INS_BASE
this macro has to be specified in the file
.I $(DEFLTSROOT)/$(DEFLTSDIR)/Defaults
or 
.IR $(DEFLTSROOT)/$(DEFLTSDIR)/Defaults.$(O_ARCH) .
It must contain the path name of the root for installing 
general targets of the project.
See
.IR INSDIR . 
.
.TP
INS_KBASE
this macro has to be specified in the file
.I $(DEFLTSROOT)/$(DEFLTSDIR)/Defaults
or 
.IR $(DEFLTSROOT)/$(DEFLTSDIR)/Defaults.$(O_ARCH) .
It must contain the path name of the root for installing 
kernel modules from the project.
See
.IR INSDIR .
.
.TP
INSDIR
this macro has to be specified in the leaf makefile.
It must contain the path name of a directory relative to
.IR INS_BASE " or " INS_KBASE .
The target will be installed into
.I "$(INS_BASE)/$(INSDIR)" .
.
.TP
INSGRP
this macro may be set in a leaf makefile to set up the
group id for installation 
.TP
INSMODE
this macro may be set in a leaf makefile to set up the
file permission for installation 
.TP
INSUSR
this macro may be set in a leaf makefile to set up the
user id for installation 
.
.TP
K_ARCH
this macro contains the kernel/machine architecture for the
target machine (e.g.
.IR "sun3 sun4c sun4m sun4u 9000\-725 aviion" ).
It is set to the output of
.I "uname \-m
converted to lower case.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
KARCH
this macro contains the kernel/machine architecture for the
target machine (e.g.
.IR "sun3 sun4c sun4m sun4u 9000\-725 aviion" ).
It is set to the output of
.I "uname \-m
converted to lower case.
.br
Do not change this macro unless you want to do a cross compilation.
.
.TP
LDFLAGS
The flags that are used with the linker.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
LDLIBS
The internal macro that holds the 
libraries that are used while linking the target.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
LDOPTS
The internal macro that contains the flags for the linker.
Change this macro if you want to change the behavior.
Use: 
.B "LDOPTS= value"
If you want to override the default value. If you want to
override the default linker flags from the command line
call:
.B "make 'LDOPTS=value'"
Use: 
.B "LDOPTS += value"
If you want to add flags to the default value from within a makefile.
.
.TP
LDOPTX
may be used if you want to add flags to the linker flags from the
command line. Use:
.B "make 'LDOPTX=value'
.
.TP
LDPATH
the default library search path for the linker. 
This is usually set in the file
.I $(DEFLTSROOT)/$(DEFLTSDIR)/Defaults
or 
.IR $(DEFLTSROOT)/$(DEFLTSDIR)/Defaults.$(O_ARCH) .
.
.TP
LIB_KVM
a predefined macro that contains the operating system dependent
name of a library
that is needed by programs that read/write kernel virtual memory.
Add 
.I "$(LIB_KVM)
to your list of libraries (e.g.
.BR "LIBS= \-lintl $(LIB_KVM)" ),
if your target uses kvm.
.
.TP
LIB_MATH
a predefined macro that contains the operating system dependent
name of a library
that is needed by programs that use routines of the math library.
Add 
.I "$(LIB_MATH)
to your list of libraries (e.g.
.BR "LIBS= \-lintl $(LIB_MATH)" ),
if your target uses math subroutines.
.
.TP
LIB_SOCKET
a predefined macro that contains the operating system dependent
name of a library
that is needed by programs that use socket calls.
Add 
.I "$(LIB_SOCKET)
to your list of libraries (e.g.
.BR "LIBS= \-lintl $(LIB_SOCKET)" ),
if your target uses sockets. Note: this should (for portability reasons)
even be done on systems that don't require a socket library because 
they have the socket interface inside libc.
.
.TP
LIBS_PATH
this macro contains the path to a directory where those
libraries are located, that have been build during
a make run inside the current project.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
M_ARCH
this macro contains the machine architecture for the
target machine (e.g.
.IR "sun3 sun4 ip22 i86pc i586 9000\-725 aviion" ).
It is set to the output of
.I "arch
converted to lower case.
On systems, where 
.I M_ARCH
is not available, it is set to the content of 
.IR K_ARCH .
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
MK_FILES
makefiles that divert into sub makes within the same directory
must set 
.I MK_FILES
to be a list of makefile names for the sub makes.
Makefile names for sub makes should have a name that is build
by adding 
.I .mk
to the base name of the target that is defined inside the
specific makefile.
.
.TP
MAKEPROG
Set this macro to the name of your make program if it does
not support the macro
.IR MAKE_NAME .
The make program 
.I smake
is able to identify itself.
If you want to use a make program that is not able
to identify itself
and it's name is not
.IR make ,
set 
.I MAKEPROG
to the name of the make program.
Currently only 
.I gmake
is supported as alternate value for 
.IR MAKEPROG .
If you want to use an unsupported make program
you have to check if it supports the needed features
for
.IR makefiles .
You must write your own rule files for that make program.
If you want to use 
.IR gmake ,
you should do
.B "setenv MAKEPROG gmake
before you start
.I gmake
or use a shell script that does this job for you.
.
.TP
MAKE
This macro is set up by the 
.I make 
program.
It contains a path name that is sufficient to recursively
call the same 
.I make
program again (either that last path component or the full path
name of the make program).
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
MAKEFLAGS
This macro is set up by the 
.I make 
program.
It contains the command line flags,
.I make
is called with.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
MAKE_ARCH
This macro is currently set up by 
.B smake 
only.
It contains the processor architecture of the target machine
(e.g. mc68020, sparc, pentium).
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
MAKE_BRAND
This macro is currently set up by 
.B smake 
only.
It contains the brand of the target machine
(e.g. Sun_Microsystems(e.g. ).
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
MAKE_HOST
This macro is currently set up by 
.B smake 
only.
It contains the host name of the target machine
(e.g. duffy, sherwood, ghost).
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
MAKE_MACH
This macro is currently set up by 
.B smake 
only.
It contains the kernel architecture of the target machine
(e.g. sun3, sun4c, sun4m, sun4u).
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
MAKE_MODEL
This macro is currently set up by 
.B smake 
only.
It contains the model name of the target machine
(e.g. SUNW,SPARCstation-20).
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
MAKE_M_ARCH
This macro is currently set up by 
.B smake 
only.
It contains the machine architecture of the target machine
(e.g. sun3, sun4).
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
MAKE_NAME
This macro is currently set up by 
.B smake 
only.
It contains the official name of the
make program
(e.g. make, smake, gmake).
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
MAKE_OS
This macro is currently set up by 
.B smake 
only.
It contains the operating system name of the target machine
(e.g. sunos, linux, dgux).
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
MAKE_OSDEFS
This macro is currently set up by 
.B smake 
only.
It contains operating system specific defines for the compiler
(e.g. -D__SVR4).
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
MAKE_OSREL
This macro is currently set up by 
.B smake 
only.
It contains the operating system release name of the target machine
(e.g. 5.5, 4.1.1).
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
MAKE_OSVERSION
This macro is currently set up by 
.B smake 
only.
It contains the operating system version of the target machine
(e.g. generic).
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
MAKE_SERIAL
This macro is currently set up by 
.B smake 
only.
It contains the serial number of the target machine
(e.g. 1920098175).
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
MANDIR
all makefiles for manual pages must set this macro to the
path name relative to 
.I INS_BASE
where the manual page root dir for the project should be.
Possible values for english manual pages are
.IR man " or " share/man ,
possible values for german manual pages are
.IR man/de " or " share/man/de .
.
.TP
MANFILE
makefiles for manual pages set this macro to the name of the 
troff source file for the manual page
.
.TP
MANSECT
makefiles for manual pages set this macro to the macro name that
contains the real section name for this manual page. This is 
necessary because bsd based system have different naming conventions than
system V based systems. See below for a valid list of manual section
macros.
.TP
MANSECT_ADMIN
This macro contains the name of the sub directory for administrative
commands and maintenance procedures.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.TP
MANSECT_CMD
This macro contains the name of the sub directory for general 
user commands.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.TP
MANSECT_DEMOS
This macro contains the name of the sub directory for demo
commands.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.TP
MANSECT_DEVICE
This macro contains the name of the sub directory for 
user level device interfaces.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.TP
MANSECT_DRIVER
This macro contains the name of the sub directory for 
kernel level device driver interfaces.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.TP
MANSECT_FILEFORM
This macro contains the name of the sub directory for 
file formats.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.TP
MANSECT_GAMES
This macro contains the name of the sub directory for 
games.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.TP
MANSECT_HDR
This macro contains the name of the sub directory for 
header files.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.TP
MANSECT_LIB
This macro contains the name of the sub directory for 
library function interfaces.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.TP
MANSECT_MACROS
This macro contains the name of the sub directory for 
troff macros.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.TP
MANSECT_NETWORK
This macro contains the name of the sub directory for 
user level network interfaces.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.TP
MANSECT_SYSCALL
This macro contains the name of the sub directory for 
system call interfaces.
Do not change this macro.
.TP
MANSECT_TABLES
This macro contains the name of the sub directory for 
tables.
Do not change this macro.
.TP
MANSTYLE
This macro contains the name that is used to find the right
ordering conventions for manual pages.
Do not change this macro.
.TP
MANSUFFIX
makefiles for manual pages set this macro to the macro name that
contains the real suffix for this manual page. This is 
necessary because bsd based system have different naming conventions than
system V based systems. See below for a valid list of manual suffix
macros.
.TP
MANSUFF_ADMIN
This macro contains the name of the file suffix for administrative
commands and maintenance procedures.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.TP
MANSUFF_CMD
This macro contains the name of the file suffix for general 
user commands.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.TP
MANSUFF_DEMOS
This macro contains the name of the file suffix for demo
commands.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.TP
MANSUFF_DEVICE
This macro contains the name of the file suffix for 
user level device interfaces.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.TP
MANSUFF_DRIVER
This macro contains the name of the file suffix for 
kernel level device driver interfaces.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.TP
MANSUFF_FILEFORM
This macro contains the name of the file suffix for 
file formats.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.TP
MANSUFF_GAMES
This macro contains the name of the file suffix for 
games.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.TP
MANSUFF_HDR
This macro contains the name of the file suffix for 
header files.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.TP
MANSUFF_LIB
This macro contains the name of the file suffix for 
library function interfaces.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.TP
MANSUFF_MACROS
This macro contains the name of the file suffix for 
troff macros.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.TP
MANSUFF_NETWORK
This macro contains the name of the file suffix for 
user level network interfaces.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.TP
MANSUFF_SYSCALL
This macro contains the name of the file suffix for 
system call interfaces.
Do not change this macro.
.TP
MANSUFF_TABLES
This macro contains the name of the file suffix for 
tables.
Do not change this macro.
.TP
MARCH
this macro contains the machine architecture for the
target machine (e.g.
.IR "sun3 sun4 ip22 i86pc i586 9000\-725 aviion" ).
It is set to the output of
.I "arch
converted to lower case.
On systems, where 
.I M_ARCH
is not available, it is set to the content of 
.IR K_ARCH .
.br
Do not change this macro unless you want to do a cross compilation.
.
.TP
O_ARCH
this macro contains the name of the operating system
converted to lower case.
It is usually the output of:
.IR "uname \-s" .
It may contain a modified name if the compilation rules
for different version of the operating system differ (e.g.
on
.IR SunOS " and " Solaris ,
the official operation system name in both cases is
.IR SunOS ).
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
OARCH
this macro contains the object architecture that is used
for architecture dependent sub directories.
It is set to:
.IR "$(PARCH)\-$(O_ARCH)\-$(C_ARCH)" .
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
OARCHDIR
this macro contains the concatenation of 
.I OBJ/
and 
.IR "$(OARCH)" .
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
OFILES
this macro contains the list of objects that are the
the dependency list for the target.
It is constructed from the list of
assembler source files,
c source files,
lex source files and
yacc source files.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
OINCSDIR
this macro contains the concatenation of 
.I $(SRCROOT)/incs/
and 
.IR "$(OARCH)" .
It is the location where include files that are made within a make run
and subject to global use will be placed.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.TP
OLIBSDIR
this macro contains the concatenation of 
.I $(SRCROOT)/libs/
and 
.IR "$(OARCH)" .
It is the location where libraries that are made within a make run
will be placed.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
OSDEFS
this macro contains operating system specific c-preprocessor
definitions.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
OSNAME
the unmodified name of the operating system converted to lower case.
See
.IR O_ARCH .
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
OSREL
the release of the operating system.
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
P_ARCH
this macro contains the processor architecture for the
target machine (e.g.
.IR "mc68020 mc88200 sparc pentium" ).
It is set to the output of
.I "uname \-p
converted to lower case.
On systems, where 
.I P_ARCH
is not available, it is set to the content of 
.IR K_ARCH .
.br
Do not change this macro.
.
.TP
PARCH
this macro contains the processor architecture for the
target machine (e.g.
.IR "mc68020 mc88200 sparc pentium" ).
It is set to the output of
.I "uname \-p
converted to lower case.
On systems, where 
.I P_ARCH
is not available, it is set to the content of 
.IR K_ARCH .
.br
Do not change this macro unless you want to do a cross compilation.
.
.TP
RULESDIR
the value of this macro must be set before
the rules file
.I "$(SRCROOT)/$(RULESDIR/rules.top
is included.
If you want to test the behavior of a modified version
of the
.I makefiles
in 
.IR RULESDIR ,
put a copy into an alternate directory, modify one or more
files in it and then use make with a different value of
.IR RULESDIR ,
that points to the alternate directory.
.
.TP
RUNPATH
is evaluated on systems, where 
.I LD_RUN_PATH
is supported.
It contains the default library search path for dynamic linked targets
on runtime. 
This search path will be stored inside the target.
This is usually set in the file
.I $(DEFLTSROOT)/$(DEFLTSDIR)/Defaults
or 
.IR $(DEFLTSROOT)/$(DEFLTSDIR)/Defaults.$(O_ARCH) .
Note that older systems will use 
.I LD_LIBRARY_PATH
for this purpose too.
.
.TP
SCRFILE
this macro must be set in a leaf makefile for shell scripts to define
the source for that script file.
.
.TP
SRCFILE
this macro must be set in a leaf makefile for localized files to define
the source for that file.
.
.TP
SRCROOT
this macro contains the relative position to the project's
source root directory.
The value of this macro must be set before
the rules file
.I "$(SRCROOT)/$(RULESDIR/rules.top
is included.
.I SRCROOT
should be set to
.I ../..
if the appropriate leaf makefile is located two directory
levels below the source route.
.
.TP
SUBARCHDIR
may be set to put the object files and the target into
a different directory than usual.
.I SUBARCHDIR
will modify the value of 
.IR ARCHDIR .
If you want to make a target that is compiled for 
.I dbx
you may use:
.IR "make COPTX=\-g SUBARCHDIR=\-dbx" .
.
.TP
TARGET
all makefiles, that are not referring to library targets or
sub makes / sub dir makes,
must define
.I TARGET
to be the output file name of the final link operation.
.
.TP
TARGETLIB
all makefiles that are used to make libraries
must define
.I TARGETLIB
to be the central part of the target library.
If you want to make e.g.
.I libfoo
define
.IR "TARGETLIB= foo" .
This is needed to allow operating systems to have different naming 
conventions for libraries.
If you are making a non shared library, the example above
would result in a filename:
.I libfoo.a
for the real target.
.
.TP
TARGETMAN
this macro must be set in a leaf makefile for manual pages to define
the base name for that manual page (not including the suffix).
.
.TP
XMK_FILE
makefiles that want to install manual pages should set 
.I XMK_FILE
to 
.B Makefile.man
to avoid having to install a diversion make file. 
The make file found in
.I XMK_FILE
will be processed only if 
.I make
is called with the target 
.IR install .

.SH "GETTING STARTED
.PP
To set up a new project, first copy the 
.IR RULES " and " TEMPLATES
directories and all its content into the project's root directory.
.PP
Then copy a top level makefile, a 
.I Defaults
file and a 
.I Targetdirs.archname
file into the project's root directory.
.PP
Then create the following directories:
.IR cmd ", " lib ", " include .
.PP
Now start creating target directories e.g below
.IR cmd " and " lib .
Don't forget to create a makefile and an appropriate
.I Targetdirs.archname 
file on each node directory.

.SH EXAMPLES
.PP
If you want to set up a private copy of parts of a project,
you should choose a directory inside your directory tree that will become
the shadow projects source root directory.
Then create symbolic links named 
.IR RULES " and " TEMPLATES
to the real source root.
If you don't want to modify the global include files,
create a symbolic link to the
.I include
directory too, else copy the include directory and its content.
copy the top level makefile, the 
.I Defaults
file and the
.I Targetdirs.archname 
file.
.PP
Finally copy the desired sub tree together with all
makefiles and the 
.I Targetdirs.archname 
files that are located in the directories above
your part of the project that you want to have separately.

.SH FILES
\&.\|.\|./RULES/*
.br
\&.\|.\|./DEFAULTS/*
.br
\&.\|.\|./TARGETS/*
.br
\&.\|.\|./TEMPLATES/*

.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR makerules (4),
.BR make (1),
.BR gmake (1),
.BR smake (1).
.PP
If you want to know, how to add new rules or how to add support
for new operating systems or compilers look into 
.BR makerules (4).

.SH DIAGNOSTICS
Diagnostic messages depend on the make program.
Have a look at the appropriate man page.

.SH NOTES
The scope of this manual is only the usage of 
.BR "leaf makefiles" .
If you want to make changes to the 
.B make rules
have a look at
.BR makerules (4).
.PP
.I makefiles
can be used with 
.IR "Sunpro make" ", " "Gnu make"
and 
.IR smake .
Although Gnu make runs on many platforms, it has no useful debug
output.
.PP
Use
.IR "Sunpro make" " or " "smake"
if you have problems with a makefile.
.IR "Sunpro make" " and " "smake" ,
both have a \-D flag, that allows you to watch the makefiles
after the first expansion. Use this option, if you are in doubt
if your makefile gets expanded the right way and if the right
rules are included.
There is also a \-d option that gives debugging output while 
make is running. If you want more output, use \-dd, \-ddd and so on.
.PP
.I Smake
has an option \-xM that shows you the include dependency for
make rules.

.PP
.ne 20
The following is a list of all macros that are used in 
.IR makefiles .
Do not use them unless their meaning has been explained
before.
.PP

.BR \-O_ARCH ,
.BR .OBJDIR ,
.BR .SEARCHLIST ,
.BR ALLTARGETS ,
.BR AR ,
.BR ARCH ,
.BR ARCHDIR ,
.BR ARCHDIRX ,
.BR ARCH_DONE ,
.BR ARFLAGS ,
.BR AS ,
.BR ASFLAGS ,
.BR ASMFILES ,
.BR ASOPTS ,
.BR ASOPTX ,
.BR CC ,
.BR CCOM ,
.BR CCOM_DEF ,
.BR CFILES ,
.BR CFLAGS ,
.BR CHGRP ,
.BR CHMOD ,
.BR CHOWN ,
.BR CLEAN_FILES ,
.BR CLEAN_FILEX ,
.BR CLOBBER_FILEX ,
.BR COPTDYN ,
.BR COPTGPROF ,
.BR COPTOPT ,
.BR COPTS ,
.BR COPTX ,
.BR CPP ,
.BR CPPFLAGS ,
.BR CPPOPTS ,
.BR CPPOPTX ,
.BR CTAGS ,
.BR CURDIR ,
.BR CWARNOPTS ,
.BR CWOPTS ,
.BR C_ARCH ,
.BR DEFAULTSDIR ,
.BR DEFAULTSROOT ,
.BR DEFCCOM ,
.BR DEFCCOM_DEF ,
.BR DEFINCDIRS ,
.BR DEFINCDIRS_DEF ,
.BR DEFINSGRP ,
.BR DEFINSMODE ,
.BR DEFINSUSR ,
.BR DEFUMASK ,
.BR DEF_ROOT ,
.BR DEP_DEP ,
.BR DEP_FILE ,
.BR DEP_SUFFIX ,
.BR DIRNAME ,
.BR DIRS ,
.BR DYNLD ,
.BR ETAGS ,
.BR FLOAT_OPTIONS ,
.BR HFILES ,
.BR HOSTNAME ,
.BR INCDIRS ,
.BR INSDIR ,
.BR INSGRP ,
.BR INSGRP_DEF ,
.BR INSMODE ,
.BR INSMODE_DEF ,
.BR INSTALL ,
.BR INSUSR ,
.BR INSUSR_DEF ,
.BR INS_BASE ,
.BR INS_KBASE ,
.BR KARCH ,
.BR KARCH_DEF ,
.BR KDEFINES ,
.BR K_ARCH ,
.BR LD ,
.BR LDCC ,
.BR LDFLAGS ,
.BR LDLIBS ,
.BR LDOPTDYN ,
.BR LDOPTS ,
.BR LDOPTX ,
.BR LDPATH ,
.BR LIBS ,
.BR LIBS_PATH ,
.BR LIBX ,
.BR LIB_KVM ,
.BR LIB_MATH ,
.BR LIB_PREFIX ,
.BR LIB_SOCKET ,
.BR LIB_SUFFIX ,
.BR LN ,
.BR LNDYNLIB ,
.BR LOCALIZE ,
.BR LORDER ,
.BR MAKE ,
.BR MK_FILES ,
.BR MAKEPROG ,
.BR MAKE_ARCH ,
.BR MAKE_HOST ,
.BR MAKE_MACH ,
.BR MAKE_M_ARCH ,
.BR MAKE_NAME ,
.BR MAKE_OS ,
.BR MAKE_OSDEFS ,
.BR MAKE_OSREL ,
.BR MANDIR ,
.BR MANFILE ,
.BR MANSECT ,
.BR MANSECT_ADMIN ,
.BR MANSECT_CMD ,
.BR MANSECT_DEMOS ,
.BR MANSECT_DEVICE ,
.BR MANSECT_DRIVER ,
.BR MANSECT_FILEFORM ,
.BR MANSECT_GAMES ,
.BR MANSECT_HDR ,
.BR MANSECT_LIB ,
.BR MANSECT_MACROS ,
.BR MANSECT_NETWORK ,
.BR MANSECT_SYSCALL ,
.BR MANSECT_TABLES ,
.BR MANSTYLE ,
.BR MANSUFFIX ,
.BR MANSUFF_ADMIN ,
.BR MANSUFF_CMD ,
.BR MANSUFF_DEMOS ,
.BR MANSUFF_DEVICE ,
.BR MANSUFF_DRIVER ,
.BR MANSUFF_FILEFORM ,
.BR MANSUFF_GAMES ,
.BR MANSUFF_HDR ,
.BR MANSUFF_LIB ,
.BR MANSUFF_MACROS ,
.BR MANSUFF_NETWORK ,
.BR MANSUFF_SYSCALL ,
.BR MANSUFF_TABLES ,
.BR MARCH ,
.BR MARCH_DEF ,
.BR MKDEP ,
.BR MKDEP_OUT ,
.BR MKDIR ,
.BR MV ,
.BR M_ARCH ,
.BR OARCH ,
.BR OARCHDIR ,
.BR OFILES ,
.BR OINCSDIR ,
.BR OLIBSDIR ,
.BR OSDEFS ,
.BR OSNAME ,
.BR OSREL ,
.BR O_ARCH ,
.BR PALLDEP_FILE ,
.BR PARCH ,
.BR PARCH_DEF ,
.BR PASMFILES ,
.BR PDEP_FILE ,
.BR PLOFILES ,
.BR POFILES ,
.BR PTARGET ,
.BR PTARGET_BASE ,
.BR PYOFILES ,
.BR P_ARCH ,
.BR RANLIB ,
.BR RM ,
.BR RMDEP ,
.BR RMTARGET ,
.BR RM_FORCE ,
.BR RM_RECURS ,
.BR RM_RF ,
.BR RULESDIR ,
.BR RUNPATH ,
.BR SCRFILE ,
.BR SHELL ,
.BR SHL_SUFFIX ,
.BR SRCFILE ,
.BR SRCLIBS ,
.BR SRCROOT ,
.BR SUBARCH ,
.BR SUBARCHDIR ,
.BR SYMLINK ,
.BR TAGS ,
.BR TARGET ,
.BR TARGETLIB ,
.BR TARGETMAN ,
.BR TARGET_BASE ,
.BR TARGET_PATH ,
.BR TSORT ,
.BR UMASK ,
.BR UMASK_DEF ,
.BR UMASK_VAL ,
.BR XARCH ,
.BR XK_ARCH ,
.BR XMK_FILE ,
.BR XMAKEPROG ,
.BR XM_ARCH ,
.BR XP_ARCH ,
.BR _CCOM ,
.BR _DEFAULTSDIR ,
.BR _DEFCCOM ,
.BR _DEFINSGRP ,
.BR _DEFINSMODE ,
.BR _DEFINSUSR ,
.BR _DEFUMASK ,
.BR _DIRNAME ,
.BR _INCDIRS ,
.BR _MAKEPROG ,
.BR _MARCH ,
.BR _M_ARCH ,
.BR _O_ARCH ,
.BR _PARCH ,
.BR _P_ARCH ,
.BR _UNIQ ,
.BR __CCOM ,
.BR __DEFAULTSDIR ,
.BR __DEFCCOM ,
.BR __DEFINSGRP ,
.BR __DEFINSMODE ,
.BR __DEFINSUSR ,
.BR __DEFUMASK ,
.BR __DIRNAME ,
.BR __INCDIRS ,
.BR __MAKEPROG ,
.BR __MARCH ,
.BR __M_ARCH ,
.BR __PARCH ,
.BR __P_ARCH ,

.SH BUGS

.SH "Source Tree Hierarchy
.LP
The following outline gives a quick tour through a typical
source hierarchy:
.LP
.na
.nh
.PD 0
.TP
.B .../
root directory of the source tree
.
.RS
.TP
.B Makefile
the top Makefile
.TP
.B Targetdirs
a file containing a list of directories that are needed
for that project.
If the system needs different target lists depending
on the target system architecture , use target specific files in
.B .../TARGETS/
.TP
\&.\|.\|.
.RE
.
.TP
.B .../RULES/
the location of makefiles (included rules)
.
.RS
.TP
.B rules.top
the mandatory include rules (needed to setup basic rules)
.TP
.B rules.aux
rules needed to install a non localized auxiliary file
.TP
.B rules.cmd
rules needed to make an ordinary command (like /bin/sh)
.TP
.B rules.drv
rules needed to make a device driver
.TP
.B rules.lib
rules needed to make a standard (nonshared) library
.TP
.B rules.loc
rules needed to install a localized auxiliary file
.TP
.B rules.man
rules needed to install a localized manual page
.TP
.B rules.scr
rules needed to install a localized shell script
.TP
.B rules.shl
rules needed to make a shared library
.TP
.B rules.mks
rules needed to make more than one target in a specific directory
.TP
.B rules.dir
rules needed to make targets that are located in sub directories
to the current directory
.TP
\&.\|.\|.
.RE
.
.TP
.B .../DEFAULTS/
default definitions for various target architectures are
located in this directory. Templates for some architectures can
be found in the
.I .../TEMPLATES/
directory.
.RS
.TP
.B Defaults
default definitions for that source tree. System dependent
definitions are in 
.B .../DEFAULTS/Defaults.*
.RE
.TP
.B .../TARGETS/
target list definitions for various target architectures are
located in this directory.
.TP
.B .../TEMPLATES/
templates that should be used inside the project
(rename to Makefile, if it is the only makefile in that directory, 
rename to
.I target.mk,
if there is more than one target in that directory)
.
.RS
.TP
.B Defaults
Defaults file for the source root directory
.TP
.B Defaults.linux
Defaults file for 
.IR linux .
This should be installed in the 
.B .../DEFAULTS/
directory.
.TP
.B Makefile.root
Makefile for the source root directory
.TP
.B Makefile.aux
Makefile for a non localized auxiliary file
.TP
.B Makefile.cmd
Makefile for an ordinary command (like /bin/sh)
.TP
.B Makefile.lib
Makefile for a standard (nonshared) library
.TP
.B Makefile.loc
Makefile for a localized auxiliary file
.TP
.B Makefile.man
Makefile for a localized manual page
.TP
.B Makefile_de.man
Makefile for a localized manual page in the german locale
.TP
.B Makefile.scr
Makefile for a localized shell script
.TP
.B Makefile.shl
Makefile for a shared library
.TP
.B Makefile.drv
Makefile for a device driver
.TP
.B Makefile.mks
Makefile for more than one target in a specific directory
.TP
.B Makefile.dir
Makefile for targets that are located in sub directories
to the current directory
.TP
\&.\|.\|.
.RE
.
.TP
.B .../cmd/
source tree for normal commands
.
.RS
.TP
.B Makefile
the makefile for the 
.I cmd 
sub directory
.TP
.B Targetdirs.sun4m
a file containing a list of directories like 
.I myprog 
(see below) that are needed
for that specific architecture.
.TP
.B myprog/
directory where the sources for a specific command are located
.
.RS
.TP
Makefile
makefile for
.I myprog
.TP
Makefile.man
makefile for the manual page of
.I myprog
.TP
mprog.c
source for myprog
.TP
mprog.tr
troff source for the manual page of myprog
.TP
.B OBJ/
directory where system specific sub directories are located
.
.RS
.TP
.B sparc\-sunos5\-cc/
directory for binaries that belong to a specific system
.TP
\&.\|.\|.
.RE
.TP
\&.\|.\|.
.RE
.br
.TP
\&.\|.\|.
.RE
.br
.ne 5
.TP
.B .../lib/
directory where the sources for a libraries are located
.
.RS
.TP
.B Makefile
the makefile for the 
.I lib 
sub directory
.TP
.B Targetdirs.sun4m
a file containing a list of directories like 
.I libfoo
(see below) that are needed
for that specific architecture.
.TP
.B libfoo/
directory where all source files for libfoo are located
.TP
\&.\|.\|.
.RE
.
.TP
.B .../kernel
directory for kernel modules
.
.RS
.TP
.B Makefile
the makefile for the 
.I kernel
sub directory
.TP
.B Targetdirs.sun4m
a file containing a list of directories like 
.I drv 
(see below) that are needed
for that specific architecture.
.TP
.B drv/
directory where drivers are located
.
.RS
.TP
.B Makefile
the makefile for the 
.I drv
sub directory
.TP
.B Targetdirs.sun4m
a file containing a list of directories like 
.I mydrv
(see below) that are needed
for that specific architecture.
.TP
.B mydrv/
source for a specific driver
.TP
\&.\|.\|.
.RE
.
.TP
\&.\|.\|.
.RE
.
.TP
.B .../include
directory for global include files that are used in that project
.
.TP
.B .../bins
directory for binary programs that are created/needed while compiling
the project
.RS
.TP
.B sparc\-sunos5\-cc/
directory for binaries that belong to a specific system
.TP
\&.\|.\|.
.RE
.
.TP
.B .../libs
directory for libraries that are created/needed while compiling
the project
.RS
.TP
.B sparc\-sunos5\-cc/
directory for libraries that belong to a specific system
.TP
\&.\|.\|.
.RE
.
.TP
.B .../incs
directory for include files that are created/needed while compiling
the project
.RS
.TP
.B sparc\-sunos5\-cc/
directory for include files that belong to a specific system
.TP
\&.\|.\|.
.RE
.TP
\&.\|.\|.
.RE
.
.ad
.PD

.SH AUTHOR
.nf
J\*org Schilling
Seestr. 110
D-13353 Berlin
Germany
.fi
.PP
Mail bugs and suggestions to:
.PP
.B
joerg@schily.isdn.cs.tu-berlin.de
or
.B
js@cs.tu-berlin.de
or
.B
jes@fokus.gmd.de