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NAME
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    Locale::Codes - a distribution of modules to handle locale codes
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DESCRIPTION
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    Locale-Codes is a distribution containing a set of modules designed to
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    work with sets of codes which uniquely identify something. For example,
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    there are codes associated with different countries, different
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    currencies, different languages, etc. These sets of codes are typically
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    maintained in some standard.
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    This distribution provides a way to work with these lists of codes.
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    Because the data from the various standards is not available in any sort
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    of consistent API, access to the lists is not available in any direct
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    fashion. To compensate for this, the list of codes is stored internally
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    within this distribution, and the distribution is updated on a regular
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    basis to include all known codes at that point in time. This does mean
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    that it is necessary to keep this distribution up-to-date to keep up
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    with the various changes that are made in the various standards.
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    Traditionally, a module has been created to work with each type of code
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    sets. So, there is a module for working with country lists, one for
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    currency lists, etc. Since version 3.00, all of these individual modules
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    were written as wrappers around a central module (which was not intended
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    to be used directly) which did all of the real work.
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    Starting with version 3.50, the central module was reworked slightly to
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    provide an object-oriented interface. All of the modules for working
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    with individual types of code sets were reworked to use the improved OO
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    module, so the traditional interfaces still work as they always have. As
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    a result, you are free to use the traditional functional (non-OO)
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    interfaces, or to use the OO interface and bypass the wrapper modules
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    entirely.
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    Both methods will be supported in the future, so use the one that is
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    best suited to your needs.
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    Within each type, any number of code sets are allowed. For example, sets
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    of country codes are maintained in several different locations including
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    the ISO-3166 standard, the IANA, and by the United Nations. The lists of
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    countries are similar, but not identical. Multiple code sets are
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    supported, though trying to convert from one code set to another will
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    not always work since the list of countries is not one-to-one.
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    All data in all of these modules comes directly from the original
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    standards (or as close to direct as possible), so it should be
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    up-to-date at the time of release.
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    I plan on releasing a new version several times a year to incorporate
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    any changes made in the standards. However, I don't always know about
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    changes that occur, so if any of the standards change, and you want a
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    new release sooner, just email me and I'll get one out.
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SYNOPSIS (OBJECT-ORIENTED INTERFACE)
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       use Locale::Codes;
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       or
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       use Locale::Codes ':constants';
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       $obj = new Locale::Codes 'country';
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OBJECT-ORIENTED METHODS
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    The following methods are available.
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    In all methods, when specifying a code set, the name (as a string) is
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    always available.
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    Traditionally, you could also use a perl constant to specify the code
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    set. In order to do so with the OO interface, you have to import the
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    constants. To do that, load the module with:
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       use Locale::Codes ':constants';
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    new ( [TYPE [,CODESET]] )
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           $obj = new Locale::Codes;
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           $obj = new Locale::Codes 'country';
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           $obj = new Locale::Codes 'country','alpha-3';
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           $obj = new Locale::Codes 'country',LOCALE_COUNTRY_ALPHA_3;
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        This creates a new object that can access the data. If no type is
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        specified (in the first argument), you must use the type method
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        described below. No operations will work unless the type is
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        specified.
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        The second argument is the default code set to use. This is
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        optional, as each type has a default code set. The default code set
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        can be set using the codeset method below.
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        The last example is only available if the constants were imported
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        when the module was loaded.
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    show_errors ( FLAG )
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           $obj->show_errors(1);
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           $obj->show_errors(0);
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        By default, error messages will be produced when bad data is passed
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        to any method. By passing in '0', these will be turned off so that
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        all failures will be silent.
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    type ( TYPE )
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           $obj->type($type)
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        This will set the type of codes that will be worked with. $type may
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        be any of the recognized types of code sets, including:
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           country
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           language
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           currency
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           script
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           etc.
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        The list of valid types, and the code sets supported in each, are
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        described in the Locale::Codes::Types document.
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        This method can be called any number of times to toggle between
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        different types of code sets.
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    codeset ( CODESET )
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           $obj->codeset($codeset);
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        This sets the default code set to use. The list of code sets
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        available for each type are described in the Locale::Codes::Types
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        document.
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        In all other methods below, when an optional CODESET argument is
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        omitted, it will default to this value.
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    code2name ( CODE [,CODESET] [,'retired'] )
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           $name = $obj->code2name($code [,$codeset] [,'retired']);
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        This functions take a code and returns a string which contains the
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        name of the element identified. If the code is not a valid code in
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        the CODESET specified then "undef" will be returned.
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        The name of the element is the name as specified in the standard,
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        and as a result, different variations of an element name may be
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        returned for different values of CODESET.
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        For example, the alpha-2 country code set defines the two-letter
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        code "bo" to be "Bolivia, Plurinational State of", whereas the
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        alpha-3 code set defines the code 'bol' to be the country "Bolivia
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        (Plurinational State of)". So:
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           $obj->code2name('bo','alpha-2');
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              => 'Bolivia, Plurinational State of'
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           $obj->code2name('bol','alpha-3');
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              => 'Bolivia (Plurinational State of)'
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        By default, only active codes will be used, but if the string
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        'retired' is passed in as an argument, both active and retired codes
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        will be examined.
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    name2code ( NAME [,CODESET] [,'retired'] )
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           $code = $obj->name2code($name [,$codeset] [,'retired']);
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        This function takes the name of an element (or any of it's aliases)
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        and returns the code that corresponds to it, if it exists. If NAME
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        could not be identified as the name of one of the elements, then
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        "undef" will be returned.
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        The name is not case sensitive. Also, any known variation of a name
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        may be passed in.
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        For example, even though the country name returned using 'alpha-2'
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        and 'alpha-3' country codes for Bolivia are different, either
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        country name may be passed in since for each code set (in addition
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        to the more common alias 'Bolivia'). So:
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           $obj->name2code('Bolivia, Plurinational State of','alpha-2');
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              => bo
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           $obj->name2code('Bolivia (Plurinational State of)','alpha-2');
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              => bo
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           $obj->name2code('Bolivia','alpha-2');
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              => bo
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        By default, only active names will be used, but if the string
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        'retired' is passed in as an argument, both active and retired names
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        will be examined.
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    code2code ( CODE [,CODESET] ,CODESET2 )
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           $code = $obj->code2code($code [,$codeset] ,$codeset2);
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        This function takes a code from one code set (CODESET or the default
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        code set), and returns the corresponding code from another code set
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        (CODESET2). CODE must exists in the code set specified by CODESET
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        and must have a corresponding code in the code set specified by
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        CODESET2 or "undef" will be returned.
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           $obj->code2code('fin','alpha-3','alpha-2');
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              => 'fi'
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        Note that this function does NOT support retired codes.
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    all_codes ( [CODESET] [,'retired'] )
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           @code = $obj->all_codes([$codeset] [,'retired']);
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        This returns a list of all code in the code set. The codes will be
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        sorted.
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        By default, only active codes will be returned, but if the string
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        'retired' is passed in as an argument, both active and retired codes
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        will be returned.
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    all_names ( [CODESET] [,'retired'] )
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           @name = $obj->all_names([$codeset] [,'retired']);
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        This method returns a list of all elements names for which there is
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        a corresponding code in the specified code set.
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        The names returned are exactly as they are specified in the
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        standard, and are sorted.
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        Since not all elements are listed in all code sets, the list of
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        elements may differ depending on the code set specified.
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        By default, only active names will be returned, but if the string
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        'retired' is passed in as an argument, both active and retired names
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        will be returned.
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    The following additional methods are available and can be used to modify
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    the code list data (and are therefore not generally useful).
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    rename_code ( CODE ,NEW_NAME [,CODESET] )
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           $flag = $obj->rename_code($code,$new_name [,$codeset]);
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        This method can be used to change the official name of an element.
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        At that point, the name returned by the "code2name" method would be
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        NEW_NAME instead of the name specified in the standard.
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        The original name will remain as an alias.
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        For example, the official country name for code 'gb' is 'United
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        Kingdom'. If you want to change that, you might call:
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           $obj->rename_code('gb', 'Great Britain');
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        This means that calling code2name('gb') will now return 'Great
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        Britain' instead of 'United Kingdom'.
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        If any error occurs, a warning is issued and 0 is returned. An error
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        occurs if CODE doesn't exist in the specified code set, or if
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        NEW_NAME is already in use but for a different element.
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        If the method succeeds, 1 is returned.
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    add_code ( CODE ,NAME [,CODESET] )
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           $flag = $obj->add_code($code,$name [,$codeset]);
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        This method is used to add a new code and name to the data.
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        Both CODE and NAME must be unused in the data set or an error occurs
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        (though NAME may be used in a different data set).
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        For example, to create the fictitious country named "Duchy of Grand
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        Fenwick" with codes "gf" and "fen", use the following:
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           $obj->add_code("fe","Duchy of Grand Fenwick",'alpha-2');
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           $obj->add_code("fen","Duchy of Grand Fenwick",'alpha-3');
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        The return value is 1 on success, 0 on an error.
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    delete_code ( CODE [,CODESET] )
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           $flag = $obj->delete_code($code [,$codeset]);
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        This method is used to delete a code from the data.
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        CODE must refer to an existing code in the code set.
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        The return value is 1 on success, 0 on an error.
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    add_alias ( NAME ,NEW_NAME )
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           $flag = $obj->add_alias($name,$new_name);
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        This method is used to add a new alias to the data. They do not
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        alter the return value of the "code2name" function.
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        NAME must be an existing element name, and NEW_NAME must be unused
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        or an error occurs.
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        The return value is 1 on success, 0 on an error.
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    delete_alias ( NAME )
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           $flag = $obj->delete_alias($name);
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        This method is used to delete an alias from the data. Once removed,
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        the element may not be referred to by NAME.
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        NAME must be one of a list of at least two names that may be used to
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        specify an element. If the element may only be referred to by a
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        single name, you'll need to use the "add_alias" method to add a new
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        alias first, or the "remove_code" method to remove the element
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        entirely.
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        If the alias is used as the name in any code set, one of the other
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        names will be used instead. Predicting exactly which one will be
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        used requires you to know the order in which the standards were
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        read, which is not reliable, so you may want to use the
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        "rename_code" method to force one of the alternate names to be used.
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        The return value is 1 on success, 0 on an error.
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    replace_code ( CODE ,NEW_CODE [,CODESET] )
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           $flag = $obj->replace_code($code,$new_code [,$codeset]);
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        This method is used to change the official code for an element. At
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        that point, the code returned by the "name2code" method would be
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        NEW_CODE instead of the code specified in the standard.
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        NEW_CODE may either be a code that is not in use, or it may be an
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        alias for CODE (in which case, CODE becomes and alias and NEW_CODE
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        becomes the "real" code).
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        The original code is kept as an alias, so that the "code2name"
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        routines will work with either the code from the standard or the new
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        code.
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        However, the "all_codes" method will only return the codes which are
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        considered "real" (which means that the list of codes will now
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        contain NEW_CODE, but will not contain CODE).
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    add_code_alias ( CODE ,NEW_CODE [,CODESET] )
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           $flag = $obj->add_code_alias($code,$new_code [,$codeset]);
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        This method adds an alias for the code. At that point, NEW_CODE and
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        CODE will both work in the "code2name" method. However, the
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        "name2code" method will still return the original code.
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    delete_code_alias ( CODE [,CODESET] )
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        These routines delete an alias for the code.
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        These will only work if CODE is actually an alias. If it is the
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        "real" code, it will not be deleted. You will need to use the
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        "rename_code" method to switch the real code with one of the
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        aliases, and then delete the alias.
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TRADITIONAL INTERFACES
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    In addition the the primary OO module, the following modules are
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    included in the distribution for the traditional way of working with
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    code sets.
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    Each module will work with one specific type of code sets.
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    Locale::Codes::Country, Locale::Country
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        This includes support for country codes (such as those listed in
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        ISO-3166) to specify the country.
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        Because this module was originally distributed as Locale::Country,
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        it is also available under that name.
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    Locale::Codes::Language, Locale::Language
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        This includes support for language codes (such as those listed in
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        ISO-639) to specify the language.
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        Because this module was originally distributed as Locale::Language,
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        it is also available under that name.
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    Locale::Codes::Currency, Locale::Currency
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        This includes support for currency codes (such as those listed in
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        ISO-4217) to specify the currency.
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        Because this module was originally distributed as Locale::Currency,
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        it is also available under that name.
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    Locale::Codes::Script, Locale::Script
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        This includes support for script codes (such as those listed in
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        ISO-15924) to specify the script.
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        Because this module was originally distributed as Locale::Script, it
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        is also available under that name.
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    Locale::Codes::LangExt
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        This includes support for language extension codes (such as those
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        listed in the IANA language registry) to specify the language
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        extension.
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    Locale::Codes::LangVar
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        This includes support for language variation codes (such as those
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        listed in the IANA language registry) to specify the language
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        variation.
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    Locale::Codes::LangFam
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        This includes support for language family codes (such as those
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        listed in ISO 639-5) to specify families of languages.
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    In addition to the modules above, there are a number of support modules
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    included in the distribution. Any module not listed above falls into
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    that category.
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    These modules are not intended to be used by programmers. They contain
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    functions or data that are used by the modules listed above. No support
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    of any kind is offered for using these modules directly. They may be
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    modified at any time.
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COMMON ALIASES
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    As of version 2.00, the modules supported common variants of names.
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    For example, Locale::Country supports variant names for countries, and a
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    few of the most common ones are included in the data. The country code
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    for "United States" is "us", so:
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       country2code('United States');
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         => "us"
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    Now the following will also return 'us':
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       country2code('United States of America');
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       country2code('USA');
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    Any number of common aliases may be included in the data, in addition to
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    the names that come directly from the standards. If you have a common
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    alias for a country, language, or any other of the types of codes, let
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    me know and I'll add it, with some restrictions.
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    For example, the country name "North Korea" never appeared in any of the
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    official sources (instead, it was "Korea, North" or "Korea, Democratic
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    People's Republic of". I would honor a request to add an alias "North
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    Korea" since that's a very common way to specify the country (please
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    don't request this... I've already added it).
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    On the other hand, a request to add Zaire as an alias for "Congo, The
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    Democratic Republic of" will not be honored. The country's official name
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    is no longer Zaire, so adding it as an alias violates the standard.
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    Zaire was kept as an alias in versions of this module prior to 3.00, but
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    it has been removed. Other aliases (if any) which no longer appear in
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    any standard (and which are not common variations of the name in the
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    standards) have also been removed.
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RETIRED CODES
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    Occasionally, a code is deprecated, but it may still be desirable to
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    have access to it.
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    Although there is no way to see every code that has ever existed and
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    been deprecated (since most codesets do not have that information
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    available), as of version 3.20, every code which has ever been included
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    in these modules can be referenced.
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    For more information, refer to the documentation on the code2name,
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    name2code, all_codes, and all_names methods above.
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SEE ALSO
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    Locale::Codes::Types
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        The list of all code sets available for each type.
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    Locale::Codes::Changes
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        A history of changes made to this distribution.
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KNOWN BUGS AND LIMITATIONS
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    Relationship between code sets
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        Because each code set uses a slightly different list of elements,
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        and they are not necessarily one-to-one, there may be some confusion
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        about the relationship between codes from different code sets.
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        For example, ISO 3166 assigns one code to the country "United States
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        Minor Outlying Islands", but the IANA codes give different codes to
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        different islands (Baker Island, Howland Island, etc.).
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        This may cause some confusion... I've done the best that I could do
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        to minimize it.
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    Non-ASCII characters not supported
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        Currently all names must be all ASCII. I plan on relaxing that
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        limitation in the future.
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BUGS AND QUESTIONS
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    If you find a bug in Locale::Codes, there are three ways to send it to
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    me. Any of them are fine, so use the method that is easiest for you.
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    Direct email
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        You are welcome to send it directly to me by email. The email
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        address to use is: sbeck@cpan.org.
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    CPAN Bug Tracking
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        You can submit it using the CPAN tracking too. This can be done at
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        the following URL:
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        <http://rt.cpan.org/Public/Dist/Display.html?Name=Locale-Codes>
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    GitHub
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        You can submit it as an issue on GitHub. This can be done at the
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        following URL:
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        <https://github.com/SBECK-github/Locale-Codes>
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    Please do not use other means to report bugs (such as forums for a
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    specific OS or Linux distribution) as it is impossible for me to keep up
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    with all of them.
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    When filing a bug report, please include the following information:
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    Locale::Codes version
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        Please include the version of Locale::Codes you are using. You can
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        get this by using the script:
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           use Locale::Codes;
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           print $Locale::Codes::VERSION,"\n";
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    If you want to report missing or incorrect codes, you must be running
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    the most recent version of Locale::Codes.
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    If you find any problems with the documentation (errors, typos, or items
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    that are not clear), please send them to me. I welcome any suggestions
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    that will allow me to improve the documentation.
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AUTHOR
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    Locale::Country and Locale::Language were originally written by Neil
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    Bowers at the Canon Research Centre Europe (CRE). They maintained the
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    distribution from 1997 to 2001.
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    Locale::Currency was originally written by Michael Hennecke and was
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    modified by Neil Bowers for inclusion in the distribution.
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    From 2001 to 2004, maintenance was continued by Neil Bowers. He modified
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    Locale::Currency for inclusion in the distribution. He also added
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    Locale::Script.
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    From 2004-2009, the module was unmaintained.
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    In 2010, maintenance was taken over by Sullivan Beck (sbeck@cpan.org)
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    with Neil Bower's permission. All problems or comments should be sent to
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    him using any of the methods listed above.
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COPYRIGHT
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       Copyright (c) 1997-2001 Canon Research Centre Europe (CRE).
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       Copyright (c) 2001      Michael Hennecke (Locale::Currency)
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       Copyright (c) 2001-2010 Neil Bowers
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       Copyright (c) 2010-2018 Sullivan Beck
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    This module is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
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    under the same terms as Perl itself.
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