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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
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<head>
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
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<meta name="generator" content="Docutils 0.12: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/" />
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<meta name="version" content="S5 1.1" />
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<title>Implementing XML languages with lxml</title>
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<style type="text/css">
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/*
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:Author: David Goodger (goodger@python.org)
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:Id: $Id: html4css1.css 7614 2013-02-21 15:55:51Z milde $
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:Copyright: This stylesheet has been placed in the public domain.
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Default cascading style sheet for the HTML output of Docutils.
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See http://docutils.sf.net/docs/howto/html-stylesheets.html for how to
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customize this style sheet.
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*/
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/* used to remove borders from tables and images */
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.borderless, table.borderless td, table.borderless th {
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border: 0 }
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table.borderless td, table.borderless th {
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/* Override padding for "table.docutils td" with "! important".
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The right padding separates the table cells. */
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padding: 0 0.5em 0 0 ! important }
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.first {
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/* Override more specific margin styles with "! important". */
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margin-top: 0 ! important }
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.last, .with-subtitle {
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margin-bottom: 0 ! important }
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.hidden {
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display: none }
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a.toc-backref {
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text-decoration: none ;
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color: black }
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blockquote.epigraph {
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margin: 2em 5em ; }
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dl.docutils dd {
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margin-bottom: 0.5em }
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object[type="image/svg+xml"], object[type="application/x-shockwave-flash"] {
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overflow: hidden;
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}
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/* Uncomment (and remove this text!) to get bold-faced definition list terms
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dl.docutils dt {
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font-weight: bold }
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*/
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div.abstract {
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margin: 2em 5em }
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div.abstract p.topic-title {
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font-weight: bold ;
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text-align: center }
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div.admonition, div.attention, div.caution, div.danger, div.error,
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div.hint, div.important, div.note, div.tip, div.warning {
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margin: 2em ;
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border: medium outset ;
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padding: 1em }
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div.admonition p.admonition-title, div.hint p.admonition-title,
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div.important p.admonition-title, div.note p.admonition-title,
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div.tip p.admonition-title {
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font-weight: bold ;
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font-family: sans-serif }
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div.attention p.admonition-title, div.caution p.admonition-title,
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div.danger p.admonition-title, div.error p.admonition-title,
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div.warning p.admonition-title, .code .error {
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color: red ;
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font-weight: bold ;
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font-family: sans-serif }
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/* Uncomment (and remove this text!) to get reduced vertical space in
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compound paragraphs.
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div.compound .compound-first, div.compound .compound-middle {
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margin-bottom: 0.5em }
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div.compound .compound-last, div.compound .compound-middle {
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margin-top: 0.5em }
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*/
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div.dedication {
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margin: 2em 5em ;
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text-align: center ;
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font-style: italic }
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div.dedication p.topic-title {
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font-weight: bold ;
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font-style: normal }
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div.figure {
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margin-left: 2em ;
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margin-right: 2em }
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div.footer, div.header {
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clear: both;
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font-size: smaller }
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div.line-block {
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display: block ;
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margin-top: 1em ;
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margin-bottom: 1em }
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div.line-block div.line-block {
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margin-top: 0 ;
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margin-bottom: 0 ;
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margin-left: 1.5em }
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div.sidebar {
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margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em ;
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border: medium outset ;
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padding: 1em ;
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background-color: #ffffee ;
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width: 40% ;
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float: right ;
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clear: right }
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div.sidebar p.rubric {
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font-family: sans-serif ;
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font-size: medium }
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div.system-messages {
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margin: 5em }
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div.system-messages h1 {
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color: red }
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div.system-message {
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border: medium outset ;
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padding: 1em }
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div.system-message p.system-message-title {
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color: red ;
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font-weight: bold }
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div.topic {
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margin: 2em }
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h1.section-subtitle, h2.section-subtitle, h3.section-subtitle,
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h4.section-subtitle, h5.section-subtitle, h6.section-subtitle {
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margin-top: 0.4em }
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h1.title {
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text-align: center }
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h2.subtitle {
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text-align: center }
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hr.docutils {
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width: 75% }
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img.align-left, .figure.align-left, object.align-left {
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clear: left ;
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float: left ;
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margin-right: 1em }
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img.align-right, .figure.align-right, object.align-right {
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clear: right ;
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float: right ;
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margin-left: 1em }
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img.align-center, .figure.align-center, object.align-center {
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display: block;
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margin-left: auto;
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margin-right: auto;
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}
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.align-left {
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text-align: left }
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.align-center {
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clear: both ;
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text-align: center }
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.align-right {
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text-align: right }
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/* reset inner alignment in figures */
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div.align-right {
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text-align: inherit }
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/* div.align-center * { */
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/* text-align: left } */
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ol.simple, ul.simple {
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margin-bottom: 1em }
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ol.arabic {
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list-style: decimal }
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ol.loweralpha {
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list-style: lower-alpha }
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ol.upperalpha {
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list-style: upper-alpha }
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ol.lowerroman {
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list-style: lower-roman }
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ol.upperroman {
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list-style: upper-roman }
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p.attribution {
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text-align: right ;
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margin-left: 50% }
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p.caption {
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font-style: italic }
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p.credits {
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font-style: italic ;
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font-size: smaller }
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p.label {
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white-space: nowrap }
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p.rubric {
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font-weight: bold ;
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font-size: larger ;
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color: maroon ;
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text-align: center }
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p.sidebar-title {
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font-family: sans-serif ;
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font-weight: bold ;
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font-size: larger }
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p.sidebar-subtitle {
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font-family: sans-serif ;
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font-weight: bold }
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p.topic-title {
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font-weight: bold }
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pre.address {
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margin-bottom: 0 ;
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margin-top: 0 ;
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font: inherit }
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pre.literal-block, pre.doctest-block, pre.math, pre.code {
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margin-left: 2em ;
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margin-right: 2em }
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pre.code .ln { color: grey; } /* line numbers */
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pre.code, code { background-color: #eeeeee }
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pre.code .comment, code .comment { color: #5C6576 }
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pre.code .keyword, code .keyword { color: #3B0D06; font-weight: bold }
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pre.code .literal.string, code .literal.string { color: #0C5404 }
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pre.code .name.builtin, code .name.builtin { color: #352B84 }
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pre.code .deleted, code .deleted { background-color: #DEB0A1}
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pre.code .inserted, code .inserted { background-color: #A3D289}
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span.classifier {
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font-family: sans-serif ;
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font-style: oblique }
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span.classifier-delimiter {
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font-family: sans-serif ;
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font-weight: bold }
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span.interpreted {
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font-family: sans-serif }
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span.option {
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white-space: nowrap }
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span.pre {
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white-space: pre }
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span.problematic {
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color: red }
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span.section-subtitle {
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/* font-size relative to parent (h1..h6 element) */
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font-size: 80% }
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table.citation {
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border-left: solid 1px gray;
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margin-left: 1px }
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table.docinfo {
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margin: 2em 4em }
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table.docutils {
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margin-top: 0.5em ;
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margin-bottom: 0.5em }
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table.footnote {
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border-left: solid 1px black;
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margin-left: 1px }
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table.docutils td, table.docutils th,
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table.docinfo td, table.docinfo th {
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vertical-align: top }
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table.docutils th.field-name, table.docinfo th.docinfo-name {
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white-space: nowrap ;
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padding-left: 0 }
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/* "booktabs" style (no vertical lines) */
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table.docutils.booktabs {
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border-collapse: collapse;
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}
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table.docutils.booktabs * {
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border: 0px;
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}
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table.docutils.booktabs th {
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}
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h1 tt.docutils, h2 tt.docutils, h3 tt.docutils,
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h4 tt.docutils, h5 tt.docutils, h6 tt.docutils {
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font-size: 100% }
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ul.auto-toc {
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list-style-type: none }
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</style>
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<meta name="defaultView" content="slideshow" />
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<meta name="controlVis" content="hidden" />
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<script src="ui/default/slides.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
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type="text/css" media="projection" id="slideProj" />
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type="text/css" media="screen" id="outlineStyle" />
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type="text/css" media="print" id="slidePrint" />
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type="text/css" media="projection" id="operaFix" />
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</head>
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<body>
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Implementing XML languages with lxml
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Dr. Stefan Behnel, EuroPython 2008, Vilnius/Lietuva
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Implementing XML languages with lxml
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Dr. Stefan Behnel
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http://codespeak.net/lxml/
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lxml-dev@codespeak.net
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======= -->
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========== -->
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========================================== -->
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============================ -->
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===================== -->
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============================ -->
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=================== -->
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What is an »XML language«?
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a language in XML notation
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aka »XML dialect«
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except that it's not a dialect
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Examples:
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XML Schema
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Atom/RSS
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(X)HTML
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Open Document Format
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SOAP
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... add your own one here
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Popular mistakes to avoid (1)
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"That's easy, I can use regular expressions!"
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No, you can't.
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Popular mistakes to avoid (2)
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"This is tree data, I'll take the DOM!"
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Popular mistakes to avoid (2)
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"This is tree data, I'll take the DOM!"
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DOM is ubiquitous, but it's as complicated as Java
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uglify your application with tons of DOM code to
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walk over non-element nodes to find the data you need
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convert text content to other data types
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modify the XML tree in memory
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=> write verbose, redundant, hard-to-maintain code
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Popular mistakes to avoid (3)
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"SAX is so fast and consumes no memory!"
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Popular mistakes to avoid (3)
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"SAX is so fast and consumes no memory!"
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but writing SAX code is not fast!
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write error-prone, state-keeping SAX code to
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figure out where you are
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find the sections you need
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convert text content to other data types
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copy the XML data into custom data classes
|
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... and don't forget the way back into XML!
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=> write confusing state-machine code
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=> debugging into existence
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Working with XML
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Getting XML work done
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(instead of getting time wasted)
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How can you work with XML?
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Preparation:
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Implement usable data classes as an abstraction layer
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Implement a mapping from XML to the data classes
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Implement a mapping from the data classes to XML
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Workflow:
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parse XML data
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map XML data to data classes
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work with data classes
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map data classes to XML
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serialise XML
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Approach:
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get rid of XML and do everything in your own code
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What if you could simplify this?
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Preparation:
|
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Extend usable XML API classes into an abstraction layer
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Workflow:
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parse XML data into XML API classes
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work with XML API classes
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serialise XML
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Approach:
|
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cover only the quirks of XML and make it work for you
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What if you could simplify this ...
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... without sacrificing usability or flexibility?
|
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... using a high-speed, full-featured, pythonic XML toolkit?
|
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... with the power of XPath, XSLT and XML validation?
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... then »lxml« is your friend!
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|
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Overview
|
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What is lxml?
|
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what & who
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How do you use it?
|
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Lesson 0: quick API overview
|
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ElementTree concepts and lxml features
|
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Lesson 1: parse XML
|
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how to get XML data into memory
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Lesson 2: generate XML
|
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how to write an XML generator for a language
|
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Lesson 3: working with XML trees made easy
|
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how to write an XML API for a language
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What is lxml?
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|
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a fast, full-featured toolkit for XML and HTML handling
|
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http://codespeak.net/lxml/
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lxml-dev@codespeak.net
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based on and inspired by
|
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the C libraries libxml2 and libxslt (by Daniel Veillard)
|
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the ElementTree API (by Fredrik Lundh)
|
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the Cython compiler (by Robert Bradshaw, Greg Ewing & me)
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the Python language (by Guido & [paste Misc/ACKS here])
|
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user feedback, ideas and patches (by you!)
|
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keep doing that, we love you all!
|
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maintained (and major parts) written by myself
|
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initial design and implementation by Martijn Faassen
|
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extensive HTML API and tools by Ian Bicking
|
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What do you get for your money?
|
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|
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many tools in one:
|
|
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Generic, ElementTree compatible XML API: lxml.etree
|
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but faster for many tasks and much more feature-rich
|
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Special tool set for HTML handling: lxml.html
|
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Special API for pythonic data binding: lxml.objectify
|
|
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General purpose path languages: XPath and CSS selectors
|
|
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Validation: DTD, XML Schema, RelaxNG, Schematron
|
|
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XSLT, XInclude, C14N, ...
|
|
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Fast tree iteration, event-driven parsing, ...
|
|
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|
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|
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it's free, but it's worth every €-Cent!
|
|
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what users say:
|
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»no qualification, I would recommend lxml for just about any
|
|
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HTML task«
|
|
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»THE tool [...] for newbies and experienced developers«
|
|
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»you can do pretty much anything with an intuitive API«
|
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»lxml takes all the pain out of XML«
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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Lesson 0: a quick overview
|
|
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|
|
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why »lxml takes all the pain out of XML«
|
|
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(a quick overview of lxml features and ElementTree concepts)
|
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|
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|
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>>> some_xml_data = "<root><speech class='dialog'>So be it! </speech>stuff </root>"
|
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>>> some_html_data = "Just a quick note
next line "
|
|
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>>> xml_tree = etree.XML(some_xml_data)
|
|
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>>> html_tree = html.fragment_fromstring(some_html_data) -->
|
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Namespaces in ElementTree
|
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|
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uses Clark notation:
|
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|
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wrap namespace URI in <tt class="docutils literal">{...}</tt>
|
|
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append the tag name
|
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|
|
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>>> tag = "{http://www.w3.org/the/namespace}tagname"
|
|
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>>> element = etree.Element(tag)
|