From 639957fa9df78a09a11688c55dc77e6b0f096d3f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Packit Service <user-cont-team+packit-service@redhat.com>
Date: Mar 31 2021 08:20:22 +0000
Subject: perl-JSON-2.97.001 base


---

diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0402c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+language: perl
+perl:
+  - "5.8"
+  - "5.24"
+matrix:
+  include:
+    - perl: 5.8
+      env: JSON_XS_VERSION=3.02
+    - perl: 5.8
+      env: JSON_XS_VERSION=2.34
+    - perl: 5.8
+      env: JSON_PP_VERSION=2.27400
+    - perl: 5.8
+      env: JSON_PP_VERSION=2.27101
+    - perl: 5.8
+      env: CPANEL_JSON_XS_VERSION=3.0218
+before_install:
+  - test $JSON_PP_VERSION && cpanm -n JSON::XS@$JSON_XS_VERSION || true
+  - test $JSON_XS_VERSION && cpanm -n JSON::XS@$JSON_XS_VERSION || true
+  - test $CPANEL_JSON_XS_VERSION && cpanm -n Cpanel::JSON::XS@$CPANEL_JSON_XS_VERSION || true
+script:
+  - if test ! $JSON_PP_VERSION && test ! $JSON_XS_VERSION && test ! $CPANEL_JSON_XS_VERSION; then perl Makefile.PL && PERL_JSON_BACKEND=JSON::backportPP make test; else true; fi
+  - if test $JSON_PP_VERSION; then perl Makefile.PL && PERL_JSON_BACKEND=JSON::PP make test; else true; fi
+  - if test $JSON_XS_VERSION; then perl Makefile.PL && PERL_JSON_BACKEND=JSON::XS make test; else true; fi
+  - if test $CPANEL_JSON_XS_VERSION; then perl Makefile.PL && PERL_JSON_BACKEND=Cpanel::JSON::XS make test; else true; fi
diff --git a/Changes b/Changes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..175e616
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Changes
@@ -0,0 +1,438 @@
+Revision history for Perl extension JSON.
+
+2.97001 2017-12-21
+    - updated backportPP with JSON::PP 2.97001
+
+2.97000 2017-11-21
+    - updated backportPP with JSON::PP 2.97000
+    - use 5 digit minor version number for a while to avoid
+      confusion
+    - fixed is_bool to use blessed() instead of ref()
+
+2.96 2017-11-20
+    - fixed packaging issue
+    - updated backportPP with JSON::PP 2.96
+    - not to use newer Test::More features (RT-122421; ilmari++)
+
+2.95 2017-11-20
+    - updated backportPP with JSON::PP 2.95
+
+2.94 2017-05-29
+    - fixed VERSION issue caused by VERSION methods added to abstract
+      backend packages (RT-121892; ppisar++)
+    - fixed a test for perl 5.6
+
+2.93 2017-05-19
+    - add VERSION methods to (abstract) backend packages
+    - explained backward incompatibility about backend method
+    - updated VERSIONs of backportPP modules
+
+2.92 2017-05-15
+    - production release
+
+2.91_04 2017-01-10
+	- updated backportPP with JSON::PP 2.91_04
+
+2.91_03 2017-01-09
+	- reworked documentation, based on the one for JSON::XS
+	- updated backportPP with JSON::PP 2.91_03
+
+2.91_02 2016-12-04
+	- fixed not to fail tests under Perl 5.25.* (srezic++)
+
+2.91_01 2016-12-03
+	- PERL_JSON_BACKEND now accepts Cpanel::JSON::XS as well
+	- tweaked tests to support various backends
+	- made convert_blessed_universally (for Perl 5.18+) and
+	  support_by_pp less harmful
+	- fixed N/A exit code in Makefile.PL (bulk88)
+	- various doc patches from gregoa, topaz, zoffix, singingfish,
+	  yanick, dsteinbrunner, Toby Inkster
+	- removed duplicated tests
+	- removed base.pm dependency
+	- updated backportPP with JSON::PP 2.91_01
+
+2.90  Wed Oct 30 19:48:43 2013
+
+   ** INCOMPATIBLE CHANGE **
+
+	- workaround for JSON::XS version 3.0 or later installed case.
+
+	  * the objects returned by JSON::true/false are JSON::PP::Boolean.
+	  * they do not overload 'eq'.
+
+	- changed test cases for this patch.
+
+	   t/e02_bool.t
+	   t/e03_bool2.t
+	   t/x17_strange_overload.t
+	   t/xe02_bool.t
+	   t/xe03_bool2.t
+	   t/xe12_boolean.t
+
+2.61  Thu Oct 17 19:38:55 2013
+	- fixed return/or in _incr_parse
+	  reported and patched by MAUKE, sprout and rjbs
+	  https://rt.cpan.org/Public/Bug/Display.html?id=86948
+
+2.60
+	- $json->is_xs, $json->is_pp was completely broken.
+	    pointed by rt#75867 and emceelam
+
+2.59  Wed Jun  5 14:35:54 2013
+	- PUREPERL_ONLY support was not supported...
+	    and finally remove all PP options from Makefile.PL.
+	- recommend JSON::XS instead of conditionally requiring it
+	     patched by miyagaw
+	  ( for example, $ cpanm --with-recommends JSON)
+	- Hide more packages from PAUSE (and other stuff)
+	     patched by miyagawa
+
+2.58  Thu May 23 09:04:37 2013
+	- support PUREPERL_ONLY install option. (rt#84876)
+	   (PERL_ONLY and NO_XS are not yet removed)
+	- stop installing JSON::XS automatically on Perl 5.18
+
+2.57
+	- t/x17_strage_overload.t didn't work correctly.
+
+2.56  Sat Apr  6 09:58:32 2013
+	- fixed t/x17_strage_overload.t (rt#84451 by Ricardo Signes)
+
+2.55
+	- update JSON::BackportPP version
+
+2.54  Fri Apr  5 16:15:08 2013
+	- fixed t/19_incr.t on perl >= 5.17.10 (wyant, rt#84154)
+	    pathced by mbeijen and modified with demerphq's patch
+	- Fixed some spelling (by briandfoy)
+	- fixed sppeling (by Perlover)
+	- enhanced documents (Thanks to Justin Hunter and Olof Johansson)
+	- changed backend module loading for overloaded object behavior
+	                                        (reported by tokuhirom)
+
+2.53  Sun May 22 16:11:05 2011
+	- made Makefile.PL skipping a installing XS question
+            when set $ENV{PERL_ONLY} or $ENV{NO_XS} (rt#66820)
+
+2.52  Sun May 22 15:05:49 2011
+	- fixed to_json (pointed and patched by mmcleric in rt#68359)
+	- backport JSON::PP 2.27200
+            * fixed incr_parse docodeing string more correctly (rt#68032 by LCONS)
+
+2.51  Tue Mar  8 16:03:34 2011
+	- import JSON::PP 2.27105 as BackportPP
+	- fixed documentations (pointed by Britton Kerin and rt#64738)
+
+2.50  Mon Dec 20 14:56:42 2010
+	[JSON]
+	- stable release
+
+2.49_01  Sat Nov 27 22:03:17 2010
+	[JSON]
+	- JSON::PP is split away JSON distributino for perl 5.14
+	- JSON::backportPP is included in instead.
+
+2.27  Sun Oct 31 20:32:46 2010
+	[JSON::PP]
+	- Some optimizations (gfx)
+	[JSON::PP::5005]
+	- added missing B module varibales (makamaka)
+
+2.26  Tue Sep 28 17:41:37 2010
+	[JSON::PP]
+	- cleaned up code and enhanced sort option efficiency in encode.
+
+2.25  Tue Sep 28 16:47:08 2010
+	[JSON]
+	- JSON::Backend::XS::Supportable always executed a needless process
+	    with JSON::XS backend. This made encode/decode a bit slower.
+
+2.24  Mon Sep 27 10:56:24 2010
+	[JSON::PP]
+	- tweaked code.
+	- optimized code in hash object encoding.
+
+2.23  Sun Sep 26 22:08:12 2010
+	[JSON::PP]
+	- modified tied object handling in encode. it made encoding speed faster.
+	    pointed by https://rt.cpan.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=61604
+	- modified t/e10_bignum.t
+            for avoiding a warning in using Math::BigInt dev version
+
+2.22  Wed Aug 25 12:46:13 2010
+	[JSON]
+	- added JSON::XS installing feature in Makefile.PL
+	    with cpan or cpanm (some points suggested by gfx)
+	- check that to_json and from_json are not called as methods (CHORNY)
+	[JSON::PP]
+	- modified for -Duse64bitall -Duselongdouble compiled perl.
+	    11_pc_expo.t too. (these are patched by H.Merijn Brand)
+
+2.21  Mon Apr  5 14:56:52 2010
+	[JSON]
+	- enhanced 'HOW DO I DECODE A DATA FROM OUTER AND ENCODE TO OUTER'
+	- renamed eg/bench_pp_xs.pl to eg/bench_decode.pl
+	- added eg/bench_encode.pl
+
+2.20  Fri Apr  2 12:50:08 2010
+	[JSON]
+	- added eg/bench_pp_xs.pl for benchmark sample
+	- updated 'INCREMENTAL PARSING' section
+	[JSON::PP]
+	- decode_prefix() didn't count a consumed text length properly.
+	- enhanced XS compatibilty
+	    in the case of decoding a white space garbaged text.
+
+2.19  Tue Mar 30 13:40:24 2010
+	[JSON]
+	- fixed typo (rt#53535 by Angel Abad)
+	- added a recommendation
+              refering to (en|de)code_json to pod (suggested by tokuhirom)
+	- added 'HOW DO I DECODE A DATA FROM OUTER AND ENCODE TO OUTER' to pod.
+
+2.18  Tue Mar 23 15:18:10 2010
+	[JSON]
+	- updated document (compatible with JSON::XS 2.29)
+	[JSON::PP]
+	- fixed encode an overloaded 'eq' object bug (reported by Alexey A. Kiritchun)
+	- enhanced an error message compatible to JSON::XS
+
+2.17  Thu Jan  7 12:23:13 2010
+	[JSON]
+	- fixed a problem caused by JSON::XS backend and support_by_pp option
+	  (rt#52842,  rt#52847 by ikegami)
+	[JSON::PP]
+	- made compatible with JSON::XS 2.27
+	- patched decode for incr_parse (rt#52820 by ikegami)
+	- relaxed option caused an infinite loop in some condition.
+
+2.16  Fri Oct 16 15:07:37 2009
+	[JSON][JSON::PP]
+	- made compatible with JSON::XS 2.26
+            *indent adds a final newline
+	- corrected copyrights in JSON::PP58.
+
+2.15  Tue Jun  2 16:36:42 2009
+	[JSON]
+	- made compatible with JSON::XS 2.24
+	- corrected copyrights in some modules.
+	[JSON::PP]
+	 - modified incr_parse, pointed by Martin J. Evans (rt#46439)
+	 - deleted a meaningless code
+
+2.14  Tue Feb 24 11:20:24 2009
+	[JSON]
+	- the compatible XS version was miswritten in document.
+
+2.13  Sat Feb 21 17:01:05 2009
+	[JSON::PP]
+	- decode() didn't upgrade unicode escaped charcters \u0080-\u00ff.
+	  this problem was pointed by rt#43424 (Mika Raento)
+	[JSON::PP::56]
+	- fixed utf8::encode/decode emulators bugs.
+	- defined a missing B module constant in Perl 5.6.0.
+	  (reported by Clinton Pierce)
+	[JSON::PP::5005]
+	- _decode_unicode() returned a 0x80-0xff value as UTF8 encoded byte.
+	[JSON]
+	- added a refference to JSON::XS's document "JSON and ECMAscript".
+	- fixed a typo in the document (pointed by Jim Cromie).
+
+2.12  Wed Jul 16 11:14:35 2008
+	[JSON]
+	- made compatible with JSON::XS 2.22
+
+	[JSON::PP]
+	- fixed the incremental parser in negative nest level
+	    (pointed and patched by Yuval Kogman)
+
+2.11  Tue Jun 17 14:30:01 2008
+	[JSON::PP]
+	- fixed the decoding process which checks number.
+	    regarded number like chars in Unicode (ex. U+FF11) as [\d].
+	- enhanced error messages compatible to JSON::XS.
+
+2.10  Tue Jun  3 18:42:11 2008
+	[JSON]
+	- made compatible with JSON::XS 2.21
+	    * updated the document.
+	- added an item pointed by rt#32361 to the doc.
+
+	[JSON::PP] [JSON::PP58] [JSON::PP56] [JSON::PP5005]
+	- made compatible with JSON::XS 2.21
+	    * added incr_reset
+	- removed useless codes.
+
+2.09  Sun Apr 20 20:45:33 2008
+	[JSON]
+	- made compatible with JSON::XS 2.2
+	- changed pod section totally.
+
+	[JSON::PP] 2.20001
+	- made compatible witg JSON::XS 2.2
+	    * lifted the log2 rounding restriction of max_depth and max_size.
+	    * incremental json parsing (EXPERIMENTAL).
+	    * allow_unknown/get_allow_unknown methods.
+	- the version format was changed.
+	    X.YYZZZ =>  X.YY is the same as JSON::XS. ZZZ is the PP own version.
+	- changed pod section totally.
+
+2.08  Sat Apr 12 22:49:39 2008
+	[JSON]
+	- fixed JSON::Boolean inheritance mechanism.
+            If the backend is XS with support_by_pp mode and using PP only
+            support method, JSON::Boolean did not work correctly.
+            Thanks to hg[at]apteryx's point.
+
+	[JSON::PP] 2.07
+	- Now split into JSON::PP58 for Perl 5.8 and lator.
+	- enhanced an error message compatible to JSON::XS
+            did not croak when TO_JSON method returns same object as passed.
+
+	[JSON::PP58]
+	- modified for Perls post 5.8.0 that don't have utf8::is_utf8.
+	    Thanks to Andreas Koenig.
+
+2.07  Sat Feb 16 15:52:29 2008
+	[JSON]
+	- experimentally added -convert_blessed_universally to define
+	    UNIVERSAL::TO_JSON subroutine.
+
+              use JSON -convert_blessed_universally;
+              $json->convert_blessed->encode( $blessed );
+
+	- and as_nonbleesed is obsoleted (not yet removed). OK?
+	- fixed t/04_pretty.t.
+
+2.06  Fri Feb  8 16:21:59 2008
+	[JSON::PP] 2.06
+	- enhanced the XS compatibility for pretty-printing
+	    and the indent handling was broken!
+
+2.05  Tue Feb  5 13:57:19 2008
+	[JSON::PP] 2.05
+	- enhanced some XS compatibilities for de/encode.
+	- now decode_error can dump high (>127) chars.
+	- enhanced the XS combatilbity of the decoding error.
+	- fixed the utf8 checker while decoding (is_valid_utf8).
+	- implemented utf8::downgrade in JSON::PP56.
+	- enhanced utf8::encode in JSON::PP56.
+	- made utf8::downgrade return a true in JSON::PP5005.
+
+2.04  Sat Jan  5 16:10:01 2008
+	[JSON]
+	- fixed a document typo pointed by kawasaki@annocpan
+	- make DATA handle closed for error mssages in support_by_pp mode.
+	- switched JSON::Backend::XS::Supportable wrapper de/encode
+             to changing symbolic tables for croak messages and speed.
+	- fixed support_by_pp setting
+
+	[JSON::PP] 2.04
+	- enhanced the error message compatiblity to XS.
+
+2.03  Fri Jan  4 14:10:58 2008
+	[JSON]
+	- fixed the description - Transition ways from 1.xx to 2.xx.
+             $JSON::ConvBlessed compat => $json->allow_blessed->as_nonbleesed
+	- support_by_pp supports 'as_nonbleesed' (experimental)
+	- clean up the code for saving memory
+
+	[JSON::PP] 2.03
+	- Now the allo_bignum flag also affects the encoding process.
+            encode() can convert Math::BigInt/Float objects into JSON numbers
+	- added as_nonblessed option (experimental)
+	- cleaned up internal function names (renamed camel case names)
+
+2.02  Wed Dec 26 11:08:19 2007
+	[JSON]
+	- Now support_by_pp allows to use indent_length()
+
+	[JSON::PP] 2.02
+	- added get_indent_length
+
+2.01  Thu Dec 20 11:30:59 2007
+	[JSON]
+	- made the object methods - jsonToObj and objToJson
+          available for a while with warnings.
+
+2.00  Wed Dec 19 11:48:04 2007
+	[JSON]
+	- new version!
+	- modified Makefile.PL for broken Perls (when PERL_DL_NONLAZY = 1).
+
+	[JSON::PP] 2.0104
+	- clean up the document.
+	- use 'subs' instead of CORE::GLOBAL for fixing join() in 5.8.0 - 5.8.2
+	- enhanced decoding error messages for JSON::XS compatibility.
+	- jsonToObj and objToJson warn.
+
+
+1.99_05  Fri Dec 14 18:30:43 2007
+	[JSON]
+	- added a description about the Unicode handling to document.
+
+	[JSON::PP] (2.0103)
+	- Now the JSON::PP56 unicode handling does not require Unicode::String.
+	- Now JSON::PP5005 can de/enocde properly within the Perl 5.005 world.
+	- decode() always utf8::decode()ed to strings.
+	- decode() returned a big integer as string though the integer is
+          smaller than it is so.
+	- a bad know how - added the join() wrapper for Perl 5.8.0 - 5.8.2 bug.
+	- JSON::PP56 encode() did not handle Unicode properly.
+	- added a section about the unicode handling on Perls to JSON::PP doc.
+
+1.99_04  Mon Dec 10 14:28:15 2007
+	[JSON]
+	- modified the tests and source for Perl 5.005
+
+	[JSON::PP] (2.0102)
+	- modified some prototypes in JSON::PP5005.
+
+1.99_03  Mon Dec 10 11:43:02 2007
+	[JSON]
+	- modified tests and document.
+	   in Perl5.8.2 or earlier, decoding with utf8 is broken because of
+           a Perl side problem. (join() had a bug.)
+	- modified Makefile.PL for Perl 5.005.
+	   in the version, 'require JSON' is fail....
+
+	[JSON::PP] (2.0102)
+	- modified string decode function.
+	- enhanced error messages for compatibility to JSON::XS.
+	- enhanced utf8::decode emulator and unpack emulator in JSON::PP56.
+
+1.99_02  Sun Dec  9 05:06:19 2007
+        [JSON::PP] (2.0101)
+	- decoding with utf8 was broken in Perl 5.10
+	    as the behaviour of unpack was changed.
+	- added a fake in JSON::PP5005 (bytes.pm)
+	- added the missing file JONS::PP::Boolean.pm
+
+1.99_01  Sat Dec  8 12:01:43 2007
+	[JSON]
+	- released as version 2.0
+	   this module is incompatible to 1.xx, so check the document.
+
+        [JSON::PP] (2.01 from 0.97)
+	- updated JSON::PP for compatible to JSON::XS 2.01
+	- renamed from_json and to_json to decode_json and encode_json
+	- added get_* to JSON::PP
+	- deleted property() from JSON::PP
+	- deleted strict() and added loose()
+	- deleted disable_UTF8() and self_encode()
+	- renamed singlequote to allow_singlequote
+	- renamed allow_bigint to allow_bignum
+	- max_depth and max_size round up their arguments.
+	- added indent_length and sort_by
+
+
+## JSON version 1.xx
+
+1.15  Wed Nov 14 14:52:31 2007
+	- 1.xx final version.
+
+0.09  Sat Apr  9 15:27:47 2005
+	- original version; created by h2xs 1.22 with options
+		-XA -b 5.5.3 -n JSON
+
diff --git a/MANIFEST b/MANIFEST
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f5c727d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MANIFEST
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+.travis.yml
+Changes
+eg/bench_decode.pl
+eg/bench_encode.pl
+lib/JSON.pm
+lib/JSON/backportPP.pm
+lib/JSON/backportPP/Boolean.pm
+lib/JSON/backportPP/Compat5005.pm
+lib/JSON/backportPP/Compat5006.pm
+Makefile.PL
+MANIFEST			This list of files
+README
+t/00_backend_version.t
+t/00_load.t
+t/00_load_backport_pp.t
+t/00_pod.t
+t/01_utf8.t
+t/02_error.t
+t/03_types.t
+t/06_pc_pretty.t
+t/07_pc_esc.t
+t/08_pc_base.t
+t/09_pc_extra_number.t
+t/104_sortby.t
+t/105_esc_slash.t
+t/106_allow_barekey.t
+t/107_allow_singlequote.t
+t/108_decode.t
+t/109_encode.t
+t/10_pc_keysort.t
+t/110_bignum.t
+t/112_upgrade.t
+t/113_overloaded_eq.t
+t/114_decode_prefix.t
+t/115_tie_ixhash.t
+t/116_incr_parse_fixed.t
+t/117_numbers.t
+t/11_pc_expo.t
+t/12_blessed.t
+t/13_limit.t
+t/14_latin1.t
+t/15_prefix.t
+t/16_tied.t
+t/17_relaxed.t
+t/18_json_checker.t
+t/19_incr.t
+t/20_unknown.t
+t/21_evans_bugrep.t
+t/22_comment_at_eof.t
+t/99_binary.t
+t/_unicode_handling.pm
+t/e00_func.t
+t/e01_property.t
+t/e02_bool.t
+t/e03_bool2.t
+t/e11_conv_blessed_univ.t
+t/e90_misc.t
+t/gh_28_json_test_suite.t
+t/gh_29_trailing_false_value.t
+t/rt_116998_wrong_character_offset.t
+t/rt_90071_incr_parse.t
+t/x00_load.t
+t/x02_error.t
+t/x12_blessed.t
+t/x16_tied.t
+t/x17_strange_overload.t
+t/xe04_escape_slash.t
+t/xe05_indent_length.t
+t/xe12_boolean.t
+t/xe19_xs_and_suportbypp.t
+t/xe20_croak_message.t
+t/xe21_is_pp.t
+t/zero-mojibake.t
+META.yml                                 Module YAML meta-data (added by MakeMaker)
+META.json                                Module JSON meta-data (added by MakeMaker)
diff --git a/META.json b/META.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a499c79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/META.json
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+{
+   "abstract" : "JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) encoder/decoder",
+   "author" : [
+      "Makamaka Hannyaharamitu, E<lt>makamaka[at]cpan.orgE<gt>"
+   ],
+   "dynamic_config" : 1,
+   "generated_by" : "ExtUtils::MakeMaker version 7.24, CPAN::Meta::Converter version 2.150010",
+   "license" : [
+      "perl_5"
+   ],
+   "meta-spec" : {
+      "url" : "http://search.cpan.org/perldoc?CPAN::Meta::Spec",
+      "version" : 2
+   },
+   "name" : "JSON",
+   "no_index" : {
+      "directory" : [
+         "t",
+         "inc"
+      ]
+   },
+   "prereqs" : {
+      "build" : {
+         "requires" : {
+            "ExtUtils::MakeMaker" : "0"
+         }
+      },
+      "configure" : {
+         "requires" : {
+            "ExtUtils::MakeMaker" : "0"
+         }
+      },
+      "runtime" : {
+         "recommends" : {
+            "JSON::XS" : "2.34"
+         },
+         "requires" : {
+            "Test::More" : "0"
+         }
+      }
+   },
+   "release_status" : "stable",
+   "resources" : {
+      "repository" : {
+         "url" : "https://github.com/makamaka/JSON"
+      }
+   },
+   "version" : "2.97001",
+   "x_serialization_backend" : "JSON version 2.97001"
+}
diff --git a/META.yml b/META.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..062a19c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/META.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+---
+abstract: 'JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) encoder/decoder'
+author:
+  - 'Makamaka Hannyaharamitu, E<lt>makamaka[at]cpan.orgE<gt>'
+build_requires:
+  ExtUtils::MakeMaker: '0'
+configure_requires:
+  ExtUtils::MakeMaker: '0'
+dynamic_config: 1
+generated_by: 'ExtUtils::MakeMaker version 7.24, CPAN::Meta::Converter version 2.150010'
+license: perl
+meta-spec:
+  url: http://module-build.sourceforge.net/META-spec-v1.4.html
+  version: '1.4'
+name: JSON
+no_index:
+  directory:
+    - t
+    - inc
+recommends:
+  JSON::XS: '2.34'
+requires:
+  Test::More: '0'
+resources:
+  repository: https://github.com/makamaka/JSON
+version: '2.97001'
+x_serialization_backend: 'CPAN::Meta::YAML version 0.012'
diff --git a/Makefile.PL b/Makefile.PL
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..338ff6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Makefile.PL
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+require 5.00503;
+use strict;
+use ExtUtils::MakeMaker;
+
+use lib qw( ./lib );
+
+$| = 1;
+
+$ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} = 'JSON::backportPP';
+eval q| require JSON |;
+
+if ($@) {
+    print "Loading lib/JSON.pm failed. No B module?\n";
+    print "perl says : $@";
+    print "Setting environmental variable 'PERL_DL_NONLAZY' to 0 may help.\n";
+    print "No Makefile created.\n";
+    exit 0;
+}
+
+
+my $version     = JSON->VERSION;
+
+print <<EOF;
+Welcome to JSON (v.$version)
+=============================
+
+ ** BACKWARD INCOMPATIBILITY **
+
+Since version 2.90, stringification (and string comparison) for
+JSON::true and JSON::false has not been overloaded. It shouldn't
+matter as long as you treat them as boolean values, but a code that
+expects they are stringified as "true" or "false" doesn't work as
+you have expected any more.
+
+    if (JSON::true eq 'true') {  # now fails
+
+    print "The result is $JSON::true now."; # => The result is 1 now.
+
+And now these boolean values don't inherit JSON::Boolean, either.
+When you need to test a value is a JSON boolean value or not, use
+JSON::is_bool function, instead of testing the value inherits
+a particular boolean class or not.
+
+EOF
+
+
+WriteMakefile(
+    'NAME'          => 'JSON',
+    'VERSION_FROM'  => 'lib/JSON.pm', # finds $VERSION
+    'ABSTRACT_FROM' => 'lib/JSON.pm', # retrieve abstract from module
+    'AUTHOR' => 'Makamaka Hannyaharamitu, E<lt>makamaka[at]cpan.orgE<gt>',
+    'PREREQ_PM'     => {
+              'Test::More'  => 0,
+    },
+    ( $ExtUtils::MakeMaker::VERSION >= 6.3002 ? ('LICENSE' => 'perl', ) : () ),
+
+    ( $ExtUtils::MakeMaker::VERSION >= 6.46 ? (
+        'META_MERGE' => {
+            resources => {
+                repository  =>      'https://github.com/makamaka/JSON',
+            },
+            recommends => {
+                'JSON::XS' => JSON->require_xs_version,
+            },
+        } ) : ()
+    ),
+);
+
+
+if ($] < 5.006) { # I saw to http://d.hatena.ne.jp/asakusabashi/20051231/p1 
+    open(IN, "Makefile");
+    open(OUT,">Makefile.tmp") || die;
+    while(<IN>) {
+        s/PERL_DL_NONLAZY=1//g;
+        print OUT;
+    }
+    close(OUT);
+    close(IN);
+    rename("Makefile.tmp" => "Makefile");
+}
diff --git a/README b/README
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..56767bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README
@@ -0,0 +1,1176 @@
+NAME
+  JSON - JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) encoder/decoder
+
+SYNOPSIS
+   use JSON; # imports encode_json, decode_json, to_json and from_json.
+ 
+   # simple and fast interfaces (expect/generate UTF-8)
+ 
+   $utf8_encoded_json_text = encode_json $perl_hash_or_arrayref;
+   $perl_hash_or_arrayref  = decode_json $utf8_encoded_json_text;
+ 
+   # OO-interface
+ 
+   $json = JSON->new->allow_nonref;
+ 
+   $json_text   = $json->encode( $perl_scalar );
+   $perl_scalar = $json->decode( $json_text );
+ 
+   $pretty_printed = $json->pretty->encode( $perl_scalar ); # pretty-printing
+
+VERSION
+      2.93
+
+DESCRIPTION
+  This module is a thin wrapper for JSON::XS-compatible modules with
+  a few additional features. All the backend modules convert a Perl
+  data structure to a JSON text as of RFC4627 (which we know is
+  obsolete but we still stick to; see below for an option to support
+  part of RFC7159) and vice versa. This module uses JSON::XS by
+  default, and when JSON::XS is not available, this module falls
+  back on JSON::PP, which is in the Perl core since 5.14. If
+  JSON::PP is not available either, this module then falls back on
+  JSON::backportPP (which is actually JSON::PP in a different .pm
+  file) bundled in the same distribution as this module. You can
+  also explicitly specify to use Cpanel::JSON::XS, a fork of
+  JSON::XS by Reini Urban.
+
+  All these backend modules have slight incompatibilities between
+  them, including extra features that other modules don't support,
+  but as long as you use only common features (most important ones
+  are described below), migration from backend to backend should be
+  reasonably easy. For details, see each backend module you use.
+
+CHOOSING BACKEND
+  This module respects an environmental variable called
+  "PERL_JSON_BACKEND" when it decides a backend module to use. If
+  this environmental variable is not set, it tries to load JSON::XS,
+  and if JSON::XS is not available, it falls back on JSON::PP, and
+  then JSON::backportPP if JSON::PP is not available either.
+
+  If you always don't want it to fall back on pure perl modules, set
+  the variable like this ("export" may be "setenv", "set" and the
+  likes, depending on your environment):
+
+    > export PERL_JSON_BACKEND=JSON::XS
+
+  If you prefer Cpanel::JSON::XS to JSON::XS, then:
+
+    > export PERL_JSON_BACKEND=Cpanel::JSON::XS,JSON::XS,JSON::PP
+
+  You may also want to set this variable at the top of your test
+  files, in order not to be bothered with incompatibilities between
+  backends (you need to wrap this in "BEGIN", and set before
+  actually "use"-ing JSON module, as it decides its backend as soon
+  as it's loaded):
+
+    BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND}='JSON::backportPP'; }
+    use JSON;
+
+USING OPTIONAL FEATURES
+  There are a few options you can set when you "use" this module:
+
+  -support_by_pp
+         BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} = 'JSON::XS' }
+   
+         use JSON -support_by_pp;
+   
+         my $json = JSON->new;
+         # escape_slash is for JSON::PP only.
+         $json->allow_nonref->escape_slash->encode("/");
+
+      With this option, this module loads its pure perl backend
+      along with its XS backend (if available), and lets the XS
+      backend to watch if you set a flag only JSON::PP supports.
+      When you do, the internal JSON::XS object is replaced with a
+      newly created JSON::PP object with the setting copied from the
+      XS object, so that you can use JSON::PP flags (and its slower
+      "decode"/"encode" methods) from then on. In other words, this
+      is not something that allows you to hook JSON::XS to change
+      its behavior while keeping its speed. JSON::XS and JSON::PP
+      objects are quite different (JSON::XS object is a blessed
+      scalar reference, while JSON::PP object is a blessed hash
+      reference), and can't share their internals.
+
+      To avoid needless overhead (by copying settings), you are
+      advised not to use this option and just to use JSON::PP
+      explicitly when you need JSON::PP features.
+
+  -convert_blessed_universally
+         use JSON -convert_blessed_universally;
+
+         my $json = JSON->new->allow_nonref->convert_blessed;
+         my $object = bless {foo => 'bar'}, 'Foo';
+         $json->encode($object); # => {"foo":"bar"}
+
+      JSON::XS-compatible backend modules don't encode blessed
+      objects by default (except for their boolean values, which are
+      typically blessed JSON::PP::Boolean objects). If you need to
+      encode a data structure that may contain objects, you usually
+      need to look into the structure and replace objects with
+      alternative non-blessed values, or enable "convert_blessed"
+      and provide a "TO_JSON" method for each object's (base) class
+      that may be found in the structure, in order to let the
+      methods replace the objects with whatever scalar values the
+      methods return.
+
+      If you need to serialise data structures that may contain
+      arbitrary objects, it's probably better to use other
+      serialisers (such as Sereal or Storable for example), but if
+      you do want to use this module for that purpose,
+      "-convert_blessed_universally" option may help, which tweaks
+      "encode" method of the backend to install "UNIVERSAL::TO_JSON"
+      method (locally) before encoding, so that all the objects that
+      don't have their own "TO_JSON" method can fall back on the
+      method in the "UNIVERSAL" namespace. Note that you still need
+      to enable "convert_blessed" flag to actually encode objects in
+      a data structure, and "UNIVERSAL::TO_JSON" method installed by
+      this option only converts blessed hash/array references into
+      their unblessed clone (including private keys/values that are
+      not supposed to be exposed). Other blessed references will be
+      converted into null.
+
+      This feature is experimental and may be removed in the future.
+
+  -no_export
+      When you don't want to import functional interfaces from a
+      module, you usually supply "()" to its "use" statement.
+
+          use JSON (); # no functional interfaces
+
+      If you don't want to import functional interfaces, but you
+      also want to use any of the above options, add "-no_export" to
+      the option list.
+
+         # no functional interfaces, while JSON::PP support is enabled.
+         use JSON -support_by_pp, -no_export;
+
+FUNCTIONAL INTERFACE
+  This section is taken from JSON::XS. "encode_json" and
+  "decode_json" are exported by default.
+
+  This module also exports "to_json" and "from_json" for backward
+  compatibility. These are slower, and may expect/generate different
+  stuff from what "encode_json" and "decode_json" do, depending on
+  their options. It's better just to use Object-Oriented interfaces
+  than using these two functions.
+
+ encode_json
+      $json_text = encode_json $perl_scalar
+
+  Converts the given Perl data structure to a UTF-8 encoded, binary
+  string (that is, the string contains octets only). Croaks on
+  error.
+
+  This function call is functionally identical to:
+
+      $json_text = JSON->new->utf8->encode($perl_scalar)
+
+  Except being faster.
+
+ decode_json
+      $perl_scalar = decode_json $json_text
+
+  The opposite of "encode_json": expects an UTF-8 (binary) string
+  and tries to parse that as an UTF-8 encoded JSON text, returning
+  the resulting reference. Croaks on error.
+
+  This function call is functionally identical to:
+
+      $perl_scalar = JSON->new->utf8->decode($json_text)
+
+  Except being faster.
+
+ to_json
+     $json_text = to_json($perl_scalar[, $optional_hashref])
+
+  Converts the given Perl data structure to a Unicode string by
+  default. Croaks on error.
+
+  Basically, this function call is functionally identical to:
+
+     $json_text = JSON->new->encode($perl_scalar)
+
+  Except being slower.
+
+  You can pass an optional hash reference to modify its behavior,
+  but that may change what "to_json" expects/generates (see
+  "ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES" for details).
+
+     $json_text = to_json($perl_scalar, {utf8 => 1, pretty => 1})
+     # => JSON->new->utf8(1)->pretty(1)->encode($perl_scalar)
+
+ from_json
+     $perl_scalar = from_json($json_text[, $optional_hashref])
+
+  The opposite of "to_json": expects a Unicode string and tries to
+  parse it, returning the resulting reference. Croaks on error.
+
+  Basically, this function call is functionally identical to:
+
+      $perl_scalar = JSON->new->decode($json_text)
+
+  You can pass an optional hash reference to modify its behavior,
+  but that may change what "from_json" expects/generates (see
+  "ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES" for details).
+
+      $perl_scalar = from_json($json_text, {utf8 => 1})
+      # => JSON->new->utf8(1)->decode($json_text)
+
+ JSON::is_bool
+      $is_boolean = JSON::is_bool($scalar)
+
+  Returns true if the passed scalar represents either JSON::true or
+  JSON::false, two constants that act like 1 and 0 respectively and
+  are also used to represent JSON "true" and "false" in Perl
+  strings.
+
+  See MAPPING, below, for more information on how JSON values are
+  mapped to Perl.
+
+COMMON OBJECT-ORIENTED INTERFACE
+  This section is also taken from JSON::XS.
+
+  The object oriented interface lets you configure your own encoding
+  or decoding style, within the limits of supported formats.
+
+ new
+      $json = JSON->new
+
+  Creates a new JSON::XS-compatible backend object that can be used
+  to de/encode JSON strings. All boolean flags described below are
+  by default *disabled*.
+
+  The mutators for flags all return the backend object again and
+  thus calls can be chained:
+
+     my $json = JSON->new->utf8->space_after->encode({a => [1,2]})
+     => {"a": [1, 2]}
+
+ ascii
+      $json = $json->ascii([$enable])
+    
+      $enabled = $json->get_ascii
+
+  If $enable is true (or missing), then the "encode" method will not
+  generate characters outside the code range 0..127 (which is
+  ASCII). Any Unicode characters outside that range will be escaped
+  using either a single \uXXXX (BMP characters) or a double
+  \uHHHH\uLLLLL escape sequence, as per RFC4627. The resulting
+  encoded JSON text can be treated as a native Unicode string, an
+  ascii-encoded, latin1-encoded or UTF-8 encoded string, or any
+  other superset of ASCII.
+
+  If $enable is false, then the "encode" method will not escape
+  Unicode characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other
+  flags. This results in a faster and more compact format.
+
+  See also the section *ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES* later in this
+  document.
+
+  The main use for this flag is to produce JSON texts that can be
+  transmitted over a 7-bit channel, as the encoded JSON texts will
+  not contain any 8 bit characters.
+
+    JSON->new->ascii(1)->encode([chr 0x10401])
+    => ["\ud801\udc01"]
+
+ latin1
+      $json = $json->latin1([$enable])
+    
+      $enabled = $json->get_latin1
+
+  If $enable is true (or missing), then the "encode" method will
+  encode the resulting JSON text as latin1 (or iso-8859-1), escaping
+  any characters outside the code range 0..255. The resulting string
+  can be treated as a latin1-encoded JSON text or a native Unicode
+  string. The "decode" method will not be affected in any way by
+  this flag, as "decode" by default expects Unicode, which is a
+  strict superset of latin1.
+
+  If $enable is false, then the "encode" method will not escape
+  Unicode characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other
+  flags.
+
+  See also the section *ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES* later in this
+  document.
+
+  The main use for this flag is efficiently encoding binary data as
+  JSON text, as most octets will not be escaped, resulting in a
+  smaller encoded size. The disadvantage is that the resulting JSON
+  text is encoded in latin1 (and must correctly be treated as such
+  when storing and transferring), a rare encoding for JSON. It is
+  therefore most useful when you want to store data structures known
+  to contain binary data efficiently in files or databases, not when
+  talking to other JSON encoders/decoders.
+
+    JSON->new->latin1->encode (["\x{89}\x{abc}"]
+    => ["\x{89}\\u0abc"]    # (perl syntax, U+abc escaped, U+89 not)
+
+ utf8
+      $json = $json->utf8([$enable])
+    
+      $enabled = $json->get_utf8
+
+  If $enable is true (or missing), then the "encode" method will
+  encode the JSON result into UTF-8, as required by many protocols,
+  while the "decode" method expects to be handled an UTF-8-encoded
+  string. Please note that UTF-8-encoded strings do not contain any
+  characters outside the range 0..255, they are thus useful for
+  bytewise/binary I/O. In future versions, enabling this option
+  might enable autodetection of the UTF-16 and UTF-32 encoding
+  families, as described in RFC4627.
+
+  If $enable is false, then the "encode" method will return the JSON
+  string as a (non-encoded) Unicode string, while "decode" expects
+  thus a Unicode string. Any decoding or encoding (e.g. to UTF-8 or
+  UTF-16) needs to be done yourself, e.g. using the Encode module.
+
+  See also the section *ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES* later in this
+  document.
+
+  Example, output UTF-16BE-encoded JSON:
+
+    use Encode;
+    $jsontext = encode "UTF-16BE", JSON->new->encode ($object);
+
+  Example, decode UTF-32LE-encoded JSON:
+
+    use Encode;
+    $object = JSON->new->decode (decode "UTF-32LE", $jsontext);
+
+ pretty
+      $json = $json->pretty([$enable])
+
+  This enables (or disables) all of the "indent", "space_before" and
+  "space_after" (and in the future possibly more) flags in one call
+  to generate the most readable (or most compact) form possible.
+
+ indent
+      $json = $json->indent([$enable])
+    
+      $enabled = $json->get_indent
+
+  If $enable is true (or missing), then the "encode" method will use
+  a multiline format as output, putting every array member or
+  object/hash key-value pair into its own line, indenting them
+  properly.
+
+  If $enable is false, no newlines or indenting will be produced,
+  and the resulting JSON text is guaranteed not to contain any
+  "newlines".
+
+  This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.
+
+ space_before
+      $json = $json->space_before([$enable])
+    
+      $enabled = $json->get_space_before
+
+  If $enable is true (or missing), then the "encode" method will add
+  an extra optional space before the ":" separating keys from values
+  in JSON objects.
+
+  If $enable is false, then the "encode" method will not add any
+  extra space at those places.
+
+  This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts. You will also
+  most likely combine this setting with "space_after".
+
+  Example, space_before enabled, space_after and indent disabled:
+
+     {"key" :"value"}
+
+ space_after
+      $json = $json->space_after([$enable])
+    
+      $enabled = $json->get_space_after
+
+  If $enable is true (or missing), then the "encode" method will add
+  an extra optional space after the ":" separating keys from values
+  in JSON objects and extra whitespace after the "," separating
+  key-value pairs and array members.
+
+  If $enable is false, then the "encode" method will not add any
+  extra space at those places.
+
+  This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.
+
+  Example, space_before and indent disabled, space_after enabled:
+
+     {"key": "value"}
+
+ relaxed
+      $json = $json->relaxed([$enable])
+    
+      $enabled = $json->get_relaxed
+
+  If $enable is true (or missing), then "decode" will accept some
+  extensions to normal JSON syntax (see below). "encode" will not be
+  affected in anyway. *Be aware that this option makes you accept
+  invalid JSON texts as if they were valid!*. I suggest only to use
+  this option to parse application-specific files written by humans
+  (configuration files, resource files etc.)
+
+  If $enable is false (the default), then "decode" will only accept
+  valid JSON texts.
+
+  Currently accepted extensions are:
+
+  *   list items can have an end-comma
+
+      JSON *separates* array elements and key-value pairs with
+      commas. This can be annoying if you write JSON texts manually
+      and want to be able to quickly append elements, so this
+      extension accepts comma at the end of such items not just
+      between them:
+
+         [
+            1,
+            2, <- this comma not normally allowed
+         ]
+         {
+            "k1": "v1",
+            "k2": "v2", <- this comma not normally allowed
+         }
+
+  *   shell-style '#'-comments
+
+      Whenever JSON allows whitespace, shell-style comments are
+      additionally allowed. They are terminated by the first
+      carriage-return or line-feed character, after which more
+      white-space and comments are allowed.
+
+        [
+           1, # this comment not allowed in JSON
+              # neither this one...
+        ]
+
+ canonical
+      $json = $json->canonical([$enable])
+    
+      $enabled = $json->get_canonical
+
+  If $enable is true (or missing), then the "encode" method will
+  output JSON objects by sorting their keys. This is adding a
+  comparatively high overhead.
+
+  If $enable is false, then the "encode" method will output
+  key-value pairs in the order Perl stores them (which will likely
+  change between runs of the same script, and can change even within
+  the same run from 5.18 onwards).
+
+  This option is useful if you want the same data structure to be
+  encoded as the same JSON text (given the same overall settings).
+  If it is disabled, the same hash might be encoded differently even
+  if contains the same data, as key-value pairs have no inherent
+  ordering in Perl.
+
+  This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.
+
+  This setting has currently no effect on tied hashes.
+
+ allow_nonref
+      $json = $json->allow_nonref([$enable])
+    
+      $enabled = $json->get_allow_nonref
+
+  If $enable is true (or missing), then the "encode" method can
+  convert a non-reference into its corresponding string, number or
+  null JSON value, which is an extension to RFC4627. Likewise,
+  "decode" will accept those JSON values instead of croaking.
+
+  If $enable is false, then the "encode" method will croak if it
+  isn't passed an arrayref or hashref, as JSON texts must either be
+  an object or array. Likewise, "decode" will croak if given
+  something that is not a JSON object or array.
+
+  Example, encode a Perl scalar as JSON value with enabled
+  "allow_nonref", resulting in an invalid JSON text:
+
+     JSON->new->allow_nonref->encode ("Hello, World!")
+     => "Hello, World!"
+
+ allow_unknown
+      $json = $json->allow_unknown ([$enable])
+    
+      $enabled = $json->get_allow_unknown
+
+  If $enable is true (or missing), then "encode" will *not* throw an
+  exception when it encounters values it cannot represent in JSON
+  (for example, filehandles) but instead will encode a JSON "null"
+  value. Note that blessed objects are not included here and are
+  handled separately by c<allow_nonref>.
+
+  If $enable is false (the default), then "encode" will throw an
+  exception when it encounters anything it cannot encode as JSON.
+
+  This option does not affect "decode" in any way, and it is
+  recommended to leave it off unless you know your communications
+  partner.
+
+ allow_blessed
+      $json = $json->allow_blessed([$enable])
+    
+      $enabled = $json->get_allow_blessed
+
+  See "OBJECT SERIALISATION" for details.
+
+  If $enable is true (or missing), then the "encode" method will not
+  barf when it encounters a blessed reference that it cannot convert
+  otherwise. Instead, a JSON "null" value is encoded instead of the
+  object.
+
+  If $enable is false (the default), then "encode" will throw an
+  exception when it encounters a blessed object that it cannot
+  convert otherwise.
+
+  This setting has no effect on "decode".
+
+ convert_blessed
+      $json = $json->convert_blessed([$enable])
+    
+      $enabled = $json->get_convert_blessed
+
+  See "OBJECT SERIALISATION" for details.
+
+  If $enable is true (or missing), then "encode", upon encountering
+  a blessed object, will check for the availability of the "TO_JSON"
+  method on the object's class. If found, it will be called in
+  scalar context and the resulting scalar will be encoded instead of
+  the object.
+
+  The "TO_JSON" method may safely call die if it wants. If "TO_JSON"
+  returns other blessed objects, those will be handled in the same
+  way. "TO_JSON" must take care of not causing an endless recursion
+  cycle (== crash) in this case. The name of "TO_JSON" was chosen
+  because other methods called by the Perl core (== not by the user
+  of the object) are usually in upper case letters and to avoid
+  collisions with any "to_json" function or method.
+
+  If $enable is false (the default), then "encode" will not consider
+  this type of conversion.
+
+  This setting has no effect on "decode".
+
+ filter_json_object
+      $json = $json->filter_json_object([$coderef])
+
+  When $coderef is specified, it will be called from "decode" each
+  time it decodes a JSON object. The only argument is a reference to
+  the newly-created hash. If the code references returns a single
+  scalar (which need not be a reference), this value (i.e. a copy of
+  that scalar to avoid aliasing) is inserted into the deserialised
+  data structure. If it returns an empty list (NOTE: *not* "undef",
+  which is a valid scalar), the original deserialised hash will be
+  inserted. This setting can slow down decoding considerably.
+
+  When $coderef is omitted or undefined, any existing callback will
+  be removed and "decode" will not change the deserialised hash in
+  any way.
+
+  Example, convert all JSON objects into the integer 5:
+
+     my $js = JSON->new->filter_json_object (sub { 5 });
+     # returns [5]
+     $js->decode ('[{}]'); # the given subroutine takes a hash reference.
+     # throw an exception because allow_nonref is not enabled
+     # so a lone 5 is not allowed.
+     $js->decode ('{"a":1, "b":2}');
+
+ filter_json_single_key_object
+      $json = $json->filter_json_single_key_object($key [=> $coderef])
+
+  Works remotely similar to "filter_json_object", but is only called
+  for JSON objects having a single key named $key.
+
+  This $coderef is called before the one specified via
+  "filter_json_object", if any. It gets passed the single value in
+  the JSON object. If it returns a single value, it will be inserted
+  into the data structure. If it returns nothing (not even "undef"
+  but the empty list), the callback from "filter_json_object" will
+  be called next, as if no single-key callback were specified.
+
+  If $coderef is omitted or undefined, the corresponding callback
+  will be disabled. There can only ever be one callback for a given
+  key.
+
+  As this callback gets called less often then the
+  "filter_json_object" one, decoding speed will not usually suffer
+  as much. Therefore, single-key objects make excellent targets to
+  serialise Perl objects into, especially as single-key JSON objects
+  are as close to the type-tagged value concept as JSON gets (it's
+  basically an ID/VALUE tuple). Of course, JSON does not support
+  this in any way, so you need to make sure your data never looks
+  like a serialised Perl hash.
+
+  Typical names for the single object key are "__class_whatever__",
+  or "$__dollars_are_rarely_used__$" or "}ugly_brace_placement", or
+  even things like "__class_md5sum(classname)__", to reduce the risk
+  of clashing with real hashes.
+
+  Example, decode JSON objects of the form "{ "__widget__" => <id>
+  }" into the corresponding $WIDGET{<id>} object:
+
+     # return whatever is in $WIDGET{5}:
+     JSON
+        ->new
+        ->filter_json_single_key_object (__widget__ => sub {
+              $WIDGET{ $_[0] }
+           })
+        ->decode ('{"__widget__": 5')
+
+     # this can be used with a TO_JSON method in some "widget" class
+     # for serialisation to json:
+     sub WidgetBase::TO_JSON {
+        my ($self) = @_;
+
+        unless ($self->{id}) {
+           $self->{id} = ..get..some..id..;
+           $WIDGET{$self->{id}} = $self;
+        }
+
+        { __widget__ => $self->{id} }
+     }
+
+ max_depth
+      $json = $json->max_depth([$maximum_nesting_depth])
+    
+      $max_depth = $json->get_max_depth
+
+  Sets the maximum nesting level (default 512) accepted while
+  encoding or decoding. If a higher nesting level is detected in
+  JSON text or a Perl data structure, then the encoder and decoder
+  will stop and croak at that point.
+
+  Nesting level is defined by number of hash- or arrayrefs that the
+  encoder needs to traverse to reach a given point or the number of
+  "{" or "[" characters without their matching closing parenthesis
+  crossed to reach a given character in a string.
+
+  Setting the maximum depth to one disallows any nesting, so that
+  ensures that the object is only a single hash/object or array.
+
+  If no argument is given, the highest possible setting will be
+  used, which is rarely useful.
+
+ max_size
+      $json = $json->max_size([$maximum_string_size])
+    
+      $max_size = $json->get_max_size
+
+  Set the maximum length a JSON text may have (in bytes) where
+  decoding is being attempted. The default is 0, meaning no limit.
+  When "decode" is called on a string that is longer then this many
+  bytes, it will not attempt to decode the string but throw an
+  exception. This setting has no effect on "encode" (yet).
+
+  If no argument is given, the limit check will be deactivated (same
+  as when 0 is specified).
+
+ encode
+      $json_text = $json->encode($perl_scalar)
+
+  Converts the given Perl value or data structure to its JSON
+  representation. Croaks on error.
+
+ decode
+      $perl_scalar = $json->decode($json_text)
+
+  The opposite of "encode": expects a JSON text and tries to parse
+  it, returning the resulting simple scalar or reference. Croaks on
+  error.
+
+ decode_prefix
+      ($perl_scalar, $characters) = $json->decode_prefix($json_text)
+
+  This works like the "decode" method, but instead of raising an
+  exception when there is trailing garbage after the first JSON
+  object, it will silently stop parsing there and return the number
+  of characters consumed so far.
+
+  This is useful if your JSON texts are not delimited by an outer
+  protocol and you need to know where the JSON text ends.
+
+     JSON->new->decode_prefix ("[1] the tail")
+     => ([1], 3)
+
+ADDITIONAL METHODS
+  The following methods are for this module only.
+
+ backend
+      $backend = $json->backend
+
+  Since 2.92, "backend" method returns an abstract backend module
+  used currently, which should be JSON::Backend::XS (which inherits
+  JSON::XS or Cpanel::JSON::XS), or JSON::Backend::PP (which
+  inherits JSON::PP), not to monkey-patch the actual backend module
+  globally.
+
+  If you need to know what is used actually, use "isa", instead of
+  string comparison.
+
+ is_xs
+      $boolean = $json->is_xs
+
+  Returns true if the backend inherits JSON::XS or Cpanel::JSON::XS.
+
+ is_pp
+      $boolean = $json->is_pp
+
+  Returns true if the backend inherits JSON::PP.
+
+ property
+      $settings = $json->property()
+
+  Returns a reference to a hash that holds all the common flag
+  settings.
+
+      $json = $json->property('utf8' => 1)
+      $value = $json->property('utf8') # 1
+
+  You can use this to get/set a value of a particular flag.
+
+INCREMENTAL PARSING
+  This section is also taken from JSON::XS.
+
+  In some cases, there is the need for incremental parsing of JSON
+  texts. While this module always has to keep both JSON text and
+  resulting Perl data structure in memory at one time, it does allow
+  you to parse a JSON stream incrementally. It does so by
+  accumulating text until it has a full JSON object, which it then
+  can decode. This process is similar to using "decode_prefix" to
+  see if a full JSON object is available, but is much more efficient
+  (and can be implemented with a minimum of method calls).
+
+  This module will only attempt to parse the JSON text once it is
+  sure it has enough text to get a decisive result, using a very
+  simple but truly incremental parser. This means that it sometimes
+  won't stop as early as the full parser, for example, it doesn't
+  detect mismatched parentheses. The only thing it guarantees is
+  that it starts decoding as soon as a syntactically valid JSON text
+  has been seen. This means you need to set resource limits (e.g.
+  "max_size") to ensure the parser will stop parsing in the presence
+  if syntax errors.
+
+  The following methods implement this incremental parser.
+
+ incr_parse
+      $json->incr_parse( [$string] ) # void context
+    
+      $obj_or_undef = $json->incr_parse( [$string] ) # scalar context
+    
+      @obj_or_empty = $json->incr_parse( [$string] ) # list context
+
+  This is the central parsing function. It can both append new text
+  and extract objects from the stream accumulated so far (both of
+  these functions are optional).
+
+  If $string is given, then this string is appended to the already
+  existing JSON fragment stored in the $json object.
+
+  After that, if the function is called in void context, it will
+  simply return without doing anything further. This can be used to
+  add more text in as many chunks as you want.
+
+  If the method is called in scalar context, then it will try to
+  extract exactly *one* JSON object. If that is successful, it will
+  return this object, otherwise it will return "undef". If there is
+  a parse error, this method will croak just as "decode" would do
+  (one can then use "incr_skip" to skip the erroneous part). This is
+  the most common way of using the method.
+
+  And finally, in list context, it will try to extract as many
+  objects from the stream as it can find and return them, or the
+  empty list otherwise. For this to work, there must be no
+  separators (other than whitespace) between the JSON objects or
+  arrays, instead they must be concatenated back-to-back. If an
+  error occurs, an exception will be raised as in the scalar context
+  case. Note that in this case, any previously-parsed JSON texts
+  will be lost.
+
+  Example: Parse some JSON arrays/objects in a given string and
+  return them.
+
+      my @objs = JSON->new->incr_parse ("[5][7][1,2]");
+
+ incr_text
+      $lvalue_string = $json->incr_text
+
+  This method returns the currently stored JSON fragment as an
+  lvalue, that is, you can manipulate it. This *only* works when a
+  preceding call to "incr_parse" in *scalar context* successfully
+  returned an object. Under all other circumstances you must not
+  call this function (I mean it. although in simple tests it might
+  actually work, it *will* fail under real world conditions). As a
+  special exception, you can also call this method before having
+  parsed anything.
+
+  That means you can only use this function to look at or manipulate
+  text before or after complete JSON objects, not while the parser
+  is in the middle of parsing a JSON object.
+
+  This function is useful in two cases: a) finding the trailing text
+  after a JSON object or b) parsing multiple JSON objects separated
+  by non-JSON text (such as commas).
+
+ incr_skip
+      $json->incr_skip
+
+  This will reset the state of the incremental parser and will
+  remove the parsed text from the input buffer so far. This is
+  useful after "incr_parse" died, in which case the input buffer and
+  incremental parser state is left unchanged, to skip the text
+  parsed so far and to reset the parse state.
+
+  The difference to "incr_reset" is that only text until the parse
+  error occurred is removed.
+
+ incr_reset
+      $json->incr_reset
+
+  This completely resets the incremental parser, that is, after this
+  call, it will be as if the parser had never parsed anything.
+
+  This is useful if you want to repeatedly parse JSON objects and
+  want to ignore any trailing data, which means you have to reset
+  the parser after each successful decode.
+
+MAPPING
+  Most of this section is also taken from JSON::XS.
+
+  This section describes how the backend modules map Perl values to
+  JSON values and vice versa. These mappings are designed to "do the
+  right thing" in most circumstances automatically, preserving
+  round-tripping characteristics (what you put in comes out as
+  something equivalent).
+
+  For the more enlightened: note that in the following descriptions,
+  lowercase *perl* refers to the Perl interpreter, while uppercase
+  *Perl* refers to the abstract Perl language itself.
+
+ JSON -> PERL
+  object
+      A JSON object becomes a reference to a hash in Perl. No
+      ordering of object keys is preserved (JSON does not preserver
+      object key ordering itself).
+
+  array
+      A JSON array becomes a reference to an array in Perl.
+
+  string
+      A JSON string becomes a string scalar in Perl - Unicode
+      codepoints in JSON are represented by the same codepoints in
+      the Perl string, so no manual decoding is necessary.
+
+  number
+      A JSON number becomes either an integer, numeric (floating
+      point) or string scalar in perl, depending on its range and
+      any fractional parts. On the Perl level, there is no
+      difference between those as Perl handles all the conversion
+      details, but an integer may take slightly less memory and
+      might represent more values exactly than floating point
+      numbers.
+
+      If the number consists of digits only, this module will try to
+      represent it as an integer value. If that fails, it will try
+      to represent it as a numeric (floating point) value if that is
+      possible without loss of precision. Otherwise it will preserve
+      the number as a string value (in which case you lose
+      roundtripping ability, as the JSON number will be re-encoded
+      to a JSON string).
+
+      Numbers containing a fractional or exponential part will
+      always be represented as numeric (floating point) values,
+      possibly at a loss of precision (in which case you might lose
+      perfect roundtripping ability, but the JSON number will still
+      be re-encoded as a JSON number).
+
+      Note that precision is not accuracy - binary floating point
+      values cannot represent most decimal fractions exactly, and
+      when converting from and to floating point, this module only
+      guarantees precision up to but not including the least
+      significant bit.
+
+  true, false
+      These JSON atoms become "JSON::true" and "JSON::false",
+      respectively. They are overloaded to act almost exactly like
+      the numbers 1 and 0. You can check whether a scalar is a JSON
+      boolean by using the "JSON::is_bool" function.
+
+  null
+      A JSON null atom becomes "undef" in Perl.
+
+  shell-style comments ("# *text*")
+      As a nonstandard extension to the JSON syntax that is enabled
+      by the "relaxed" setting, shell-style comments are allowed.
+      They can start anywhere outside strings and go till the end of
+      the line.
+
+ PERL -> JSON
+  The mapping from Perl to JSON is slightly more difficult, as Perl
+  is a truly typeless language, so we can only guess which JSON type
+  is meant by a Perl value.
+
+  hash references
+      Perl hash references become JSON objects. As there is no
+      inherent ordering in hash keys (or JSON objects), they will
+      usually be encoded in a pseudo-random order. This module can
+      optionally sort the hash keys (determined by the *canonical*
+      flag), so the same data structure will serialise to the same
+      JSON text (given same settings and version of the same
+      backend), but this incurs a runtime overhead and is only
+      rarely useful, e.g. when you want to compare some JSON text
+      against another for equality.
+
+  array references
+      Perl array references become JSON arrays.
+
+  other references
+      Other unblessed references are generally not allowed and will
+      cause an exception to be thrown, except for references to the
+      integers 0 and 1, which get turned into "false" and "true"
+      atoms in JSON. You can also use "JSON::false" and "JSON::true"
+      to improve readability.
+
+         encode_json [\0,JSON::true]      # yields [false,true]
+
+  JSON::true, JSON::false, JSON::null
+      These special values become JSON true and JSON false values,
+      respectively. You can also use "\1" and "\0" directly if you
+      want.
+
+  blessed objects
+      Blessed objects are not directly representable in JSON, but
+      "JSON::XS" allows various ways of handling objects. See
+      "OBJECT SERIALISATION", below, for details.
+
+  simple scalars
+      Simple Perl scalars (any scalar that is not a reference) are
+      the most difficult objects to encode: this module will encode
+      undefined scalars as JSON "null" values, scalars that have
+      last been used in a string context before encoding as JSON
+      strings, and anything else as number value:
+
+         # dump as number
+         encode_json [2]                      # yields [2]
+         encode_json [-3.0e17]                # yields [-3e+17]
+         my $value = 5; encode_json [$value]  # yields [5]
+
+         # used as string, so dump as string
+         print $value;
+         encode_json [$value]                 # yields ["5"]
+
+         # undef becomes null
+         encode_json [undef]                  # yields [null]
+
+      You can force the type to be a string by stringifying it:
+
+         my $x = 3.1; # some variable containing a number
+         "$x";        # stringified
+         $x .= "";    # another, more awkward way to stringify
+         print $x;    # perl does it for you, too, quite often
+
+      You can force the type to be a number by numifying it:
+
+         my $x = "3"; # some variable containing a string
+         $x += 0;     # numify it, ensuring it will be dumped as a number
+         $x *= 1;     # same thing, the choice is yours.
+
+      You can not currently force the type in other, less obscure,
+      ways. Tell me if you need this capability (but don't forget to
+      explain why it's needed :).
+
+      Note that numerical precision has the same meaning as under
+      Perl (so binary to decimal conversion follows the same rules
+      as in Perl, which can differ to other languages). Also, your
+      perl interpreter might expose extensions to the floating point
+      numbers of your platform, such as infinities or NaN's - these
+      cannot be represented in JSON, and it is an error to pass
+      those in.
+
+ OBJECT SERIALISATION
+  As for Perl objects, this module only supports a pure JSON
+  representation (without the ability to deserialise the object
+  automatically again).
+
+ SERIALISATION
+  What happens when this module encounters a Perl object depends on
+  the "allow_blessed" and "convert_blessed" settings, which are used
+  in this order:
+
+  1. "convert_blessed" is enabled and the object has a "TO_JSON"
+  method.
+      In this case, the "TO_JSON" method of the object is invoked in
+      scalar context. It must return a single scalar that can be
+      directly encoded into JSON. This scalar replaces the object in
+      the JSON text.
+
+      For example, the following "TO_JSON" method will convert all
+      URI objects to JSON strings when serialised. The fact that
+      these values originally were URI objects is lost.
+
+         sub URI::TO_JSON {
+            my ($uri) = @_;
+            $uri->as_string
+         }
+
+  2. "allow_blessed" is enabled.
+      The object will be serialised as a JSON null value.
+
+  3. none of the above
+      If none of the settings are enabled or the respective methods
+      are missing, this module throws an exception.
+
+ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES
+  This section is taken from JSON::XS.
+
+  The interested reader might have seen a number of flags that
+  signify encodings or codesets - "utf8", "latin1" and "ascii".
+  There seems to be some confusion on what these do, so here is a
+  short comparison:
+
+  "utf8" controls whether the JSON text created by "encode" (and
+  expected by "decode") is UTF-8 encoded or not, while "latin1" and
+  "ascii" only control whether "encode" escapes character values
+  outside their respective codeset range. Neither of these flags
+  conflict with each other, although some combinations make less
+  sense than others.
+
+  Care has been taken to make all flags symmetrical with respect to
+  "encode" and "decode", that is, texts encoded with any combination
+  of these flag values will be correctly decoded when the same flags
+  are used - in general, if you use different flag settings while
+  encoding vs. when decoding you likely have a bug somewhere.
+
+  Below comes a verbose discussion of these flags. Note that a
+  "codeset" is simply an abstract set of character-codepoint pairs,
+  while an encoding takes those codepoint numbers and *encodes*
+  them, in our case into octets. Unicode is (among other things) a
+  codeset, UTF-8 is an encoding, and ISO-8859-1 (= latin 1) and
+  ASCII are both codesets *and* encodings at the same time, which
+  can be confusing.
+
+  "utf8" flag disabled
+      When "utf8" is disabled (the default), then "encode"/"decode"
+      generate and expect Unicode strings, that is, characters with
+      high ordinal Unicode values (> 255) will be encoded as such
+      characters, and likewise such characters are decoded as-is, no
+      changes to them will be done, except "(re-)interpreting" them
+      as Unicode codepoints or Unicode characters, respectively (to
+      Perl, these are the same thing in strings unless you do
+      funny/weird/dumb stuff).
+
+      This is useful when you want to do the encoding yourself (e.g.
+      when you want to have UTF-16 encoded JSON texts) or when some
+      other layer does the encoding for you (for example, when
+      printing to a terminal using a filehandle that transparently
+      encodes to UTF-8 you certainly do NOT want to UTF-8 encode
+      your data first and have Perl encode it another time).
+
+  "utf8" flag enabled
+      If the "utf8"-flag is enabled, "encode"/"decode" will encode
+      all characters using the corresponding UTF-8 multi-byte
+      sequence, and will expect your input strings to be encoded as
+      UTF-8, that is, no "character" of the input string must have
+      any value > 255, as UTF-8 does not allow that.
+
+      The "utf8" flag therefore switches between two modes: disabled
+      means you will get a Unicode string in Perl, enabled means you
+      get an UTF-8 encoded octet/binary string in Perl.
+
+  "latin1" or "ascii" flags enabled
+      With "latin1" (or "ascii") enabled, "encode" will escape
+      characters with ordinal values > 255 (> 127 with "ascii") and
+      encode the remaining characters as specified by the "utf8"
+      flag.
+
+      If "utf8" is disabled, then the result is also correctly
+      encoded in those character sets (as both are proper subsets of
+      Unicode, meaning that a Unicode string with all character
+      values < 256 is the same thing as a ISO-8859-1 string, and a
+      Unicode string with all character values < 128 is the same
+      thing as an ASCII string in Perl).
+
+      If "utf8" is enabled, you still get a correct UTF-8-encoded
+      string, regardless of these flags, just some more characters
+      will be escaped using "\uXXXX" then before.
+
+      Note that ISO-8859-1-*encoded* strings are not compatible with
+      UTF-8 encoding, while ASCII-encoded strings are. That is
+      because the ISO-8859-1 encoding is NOT a subset of UTF-8
+      (despite the ISO-8859-1 *codeset* being a subset of Unicode),
+      while ASCII is.
+
+      Surprisingly, "decode" will ignore these flags and so treat
+      all input values as governed by the "utf8" flag. If it is
+      disabled, this allows you to decode ISO-8859-1- and
+      ASCII-encoded strings, as both strict subsets of Unicode. If
+      it is enabled, you can correctly decode UTF-8 encoded strings.
+
+      So neither "latin1" nor "ascii" are incompatible with the
+      "utf8" flag - they only govern when the JSON output engine
+      escapes a character or not.
+
+      The main use for "latin1" is to relatively efficiently store
+      binary data as JSON, at the expense of breaking compatibility
+      with most JSON decoders.
+
+      The main use for "ascii" is to force the output to not contain
+      characters with values > 127, which means you can interpret
+      the resulting string as UTF-8, ISO-8859-1, ASCII, KOI8-R or
+      most about any character set and 8-bit-encoding, and still get
+      the same data structure back. This is useful when your channel
+      for JSON transfer is not 8-bit clean or the encoding might be
+      mangled in between (e.g. in mail), and works because ASCII is
+      a proper subset of most 8-bit and multibyte encodings in use
+      in the world.
+
+BACKWARD INCOMPATIBILITY
+  Since version 2.90, stringification (and string comparison) for
+  "JSON::true" and "JSON::false" has not been overloaded. It
+  shouldn't matter as long as you treat them as boolean values, but
+  a code that expects they are stringified as "true" or "false"
+  doesn't work as you have expected any more.
+
+      if (JSON::true eq 'true') {  # now fails
+
+      print "The result is $JSON::true now."; # => The result is 1 now.
+
+  And now these boolean values don't inherit JSON::Boolean, either.
+  When you need to test a value is a JSON boolean value or not, use
+  "JSON::is_bool" function, instead of testing the value inherits a
+  particular boolean class or not.
+
+BUGS
+  Please report bugs on backend selection and additional features
+  this module provides to RT or GitHub issues for this module:
+
+  https://rt.cpan.org/Public/Dist/Display.html?Queue=JSON
+  https://github.com/makamaka/JSON/issues
+
+  Please report bugs and feature requests on decoding/encoding and
+  boolean behaviors to the author of the backend module you are
+  using.
+
+SEE ALSO
+  JSON::XS, Cpanel::JSON::XS, JSON::PP for backends.
+
+  JSON::MaybeXS, an alternative that prefers Cpanel::JSON::XS.
+
+  "RFC4627"(<http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt>)
+
+AUTHOR
+  Makamaka Hannyaharamitu, <makamaka[at]cpan.org>
+
+  JSON::XS was written by Marc Lehmann <schmorp[at]schmorp.de>
+
+  The release of this new version owes to the courtesy of Marc
+  Lehmann.
+
+COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
+  Copyright 2005-2013 by Makamaka Hannyaharamitu
+
+  This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+  modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
+
diff --git a/eg/bench_decode.pl b/eg/bench_decode.pl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..097655f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eg/bench_decode.pl
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+use strict;
+use warnings;
+use Benchmark qw( cmpthese timethese );
+
+our $VERSION = '1.00';
+
+my $wanttime = $ARGV[1] || 5;
+
+use JSON qw( -support_by_pp -no_export ); # for JSON::PP::Boolean inheritance
+use JSON::PP ();
+use JSON::XS ();
+use utf8;
+
+my $pp   = JSON::PP->new->utf8;
+my $xs   = JSON::XS->new->utf8;
+
+local $/;
+
+my $json = <>;
+my $perl = JSON::XS::decode_json $json;
+my $result;
+
+
+printf( "JSON::PP %s\n", JSON::PP->VERSION );
+printf( "JSON::XS %s\n", JSON::XS->VERSION );
+
+
+print "-----------------------------------\n";
+print "->decode()\n";
+print "-----------------------------------\n";
+
+$result = timethese( -$wanttime,
+    {
+        'JSON::PP' => sub { $pp->decode( $json ) },
+        'JSON::XS' => sub { $xs->decode( $json ) },
+    },
+    'none'
+);
+cmpthese( $result );
+
+print "-----------------------------------\n";
+
+
+__END__
+
+=pod
+
+=head1 SYNOPSYS
+
+  bench_decode.pl json-file
+  # or
+  bench_decode.pl json-file minimum-time
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+L<JSON::PP> and L<JSON::XS> decoding benchmark.
+
+=head1 AUTHOR
+
+makamaka
+
+=head1 LISENCE
+
+This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+under the same terms as Perl itself.
+
+=cut
+
diff --git a/eg/bench_encode.pl b/eg/bench_encode.pl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0df914c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eg/bench_encode.pl
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+use strict;
+use warnings;
+use Benchmark qw( cmpthese timethese );
+
+our $VERSION = '1.00';
+
+my $wanttime = $ARGV[1] || 5;
+
+use JSON qw( -support_by_pp -no_export ); # for JSON::PP::Boolean inheritance
+use JSON::PP ();
+use JSON::XS ();
+use utf8;
+
+my $pp   = JSON::PP->new->utf8;
+my $xs   = JSON::XS->new->utf8;
+
+local $/;
+
+my $json = <>;
+my $perl = JSON::XS::decode_json $json;
+my $result;
+
+
+printf( "JSON::PP %s\n", JSON::PP->VERSION );
+printf( "JSON::XS %s\n", JSON::XS->VERSION );
+
+
+print "-----------------------------------\n";
+print "->encode()\n";
+print "-----------------------------------\n";
+
+$result = timethese( -$wanttime,
+    {
+        'JSON::PP' => sub { $pp->encode( $perl ) },
+        'JSON::XS' => sub { $xs->encode( $perl ) },
+    },
+    'none'
+);
+cmpthese( $result );
+
+print "-----------------------------------\n";
+print "->pretty->canonical->encode()\n";
+print "-----------------------------------\n";
+
+$pp->pretty->canonical;
+$xs->pretty->canonical;
+
+$result = timethese( -$wanttime,
+    {
+        'JSON::PP' => sub { $pp->encode( $perl ) },
+        'JSON::XS' => sub { $xs->encode( $perl ) },
+    },
+    'none'
+);
+cmpthese( $result );
+
+print "-----------------------------------\n";
+
+
+__END__
+
+=pod
+
+=head1 SYNOPSYS
+
+  bench_encode.pl json-file
+  # or
+  bench_encode.pl json-file minimum-time
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+L<JSON::PP> and L<JSON::XS> encoding benchmark.
+
+=head1 AUTHOR
+
+makamaka
+
+=head1 LISENCE
+
+This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+under the same terms as Perl itself.
+
+=cut
+
diff --git a/lib/JSON.pm b/lib/JSON.pm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2828bd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/JSON.pm
@@ -0,0 +1,1659 @@
+package JSON;
+
+
+use strict;
+use Carp ();
+use Exporter;
+BEGIN { @JSON::ISA = 'Exporter' }
+
+@JSON::EXPORT = qw(from_json to_json jsonToObj objToJson encode_json decode_json);
+
+BEGIN {
+    $JSON::VERSION = '2.97001';
+    $JSON::DEBUG   = 0 unless (defined $JSON::DEBUG);
+    $JSON::DEBUG   = $ENV{ PERL_JSON_DEBUG } if exists $ENV{ PERL_JSON_DEBUG };
+}
+
+my %RequiredVersion = (
+    'JSON::PP' => '2.27203',
+    'JSON::XS' => '2.34',
+);
+
+# XS and PP common methods
+
+my @PublicMethods = qw/
+    ascii latin1 utf8 pretty indent space_before space_after relaxed canonical allow_nonref 
+    allow_blessed convert_blessed filter_json_object filter_json_single_key_object 
+    shrink max_depth max_size encode decode decode_prefix allow_unknown
+/;
+
+my @Properties = qw/
+    ascii latin1 utf8 indent space_before space_after relaxed canonical allow_nonref
+    allow_blessed convert_blessed shrink max_depth max_size allow_unknown
+/;
+
+my @XSOnlyMethods = qw/allow_tags/; # Currently nothing
+
+my @PPOnlyMethods = qw/
+    indent_length sort_by
+    allow_singlequote allow_bignum loose allow_barekey escape_slash as_nonblessed
+/; # JSON::PP specific
+
+
+# used in _load_xs and _load_pp ($INSTALL_ONLY is not used currently)
+my $_INSTALL_DONT_DIE  = 1; # When _load_xs fails to load XS, don't die.
+my $_ALLOW_UNSUPPORTED = 0;
+my $_UNIV_CONV_BLESSED = 0;
+
+
+# Check the environment variable to decide worker module. 
+
+unless ($JSON::Backend) {
+    $JSON::DEBUG and  Carp::carp("Check used worker module...");
+
+    my $backend = exists $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ? $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} : 1;
+
+    if ($backend eq '1') {
+        $backend = 'JSON::XS,JSON::PP';
+    }
+    elsif ($backend eq '0') {
+        $backend = 'JSON::PP';
+    }
+    elsif ($backend eq '2') {
+        $backend = 'JSON::XS';
+    }
+    $backend =~ s/\s+//g;
+
+    my @backend_modules = split /,/, $backend;
+    while(my $module = shift @backend_modules) {
+        if ($module =~ /JSON::XS/) {
+            _load_xs($module, @backend_modules ? $_INSTALL_DONT_DIE : 0);
+        }
+        elsif ($module =~ /JSON::PP/) {
+            _load_pp($module);
+        }
+        elsif ($module =~ /JSON::backportPP/) {
+            _load_pp($module);
+        }
+        else {
+            Carp::croak "The value of environmental variable 'PERL_JSON_BACKEND' is invalid.";
+        }
+        last if $JSON::Backend;
+    }
+}
+
+
+sub import {
+    my $pkg = shift;
+    my @what_to_export;
+    my $no_export;
+
+    for my $tag (@_) {
+        if ($tag eq '-support_by_pp') {
+            if (!$_ALLOW_UNSUPPORTED++) {
+                JSON::Backend::XS
+                    ->support_by_pp(@PPOnlyMethods) if ($JSON::Backend->is_xs);
+            }
+            next;
+        }
+        elsif ($tag eq '-no_export') {
+            $no_export++, next;
+        }
+        elsif ( $tag eq '-convert_blessed_universally' ) {
+            my $org_encode = $JSON::Backend->can('encode');
+            eval q|
+                require B;
+                local $^W;
+                no strict 'refs';
+                *{"${JSON::Backend}\::encode"} = sub {
+                    # only works with Perl 5.18+
+                    local *UNIVERSAL::TO_JSON = sub {
+                        my $b_obj = B::svref_2object( $_[0] );
+                        return    $b_obj->isa('B::HV') ? { %{ $_[0] } }
+                                : $b_obj->isa('B::AV') ? [ @{ $_[0] } ]
+                                : undef
+                                ;
+                    };
+                    $org_encode->(@_);
+                };
+            | if ( !$_UNIV_CONV_BLESSED++ );
+            next;
+        }
+        push @what_to_export, $tag;
+    }
+
+    return if ($no_export);
+
+    __PACKAGE__->export_to_level(1, $pkg, @what_to_export);
+}
+
+
+# OBSOLETED
+
+sub jsonToObj {
+    my $alternative = 'from_json';
+    if (defined $_[0] and UNIVERSAL::isa($_[0], 'JSON')) {
+        shift @_; $alternative = 'decode';
+    }
+    Carp::carp "'jsonToObj' will be obsoleted. Please use '$alternative' instead.";
+    return JSON::from_json(@_);
+};
+
+sub objToJson {
+    my $alternative = 'to_json';
+    if (defined $_[0] and UNIVERSAL::isa($_[0], 'JSON')) {
+        shift @_; $alternative = 'encode';
+    }
+    Carp::carp "'objToJson' will be obsoleted. Please use '$alternative' instead.";
+    JSON::to_json(@_);
+};
+
+
+# INTERFACES
+
+sub to_json ($@) {
+    if (
+        ref($_[0]) eq 'JSON'
+        or (@_ > 2 and $_[0] eq 'JSON')
+    ) {
+        Carp::croak "to_json should not be called as a method.";
+    }
+    my $json = JSON->new;
+
+    if (@_ == 2 and ref $_[1] eq 'HASH') {
+        my $opt  = $_[1];
+        for my $method (keys %$opt) {
+            $json->$method( $opt->{$method} );
+        }
+    }
+
+    $json->encode($_[0]);
+}
+
+
+sub from_json ($@) {
+    if ( ref($_[0]) eq 'JSON' or $_[0] eq 'JSON' ) {
+        Carp::croak "from_json should not be called as a method.";
+    }
+    my $json = JSON->new;
+
+    if (@_ == 2 and ref $_[1] eq 'HASH') {
+        my $opt  = $_[1];
+        for my $method (keys %$opt) {
+            $json->$method( $opt->{$method} );
+        }
+    }
+
+    return $json->decode( $_[0] );
+}
+
+
+
+sub true  { $JSON::true  }
+
+sub false { $JSON::false }
+
+sub null  { undef; }
+
+
+sub require_xs_version { $RequiredVersion{'JSON::XS'}; }
+
+sub backend {
+    my $proto = shift;
+    $JSON::Backend;
+}
+
+#*module = *backend;
+
+
+sub is_xs {
+    return $_[0]->backend->is_xs;
+}
+
+
+sub is_pp {
+    return $_[0]->backend->is_pp;
+}
+
+
+sub pureperl_only_methods { @PPOnlyMethods; }
+
+
+sub property {
+    my ($self, $name, $value) = @_;
+
+    if (@_ == 1) {
+        my %props;
+        for $name (@Properties) {
+            my $method = 'get_' . $name;
+            if ($name eq 'max_size') {
+                my $value = $self->$method();
+                $props{$name} = $value == 1 ? 0 : $value;
+                next;
+            }
+            $props{$name} = $self->$method();
+        }
+        return \%props;
+    }
+    elsif (@_ > 3) {
+        Carp::croak('property() can take only the option within 2 arguments.');
+    }
+    elsif (@_ == 2) {
+        if ( my $method = $self->can('get_' . $name) ) {
+            if ($name eq 'max_size') {
+                my $value = $self->$method();
+                return $value == 1 ? 0 : $value;
+            }
+            $self->$method();
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        $self->$name($value);
+    }
+
+}
+
+
+
+# INTERNAL
+
+sub __load_xs {
+    my ($module, $opt) = @_;
+
+    $JSON::DEBUG and Carp::carp "Load $module.";
+    my $required_version = $RequiredVersion{$module} || '';
+
+    eval qq|
+        use $module $required_version ();
+    |;
+
+    if ($@) {
+        if (defined $opt and $opt & $_INSTALL_DONT_DIE) {
+            $JSON::DEBUG and Carp::carp "Can't load $module...($@)";
+            return 0;
+        }
+        Carp::croak $@;
+    }
+    $JSON::BackendModuleXS = $module;
+    return 1;
+}
+
+sub _load_xs {
+    my ($module, $opt) = @_;
+    __load_xs($module, $opt) or return;
+
+    my $data = join("", <DATA>); # this code is from Jcode 2.xx.
+    close(DATA);
+    eval $data;
+    JSON::Backend::XS->init($module);
+
+    return 1;
+};
+
+
+sub __load_pp {
+    my ($module, $opt) = @_;
+
+    $JSON::DEBUG and Carp::carp "Load $module.";
+    my $required_version = $RequiredVersion{$module} || '';
+
+    eval qq| use $module $required_version () |;
+
+    if ($@) {
+        if ( $module eq 'JSON::PP' ) {
+            $JSON::DEBUG and Carp::carp "Can't load $module ($@), so try to load JSON::backportPP";
+            $module = 'JSON::backportPP';
+            local $^W; # if PP installed but invalid version, backportPP redefines methods.
+            eval qq| require $module |;
+        }
+        Carp::croak $@ if $@;
+    }
+    $JSON::BackendModulePP = $module;
+    return 1;
+}
+
+sub _load_pp {
+    my ($module, $opt) = @_;
+    __load_pp($module, $opt);
+
+    JSON::Backend::PP->init($module);
+};
+
+#
+# Helper classes for Backend Module (PP)
+#
+
+package JSON::Backend::PP;
+
+sub init {
+    my ($class, $module) = @_;
+
+    # name may vary, but the module should (always) be a JSON::PP
+
+    local $^W;
+    no strict qw(refs); # this routine may be called after JSON::Backend::XS init was called.
+    *{"JSON::decode_json"} = \&{"JSON::PP::decode_json"};
+    *{"JSON::encode_json"} = \&{"JSON::PP::encode_json"};
+    *{"JSON::is_bool"} = \&{"JSON::PP::is_bool"};
+
+    $JSON::true  = ${"JSON::PP::true"};
+    $JSON::false = ${"JSON::PP::false"};
+
+    push @JSON::Backend::PP::ISA, 'JSON::PP';
+    push @JSON::ISA, $class;
+    $JSON::Backend = $class;
+    $JSON::BackendModule = $module;
+    ${"$class\::VERSION"} = $module->VERSION;
+
+    for my $method (@XSOnlyMethods) {
+        *{"JSON::$method"} = sub {
+            Carp::carp("$method is not supported in $module.");
+            $_[0];
+        };
+    }
+
+    return 1;
+}
+
+sub is_xs { 0 };
+sub is_pp { 1 };
+
+#
+# To save memory, the below lines are read only when XS backend is used.
+#
+
+package JSON;
+
+1;
+__DATA__
+
+
+#
+# Helper classes for Backend Module (XS)
+#
+
+package JSON::Backend::XS;
+
+sub init {
+    my ($class, $module) = @_;
+
+    local $^W;
+    no strict qw(refs);
+    *{"JSON::decode_json"} = \&{"$module\::decode_json"};
+    *{"JSON::encode_json"} = \&{"$module\::encode_json"};
+    *{"JSON::is_bool"} = \&{"$module\::is_bool"};
+
+    $JSON::true  = ${"$module\::true"};
+    $JSON::false = ${"$module\::false"};
+
+    push @JSON::Backend::XS::ISA, $module;
+    push @JSON::ISA, $class;
+    $JSON::Backend = $class;
+    $JSON::BackendModule = $module;
+    ${"$class\::VERSION"} = $module->VERSION;
+
+    if ( $module->VERSION < 3 ) {
+        eval 'package JSON::PP::Boolean';
+        push @{"$module\::Boolean::ISA"}, qw(JSON::PP::Boolean);
+    }
+
+    for my $method (@PPOnlyMethods) {
+        *{"JSON::$method"} = sub {
+            Carp::carp("$method is not supported in $module.");
+            $_[0];
+        };
+    }
+
+    return 1;
+}
+
+sub is_xs { 1 };
+sub is_pp { 0 };
+
+sub support_by_pp {
+    my ($class, @methods) = @_;
+
+    JSON::__load_pp('JSON::PP');
+
+    local $^W;
+    no strict qw(refs);
+
+    for my $method (@methods) {
+        my $pp_method = JSON::PP->can($method) or next;
+        *{"JSON::$method"} = sub {
+            if (!$_[0]->isa('JSON::PP')) {
+                my $xs_self = $_[0];
+                my $pp_self = JSON::PP->new;
+                for (@Properties) {
+                     my $getter = "get_$_";
+                    $pp_self->$_($xs_self->$getter);
+                }
+                $_[0] = $pp_self;
+            }
+            $pp_method->(@_);
+        };
+    }
+
+    $JSON::DEBUG and Carp::carp("set -support_by_pp mode.");
+}
+
+1;
+__END__
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+JSON - JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) encoder/decoder
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+ use JSON; # imports encode_json, decode_json, to_json and from_json.
+ 
+ # simple and fast interfaces (expect/generate UTF-8)
+ 
+ $utf8_encoded_json_text = encode_json $perl_hash_or_arrayref;
+ $perl_hash_or_arrayref  = decode_json $utf8_encoded_json_text;
+ 
+ # OO-interface
+ 
+ $json = JSON->new->allow_nonref;
+ 
+ $json_text   = $json->encode( $perl_scalar );
+ $perl_scalar = $json->decode( $json_text );
+ 
+ $pretty_printed = $json->pretty->encode( $perl_scalar ); # pretty-printing
+
+=head1 VERSION
+
+    2.97001
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+This module is a thin wrapper for L<JSON::XS>-compatible modules with a few
+additional features. All the backend modules convert a Perl data structure
+to a JSON text as of RFC4627 (which we know is obsolete but we still stick
+to; see below for an option to support part of RFC7159) and vice versa.
+This module uses L<JSON::XS> by default, and when JSON::XS is not available,
+this module falls back on L<JSON::PP>, which is in the Perl core since 5.14.
+If JSON::PP is not available either, this module then falls back on
+JSON::backportPP (which is actually JSON::PP in a different .pm file)
+bundled in the same distribution as this module. You can also explicitly
+specify to use L<Cpanel::JSON::XS>, a fork of JSON::XS by Reini Urban.
+
+All these backend modules have slight incompatibilities between them,
+including extra features that other modules don't support, but as long as you
+use only common features (most important ones are described below), migration
+from backend to backend should be reasonably easy. For details, see each
+backend module you use.
+
+=head1 CHOOSING BACKEND
+
+This module respects an environmental variable called C<PERL_JSON_BACKEND>
+when it decides a backend module to use. If this environmental variable is
+not set, it tries to load JSON::XS, and if JSON::XS is not available, it
+falls back on JSON::PP, and then JSON::backportPP if JSON::PP is not available
+either.
+
+If you always don't want it to fall back on pure perl modules, set the
+variable like this (C<export> may be C<setenv>, C<set> and the likes,
+depending on your environment):
+
+  > export PERL_JSON_BACKEND=JSON::XS
+
+If you prefer Cpanel::JSON::XS to JSON::XS, then:
+
+  > export PERL_JSON_BACKEND=Cpanel::JSON::XS,JSON::XS,JSON::PP
+
+You may also want to set this variable at the top of your test files, in order
+not to be bothered with incompatibilities between backends (you need to wrap
+this in C<BEGIN>, and set before actually C<use>-ing JSON module, as it decides
+its backend as soon as it's loaded):
+
+  BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND}='JSON::backportPP'; }
+  use JSON;
+
+=head1 USING OPTIONAL FEATURES
+
+There are a few options you can set when you C<use> this module:
+
+=over
+
+=item -support_by_pp
+
+   BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} = 'JSON::XS' }
+   
+   use JSON -support_by_pp;
+   
+   my $json = JSON->new;
+   # escape_slash is for JSON::PP only.
+   $json->allow_nonref->escape_slash->encode("/");
+
+With this option, this module loads its pure perl backend along with
+its XS backend (if available), and lets the XS backend to watch if you set
+a flag only JSON::PP supports. When you do, the internal JSON::XS object
+is replaced with a newly created JSON::PP object with the setting copied
+from the XS object, so that you can use JSON::PP flags (and its slower
+C<decode>/C<encode> methods) from then on. In other words, this is not
+something that allows you to hook JSON::XS to change its behavior while
+keeping its speed. JSON::XS and JSON::PP objects are quite different
+(JSON::XS object is a blessed scalar reference, while JSON::PP object is
+a blessed hash reference), and can't share their internals.
+
+To avoid needless overhead (by copying settings), you are advised not
+to use this option and just to use JSON::PP explicitly when you need
+JSON::PP features.
+
+=item -convert_blessed_universally
+
+   use JSON -convert_blessed_universally;
+
+   my $json = JSON->new->allow_nonref->convert_blessed;
+   my $object = bless {foo => 'bar'}, 'Foo';
+   $json->encode($object); # => {"foo":"bar"}
+
+JSON::XS-compatible backend modules don't encode blessed objects by
+default (except for their boolean values, which are typically blessed
+JSON::PP::Boolean objects). If you need to encode a data structure
+that may contain objects, you usually need to look into the structure
+and replace objects with alternative non-blessed values, or enable
+C<convert_blessed> and provide a C<TO_JSON> method for each object's
+(base) class that may be found in the structure, in order to let the
+methods replace the objects with whatever scalar values the methods
+return.
+
+If you need to serialise data structures that may contain arbitrary
+objects, it's probably better to use other serialisers (such as
+L<Sereal> or L<Storable> for example), but if you do want to use
+this module for that purpose, C<-convert_blessed_universally> option
+may help, which tweaks C<encode> method of the backend to install
+C<UNIVERSAL::TO_JSON> method (locally) before encoding, so that
+all the objects that don't have their own C<TO_JSON> method can
+fall back on the method in the C<UNIVERSAL> namespace. Note that you
+still need to enable C<convert_blessed> flag to actually encode
+objects in a data structure, and C<UNIVERSAL::TO_JSON> method
+installed by this option only converts blessed hash/array references
+into their unblessed clone (including private keys/values that are
+not supposed to be exposed). Other blessed references will be
+converted into null.
+
+This feature is experimental and may be removed in the future.
+
+=item -no_export
+
+When you don't want to import functional interfaces from a module, you
+usually supply C<()> to its C<use> statement.
+
+    use JSON (); # no functional interfaces
+
+If you don't want to import functional interfaces, but you also want to
+use any of the above options, add C<-no_export> to the option list.
+
+   # no functional interfaces, while JSON::PP support is enabled.
+   use JSON -support_by_pp, -no_export;
+
+=back
+
+=head1 FUNCTIONAL INTERFACE
+
+This section is taken from JSON::XS. C<encode_json> and C<decode_json>
+are exported by default.
+
+This module also exports C<to_json> and C<from_json> for backward
+compatibility. These are slower, and may expect/generate different stuff
+from what C<encode_json> and C<decode_json> do, depending on their
+options. It's better just to use Object-Oriented interfaces than using
+these two functions.
+
+=head2 encode_json
+
+    $json_text = encode_json $perl_scalar
+
+Converts the given Perl data structure to a UTF-8 encoded, binary string
+(that is, the string contains octets only). Croaks on error.
+
+This function call is functionally identical to:
+
+    $json_text = JSON->new->utf8->encode($perl_scalar)
+
+Except being faster.
+
+=head2 decode_json
+
+    $perl_scalar = decode_json $json_text
+
+The opposite of C<encode_json>: expects an UTF-8 (binary) string and tries
+to parse that as an UTF-8 encoded JSON text, returning the resulting
+reference. Croaks on error.
+
+This function call is functionally identical to:
+
+    $perl_scalar = JSON->new->utf8->decode($json_text)
+
+Except being faster.
+
+=head2 to_json
+
+   $json_text = to_json($perl_scalar[, $optional_hashref])
+
+Converts the given Perl data structure to a Unicode string by default.
+Croaks on error.
+
+Basically, this function call is functionally identical to:
+
+   $json_text = JSON->new->encode($perl_scalar)
+
+Except being slower.
+
+You can pass an optional hash reference to modify its behavior, but
+that may change what C<to_json> expects/generates (see
+C<ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES> for details).
+
+   $json_text = to_json($perl_scalar, {utf8 => 1, pretty => 1})
+   # => JSON->new->utf8(1)->pretty(1)->encode($perl_scalar)
+
+=head2 from_json
+
+   $perl_scalar = from_json($json_text[, $optional_hashref])
+
+The opposite of C<to_json>: expects a Unicode string and tries
+to parse it, returning the resulting reference. Croaks on error.
+
+Basically, this function call is functionally identical to:
+
+    $perl_scalar = JSON->new->decode($json_text)
+
+You can pass an optional hash reference to modify its behavior, but
+that may change what C<from_json> expects/generates (see
+C<ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES> for details).
+
+    $perl_scalar = from_json($json_text, {utf8 => 1})
+    # => JSON->new->utf8(1)->decode($json_text)
+
+=head2 JSON::is_bool
+
+    $is_boolean = JSON::is_bool($scalar)
+
+Returns true if the passed scalar represents either JSON::true or
+JSON::false, two constants that act like C<1> and C<0> respectively
+and are also used to represent JSON C<true> and C<false> in Perl strings.
+
+See L<MAPPING>, below, for more information on how JSON values are mapped to
+Perl.
+
+=head1 COMMON OBJECT-ORIENTED INTERFACE
+
+This section is also taken from JSON::XS.
+
+The object oriented interface lets you configure your own encoding or
+decoding style, within the limits of supported formats.
+
+=head2 new
+
+    $json = JSON->new
+
+Creates a new JSON::XS-compatible backend object that can be used to de/encode JSON
+strings. All boolean flags described below are by default I<disabled>.
+
+The mutators for flags all return the backend object again and thus calls can
+be chained:
+
+   my $json = JSON->new->utf8->space_after->encode({a => [1,2]})
+   => {"a": [1, 2]}
+
+=head2 ascii
+
+    $json = $json->ascii([$enable])
+    
+    $enabled = $json->get_ascii
+
+If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will not
+generate characters outside the code range C<0..127> (which is ASCII). Any
+Unicode characters outside that range will be escaped using either a
+single \uXXXX (BMP characters) or a double \uHHHH\uLLLLL escape sequence,
+as per RFC4627. The resulting encoded JSON text can be treated as a native
+Unicode string, an ascii-encoded, latin1-encoded or UTF-8 encoded string,
+or any other superset of ASCII.
+
+If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode
+characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags. This results
+in a faster and more compact format.
+
+See also the section I<ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES> later in this document.
+
+The main use for this flag is to produce JSON texts that can be
+transmitted over a 7-bit channel, as the encoded JSON texts will not
+contain any 8 bit characters.
+
+  JSON->new->ascii(1)->encode([chr 0x10401])
+  => ["\ud801\udc01"]
+
+=head2 latin1
+
+    $json = $json->latin1([$enable])
+    
+    $enabled = $json->get_latin1
+
+If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will encode
+the resulting JSON text as latin1 (or iso-8859-1), escaping any characters
+outside the code range C<0..255>. The resulting string can be treated as a
+latin1-encoded JSON text or a native Unicode string. The C<decode> method
+will not be affected in any way by this flag, as C<decode> by default
+expects Unicode, which is a strict superset of latin1.
+
+If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode
+characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags.
+
+See also the section I<ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES> later in this document.
+
+The main use for this flag is efficiently encoding binary data as JSON
+text, as most octets will not be escaped, resulting in a smaller encoded
+size. The disadvantage is that the resulting JSON text is encoded
+in latin1 (and must correctly be treated as such when storing and
+transferring), a rare encoding for JSON. It is therefore most useful when
+you want to store data structures known to contain binary data efficiently
+in files or databases, not when talking to other JSON encoders/decoders.
+
+  JSON->new->latin1->encode (["\x{89}\x{abc}"]
+  => ["\x{89}\\u0abc"]    # (perl syntax, U+abc escaped, U+89 not)
+
+=head2 utf8
+
+    $json = $json->utf8([$enable])
+    
+    $enabled = $json->get_utf8
+
+If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will encode
+the JSON result into UTF-8, as required by many protocols, while the
+C<decode> method expects to be handled an UTF-8-encoded string.  Please
+note that UTF-8-encoded strings do not contain any characters outside the
+range C<0..255>, they are thus useful for bytewise/binary I/O. In future
+versions, enabling this option might enable autodetection of the UTF-16
+and UTF-32 encoding families, as described in RFC4627.
+
+If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will return the JSON
+string as a (non-encoded) Unicode string, while C<decode> expects thus a
+Unicode string.  Any decoding or encoding (e.g. to UTF-8 or UTF-16) needs
+to be done yourself, e.g. using the Encode module.
+
+See also the section I<ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES> later in this document.
+
+Example, output UTF-16BE-encoded JSON:
+
+  use Encode;
+  $jsontext = encode "UTF-16BE", JSON->new->encode ($object);
+
+Example, decode UTF-32LE-encoded JSON:
+
+  use Encode;
+  $object = JSON->new->decode (decode "UTF-32LE", $jsontext);
+
+=head2 pretty
+
+    $json = $json->pretty([$enable])
+
+This enables (or disables) all of the C<indent>, C<space_before> and
+C<space_after> (and in the future possibly more) flags in one call to
+generate the most readable (or most compact) form possible.
+
+=head2 indent
+
+    $json = $json->indent([$enable])
+    
+    $enabled = $json->get_indent
+
+If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will use a multiline
+format as output, putting every array member or object/hash key-value pair
+into its own line, indenting them properly.
+
+If C<$enable> is false, no newlines or indenting will be produced, and the
+resulting JSON text is guaranteed not to contain any C<newlines>.
+
+This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.
+
+=head2 space_before
+
+    $json = $json->space_before([$enable])
+    
+    $enabled = $json->get_space_before
+
+If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will add an extra
+optional space before the C<:> separating keys from values in JSON objects.
+
+If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not add any extra
+space at those places.
+
+This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts. You will also
+most likely combine this setting with C<space_after>.
+
+Example, space_before enabled, space_after and indent disabled:
+
+   {"key" :"value"}
+
+=head2 space_after
+
+    $json = $json->space_after([$enable])
+    
+    $enabled = $json->get_space_after
+
+If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will add an extra
+optional space after the C<:> separating keys from values in JSON objects
+and extra whitespace after the C<,> separating key-value pairs and array
+members.
+
+If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not add any extra
+space at those places.
+
+This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.
+
+Example, space_before and indent disabled, space_after enabled:
+
+   {"key": "value"}
+
+=head2 relaxed
+
+    $json = $json->relaxed([$enable])
+    
+    $enabled = $json->get_relaxed
+
+If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<decode> will accept some
+extensions to normal JSON syntax (see below). C<encode> will not be
+affected in anyway. I<Be aware that this option makes you accept invalid
+JSON texts as if they were valid!>. I suggest only to use this option to
+parse application-specific files written by humans (configuration files,
+resource files etc.)
+
+If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<decode> will only accept
+valid JSON texts.
+
+Currently accepted extensions are:
+
+=over 4
+
+=item * list items can have an end-comma
+
+JSON I<separates> array elements and key-value pairs with commas. This
+can be annoying if you write JSON texts manually and want to be able to
+quickly append elements, so this extension accepts comma at the end of
+such items not just between them:
+
+   [
+      1,
+      2, <- this comma not normally allowed
+   ]
+   {
+      "k1": "v1",
+      "k2": "v2", <- this comma not normally allowed
+   }
+
+=item * shell-style '#'-comments
+
+Whenever JSON allows whitespace, shell-style comments are additionally
+allowed. They are terminated by the first carriage-return or line-feed
+character, after which more white-space and comments are allowed.
+
+  [
+     1, # this comment not allowed in JSON
+        # neither this one...
+  ]
+
+=back
+
+=head2 canonical
+
+    $json = $json->canonical([$enable])
+    
+    $enabled = $json->get_canonical
+
+If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will output JSON objects
+by sorting their keys. This is adding a comparatively high overhead.
+
+If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will output key-value
+pairs in the order Perl stores them (which will likely change between runs
+of the same script, and can change even within the same run from 5.18
+onwards).
+
+This option is useful if you want the same data structure to be encoded as
+the same JSON text (given the same overall settings). If it is disabled,
+the same hash might be encoded differently even if contains the same data,
+as key-value pairs have no inherent ordering in Perl.
+
+This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.
+
+This setting has currently no effect on tied hashes.
+
+=head2 allow_nonref
+
+    $json = $json->allow_nonref([$enable])
+    
+    $enabled = $json->get_allow_nonref
+
+If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method can convert a
+non-reference into its corresponding string, number or null JSON value,
+which is an extension to RFC4627. Likewise, C<decode> will accept those JSON
+values instead of croaking.
+
+If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will croak if it isn't
+passed an arrayref or hashref, as JSON texts must either be an object
+or array. Likewise, C<decode> will croak if given something that is not a
+JSON object or array.
+
+Example, encode a Perl scalar as JSON value with enabled C<allow_nonref>,
+resulting in an invalid JSON text:
+
+   JSON->new->allow_nonref->encode ("Hello, World!")
+   => "Hello, World!"
+
+=head2 allow_unknown
+
+    $json = $json->allow_unknown ([$enable])
+    
+    $enabled = $json->get_allow_unknown
+
+If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<encode> will I<not> throw an
+exception when it encounters values it cannot represent in JSON (for
+example, filehandles) but instead will encode a JSON C<null> value. Note
+that blessed objects are not included here and are handled separately by
+c<allow_nonref>.
+
+If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<encode> will throw an
+exception when it encounters anything it cannot encode as JSON.
+
+This option does not affect C<decode> in any way, and it is recommended to
+leave it off unless you know your communications partner.
+
+=head2 allow_blessed
+
+    $json = $json->allow_blessed([$enable])
+    
+    $enabled = $json->get_allow_blessed
+
+See L<OBJECT SERIALISATION> for details.
+
+If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will not
+barf when it encounters a blessed reference that it cannot convert
+otherwise. Instead, a JSON C<null> value is encoded instead of the object.
+
+If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<encode> will throw an
+exception when it encounters a blessed object that it cannot convert
+otherwise.
+
+This setting has no effect on C<decode>.
+
+=head2 convert_blessed
+
+    $json = $json->convert_blessed([$enable])
+    
+    $enabled = $json->get_convert_blessed
+
+See L<OBJECT SERIALISATION> for details.
+
+If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<encode>, upon encountering a
+blessed object, will check for the availability of the C<TO_JSON> method
+on the object's class. If found, it will be called in scalar context and
+the resulting scalar will be encoded instead of the object.
+
+The C<TO_JSON> method may safely call die if it wants. If C<TO_JSON>
+returns other blessed objects, those will be handled in the same
+way. C<TO_JSON> must take care of not causing an endless recursion cycle
+(== crash) in this case. The name of C<TO_JSON> was chosen because other
+methods called by the Perl core (== not by the user of the object) are
+usually in upper case letters and to avoid collisions with any C<to_json>
+function or method.
+
+If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<encode> will not consider
+this type of conversion.
+
+This setting has no effect on C<decode>.
+
+=head2 filter_json_object
+
+    $json = $json->filter_json_object([$coderef])
+
+When C<$coderef> is specified, it will be called from C<decode> each
+time it decodes a JSON object. The only argument is a reference to the
+newly-created hash. If the code references returns a single scalar (which
+need not be a reference), this value (i.e. a copy of that scalar to avoid
+aliasing) is inserted into the deserialised data structure. If it returns
+an empty list (NOTE: I<not> C<undef>, which is a valid scalar), the
+original deserialised hash will be inserted. This setting can slow down
+decoding considerably.
+
+When C<$coderef> is omitted or undefined, any existing callback will
+be removed and C<decode> will not change the deserialised hash in any
+way.
+
+Example, convert all JSON objects into the integer 5:
+
+   my $js = JSON->new->filter_json_object (sub { 5 });
+   # returns [5]
+   $js->decode ('[{}]'); # the given subroutine takes a hash reference.
+   # throw an exception because allow_nonref is not enabled
+   # so a lone 5 is not allowed.
+   $js->decode ('{"a":1, "b":2}');
+
+=head2 filter_json_single_key_object
+
+    $json = $json->filter_json_single_key_object($key [=> $coderef])
+
+Works remotely similar to C<filter_json_object>, but is only called for
+JSON objects having a single key named C<$key>.
+
+This C<$coderef> is called before the one specified via
+C<filter_json_object>, if any. It gets passed the single value in the JSON
+object. If it returns a single value, it will be inserted into the data
+structure. If it returns nothing (not even C<undef> but the empty list),
+the callback from C<filter_json_object> will be called next, as if no
+single-key callback were specified.
+
+If C<$coderef> is omitted or undefined, the corresponding callback will be
+disabled. There can only ever be one callback for a given key.
+
+As this callback gets called less often then the C<filter_json_object>
+one, decoding speed will not usually suffer as much. Therefore, single-key
+objects make excellent targets to serialise Perl objects into, especially
+as single-key JSON objects are as close to the type-tagged value concept
+as JSON gets (it's basically an ID/VALUE tuple). Of course, JSON does not
+support this in any way, so you need to make sure your data never looks
+like a serialised Perl hash.
+
+Typical names for the single object key are C<__class_whatever__>, or
+C<$__dollars_are_rarely_used__$> or C<}ugly_brace_placement>, or even
+things like C<__class_md5sum(classname)__>, to reduce the risk of clashing
+with real hashes.
+
+Example, decode JSON objects of the form C<< { "__widget__" => <id> } >>
+into the corresponding C<< $WIDGET{<id>} >> object:
+
+   # return whatever is in $WIDGET{5}:
+   JSON
+      ->new
+      ->filter_json_single_key_object (__widget__ => sub {
+            $WIDGET{ $_[0] }
+         })
+      ->decode ('{"__widget__": 5')
+
+   # this can be used with a TO_JSON method in some "widget" class
+   # for serialisation to json:
+   sub WidgetBase::TO_JSON {
+      my ($self) = @_;
+
+      unless ($self->{id}) {
+         $self->{id} = ..get..some..id..;
+         $WIDGET{$self->{id}} = $self;
+      }
+
+      { __widget__ => $self->{id} }
+   }
+
+=head2 max_depth
+
+    $json = $json->max_depth([$maximum_nesting_depth])
+    
+    $max_depth = $json->get_max_depth
+
+Sets the maximum nesting level (default C<512>) accepted while encoding
+or decoding. If a higher nesting level is detected in JSON text or a Perl
+data structure, then the encoder and decoder will stop and croak at that
+point.
+
+Nesting level is defined by number of hash- or arrayrefs that the encoder
+needs to traverse to reach a given point or the number of C<{> or C<[>
+characters without their matching closing parenthesis crossed to reach a
+given character in a string.
+
+Setting the maximum depth to one disallows any nesting, so that ensures
+that the object is only a single hash/object or array.
+
+If no argument is given, the highest possible setting will be used, which
+is rarely useful.
+
+=head2 max_size
+
+    $json = $json->max_size([$maximum_string_size])
+    
+    $max_size = $json->get_max_size
+
+Set the maximum length a JSON text may have (in bytes) where decoding is
+being attempted. The default is C<0>, meaning no limit. When C<decode>
+is called on a string that is longer then this many bytes, it will not
+attempt to decode the string but throw an exception. This setting has no
+effect on C<encode> (yet).
+
+If no argument is given, the limit check will be deactivated (same as when
+C<0> is specified).
+
+=head2 encode
+
+    $json_text = $json->encode($perl_scalar)
+
+Converts the given Perl value or data structure to its JSON
+representation. Croaks on error.
+
+=head2 decode
+
+    $perl_scalar = $json->decode($json_text)
+
+The opposite of C<encode>: expects a JSON text and tries to parse it,
+returning the resulting simple scalar or reference. Croaks on error.
+
+=head2 decode_prefix
+
+    ($perl_scalar, $characters) = $json->decode_prefix($json_text)
+
+This works like the C<decode> method, but instead of raising an exception
+when there is trailing garbage after the first JSON object, it will
+silently stop parsing there and return the number of characters consumed
+so far.
+
+This is useful if your JSON texts are not delimited by an outer protocol
+and you need to know where the JSON text ends.
+
+   JSON->new->decode_prefix ("[1] the tail")
+   => ([1], 3)
+
+=head1 ADDITIONAL METHODS
+
+The following methods are for this module only.
+
+=head2 backend
+
+    $backend = $json->backend
+
+Since 2.92, C<backend> method returns an abstract backend module used currently,
+which should be JSON::Backend::XS (which inherits JSON::XS or Cpanel::JSON::XS),
+or JSON::Backend::PP (which inherits JSON::PP), not to monkey-patch the actual
+backend module globally.
+
+If you need to know what is used actually, use C<isa>, instead of string comparison.
+
+=head2 is_xs
+
+    $boolean = $json->is_xs
+
+Returns true if the backend inherits JSON::XS or Cpanel::JSON::XS.
+
+=head2 is_pp
+
+    $boolean = $json->is_pp
+
+Returns true if the backend inherits JSON::PP.
+
+=head2 property
+
+    $settings = $json->property()
+
+Returns a reference to a hash that holds all the common flag settings.
+
+    $json = $json->property('utf8' => 1)
+    $value = $json->property('utf8') # 1
+
+You can use this to get/set a value of a particular flag.
+
+=head1 INCREMENTAL PARSING
+
+This section is also taken from JSON::XS.
+
+In some cases, there is the need for incremental parsing of JSON
+texts. While this module always has to keep both JSON text and resulting
+Perl data structure in memory at one time, it does allow you to parse a
+JSON stream incrementally. It does so by accumulating text until it has
+a full JSON object, which it then can decode. This process is similar to
+using C<decode_prefix> to see if a full JSON object is available, but
+is much more efficient (and can be implemented with a minimum of method
+calls).
+
+This module will only attempt to parse the JSON text once it is sure it
+has enough text to get a decisive result, using a very simple but
+truly incremental parser. This means that it sometimes won't stop as
+early as the full parser, for example, it doesn't detect mismatched
+parentheses. The only thing it guarantees is that it starts decoding as
+soon as a syntactically valid JSON text has been seen. This means you need
+to set resource limits (e.g. C<max_size>) to ensure the parser will stop
+parsing in the presence if syntax errors.
+
+The following methods implement this incremental parser.
+
+=head2 incr_parse
+
+    $json->incr_parse( [$string] ) # void context
+    
+    $obj_or_undef = $json->incr_parse( [$string] ) # scalar context
+    
+    @obj_or_empty = $json->incr_parse( [$string] ) # list context
+
+This is the central parsing function. It can both append new text and
+extract objects from the stream accumulated so far (both of these
+functions are optional).
+
+If C<$string> is given, then this string is appended to the already
+existing JSON fragment stored in the C<$json> object.
+
+After that, if the function is called in void context, it will simply
+return without doing anything further. This can be used to add more text
+in as many chunks as you want.
+
+If the method is called in scalar context, then it will try to extract
+exactly I<one> JSON object. If that is successful, it will return this
+object, otherwise it will return C<undef>. If there is a parse error,
+this method will croak just as C<decode> would do (one can then use
+C<incr_skip> to skip the erroneous part). This is the most common way of
+using the method.
+
+And finally, in list context, it will try to extract as many objects
+from the stream as it can find and return them, or the empty list
+otherwise. For this to work, there must be no separators (other than
+whitespace) between the JSON objects or arrays, instead they must be
+concatenated back-to-back. If an error occurs, an exception will be
+raised as in the scalar context case. Note that in this case, any
+previously-parsed JSON texts will be lost.
+
+Example: Parse some JSON arrays/objects in a given string and return
+them.
+
+    my @objs = JSON->new->incr_parse ("[5][7][1,2]");
+
+=head2 incr_text
+
+    $lvalue_string = $json->incr_text
+
+This method returns the currently stored JSON fragment as an lvalue, that
+is, you can manipulate it. This I<only> works when a preceding call to
+C<incr_parse> in I<scalar context> successfully returned an object. Under
+all other circumstances you must not call this function (I mean it.
+although in simple tests it might actually work, it I<will> fail under
+real world conditions). As a special exception, you can also call this
+method before having parsed anything.
+
+That means you can only use this function to look at or manipulate text
+before or after complete JSON objects, not while the parser is in the
+middle of parsing a JSON object.
+
+This function is useful in two cases: a) finding the trailing text after a
+JSON object or b) parsing multiple JSON objects separated by non-JSON text
+(such as commas).
+
+=head2 incr_skip
+
+    $json->incr_skip
+
+This will reset the state of the incremental parser and will remove
+the parsed text from the input buffer so far. This is useful after
+C<incr_parse> died, in which case the input buffer and incremental parser
+state is left unchanged, to skip the text parsed so far and to reset the
+parse state.
+
+The difference to C<incr_reset> is that only text until the parse error
+occurred is removed.
+
+=head2 incr_reset
+
+    $json->incr_reset
+
+This completely resets the incremental parser, that is, after this call,
+it will be as if the parser had never parsed anything.
+
+This is useful if you want to repeatedly parse JSON objects and want to
+ignore any trailing data, which means you have to reset the parser after
+each successful decode.
+
+=head1 MAPPING
+
+Most of this section is also taken from JSON::XS.
+
+This section describes how the backend modules map Perl values to JSON values and
+vice versa. These mappings are designed to "do the right thing" in most
+circumstances automatically, preserving round-tripping characteristics
+(what you put in comes out as something equivalent).
+
+For the more enlightened: note that in the following descriptions,
+lowercase I<perl> refers to the Perl interpreter, while uppercase I<Perl>
+refers to the abstract Perl language itself.
+
+=head2 JSON -> PERL
+
+=over 4
+
+=item object
+
+A JSON object becomes a reference to a hash in Perl. No ordering of object
+keys is preserved (JSON does not preserver object key ordering itself).
+
+=item array
+
+A JSON array becomes a reference to an array in Perl.
+
+=item string
+
+A JSON string becomes a string scalar in Perl - Unicode codepoints in JSON
+are represented by the same codepoints in the Perl string, so no manual
+decoding is necessary.
+
+=item number
+
+A JSON number becomes either an integer, numeric (floating point) or
+string scalar in perl, depending on its range and any fractional parts. On
+the Perl level, there is no difference between those as Perl handles all
+the conversion details, but an integer may take slightly less memory and
+might represent more values exactly than floating point numbers.
+
+If the number consists of digits only, this module will try to represent
+it as an integer value. If that fails, it will try to represent it as
+a numeric (floating point) value if that is possible without loss of
+precision. Otherwise it will preserve the number as a string value (in
+which case you lose roundtripping ability, as the JSON number will be
+re-encoded to a JSON string).
+
+Numbers containing a fractional or exponential part will always be
+represented as numeric (floating point) values, possibly at a loss of
+precision (in which case you might lose perfect roundtripping ability, but
+the JSON number will still be re-encoded as a JSON number).
+
+Note that precision is not accuracy - binary floating point values cannot
+represent most decimal fractions exactly, and when converting from and to
+floating point, this module only guarantees precision up to but not including
+the least significant bit.
+
+=item true, false
+
+These JSON atoms become C<JSON::true> and C<JSON::false>,
+respectively. They are overloaded to act almost exactly like the numbers
+C<1> and C<0>. You can check whether a scalar is a JSON boolean by using
+the C<JSON::is_bool> function.
+
+=item null
+
+A JSON null atom becomes C<undef> in Perl.
+
+=item shell-style comments (C<< # I<text> >>)
+
+As a nonstandard extension to the JSON syntax that is enabled by the
+C<relaxed> setting, shell-style comments are allowed. They can start
+anywhere outside strings and go till the end of the line.
+
+=back
+
+
+=head2 PERL -> JSON
+
+The mapping from Perl to JSON is slightly more difficult, as Perl is a
+truly typeless language, so we can only guess which JSON type is meant by
+a Perl value.
+
+=over 4
+
+=item hash references
+
+Perl hash references become JSON objects. As there is no inherent
+ordering in hash keys (or JSON objects), they will usually be encoded
+in a pseudo-random order. This module can optionally sort the hash keys
+(determined by the I<canonical> flag), so the same data structure will
+serialise to the same JSON text (given same settings and version of
+the same backend), but this incurs a runtime overhead and is only rarely useful,
+e.g. when you want to compare some JSON text against another for equality.
+
+=item array references
+
+Perl array references become JSON arrays.
+
+=item other references
+
+Other unblessed references are generally not allowed and will cause an
+exception to be thrown, except for references to the integers C<0> and
+C<1>, which get turned into C<false> and C<true> atoms in JSON. You can
+also use C<JSON::false> and C<JSON::true> to improve readability.
+
+   encode_json [\0,JSON::true]      # yields [false,true]
+
+=item JSON::true, JSON::false, JSON::null
+
+These special values become JSON true and JSON false values,
+respectively. You can also use C<\1> and C<\0> directly if you want.
+
+=item blessed objects
+
+Blessed objects are not directly representable in JSON, but C<JSON::XS>
+allows various ways of handling objects. See L<OBJECT SERIALISATION>,
+below, for details.
+
+=item simple scalars
+
+Simple Perl scalars (any scalar that is not a reference) are the most
+difficult objects to encode: this module will encode undefined scalars as
+JSON C<null> values, scalars that have last been used in a string context
+before encoding as JSON strings, and anything else as number value:
+
+   # dump as number
+   encode_json [2]                      # yields [2]
+   encode_json [-3.0e17]                # yields [-3e+17]
+   my $value = 5; encode_json [$value]  # yields [5]
+
+   # used as string, so dump as string
+   print $value;
+   encode_json [$value]                 # yields ["5"]
+
+   # undef becomes null
+   encode_json [undef]                  # yields [null]
+
+You can force the type to be a string by stringifying it:
+
+   my $x = 3.1; # some variable containing a number
+   "$x";        # stringified
+   $x .= "";    # another, more awkward way to stringify
+   print $x;    # perl does it for you, too, quite often
+
+You can force the type to be a number by numifying it:
+
+   my $x = "3"; # some variable containing a string
+   $x += 0;     # numify it, ensuring it will be dumped as a number
+   $x *= 1;     # same thing, the choice is yours.
+
+You can not currently force the type in other, less obscure, ways. Tell me
+if you need this capability (but don't forget to explain why it's needed
+:).
+
+Note that numerical precision has the same meaning as under Perl (so
+binary to decimal conversion follows the same rules as in Perl, which
+can differ to other languages). Also, your perl interpreter might expose
+extensions to the floating point numbers of your platform, such as
+infinities or NaN's - these cannot be represented in JSON, and it is an
+error to pass those in.
+
+=back
+
+=head2 OBJECT SERIALISATION
+
+As for Perl objects, this module only supports a pure JSON representation
+(without the ability to deserialise the object automatically again).
+
+=head3 SERIALISATION
+
+What happens when this module encounters a Perl object depends on the
+C<allow_blessed> and C<convert_blessed> settings, which are used in
+this order:
+
+=over 4
+
+=item 1. C<convert_blessed> is enabled and the object has a C<TO_JSON> method.
+
+In this case, the C<TO_JSON> method of the object is invoked in scalar
+context. It must return a single scalar that can be directly encoded into
+JSON. This scalar replaces the object in the JSON text.
+
+For example, the following C<TO_JSON> method will convert all L<URI>
+objects to JSON strings when serialised. The fact that these values
+originally were L<URI> objects is lost.
+
+   sub URI::TO_JSON {
+      my ($uri) = @_;
+      $uri->as_string
+   }
+
+=item 2. C<allow_blessed> is enabled.
+
+The object will be serialised as a JSON null value.
+
+=item 3. none of the above
+
+If none of the settings are enabled or the respective methods are missing,
+this module throws an exception.
+
+=back
+
+=head1 ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES
+
+This section is taken from JSON::XS.
+
+The interested reader might have seen a number of flags that signify
+encodings or codesets - C<utf8>, C<latin1> and C<ascii>. There seems to be
+some confusion on what these do, so here is a short comparison:
+
+C<utf8> controls whether the JSON text created by C<encode> (and expected
+by C<decode>) is UTF-8 encoded or not, while C<latin1> and C<ascii> only
+control whether C<encode> escapes character values outside their respective
+codeset range. Neither of these flags conflict with each other, although
+some combinations make less sense than others.
+
+Care has been taken to make all flags symmetrical with respect to
+C<encode> and C<decode>, that is, texts encoded with any combination of
+these flag values will be correctly decoded when the same flags are used
+- in general, if you use different flag settings while encoding vs. when
+decoding you likely have a bug somewhere.
+
+Below comes a verbose discussion of these flags. Note that a "codeset" is
+simply an abstract set of character-codepoint pairs, while an encoding
+takes those codepoint numbers and I<encodes> them, in our case into
+octets. Unicode is (among other things) a codeset, UTF-8 is an encoding,
+and ISO-8859-1 (= latin 1) and ASCII are both codesets I<and> encodings at
+the same time, which can be confusing.
+
+=over 4
+
+=item C<utf8> flag disabled
+
+When C<utf8> is disabled (the default), then C<encode>/C<decode> generate
+and expect Unicode strings, that is, characters with high ordinal Unicode
+values (> 255) will be encoded as such characters, and likewise such
+characters are decoded as-is, no changes to them will be done, except
+"(re-)interpreting" them as Unicode codepoints or Unicode characters,
+respectively (to Perl, these are the same thing in strings unless you do
+funny/weird/dumb stuff).
+
+This is useful when you want to do the encoding yourself (e.g. when you
+want to have UTF-16 encoded JSON texts) or when some other layer does
+the encoding for you (for example, when printing to a terminal using a
+filehandle that transparently encodes to UTF-8 you certainly do NOT want
+to UTF-8 encode your data first and have Perl encode it another time).
+
+=item C<utf8> flag enabled
+
+If the C<utf8>-flag is enabled, C<encode>/C<decode> will encode all
+characters using the corresponding UTF-8 multi-byte sequence, and will
+expect your input strings to be encoded as UTF-8, that is, no "character"
+of the input string must have any value > 255, as UTF-8 does not allow
+that.
+
+The C<utf8> flag therefore switches between two modes: disabled means you
+will get a Unicode string in Perl, enabled means you get an UTF-8 encoded
+octet/binary string in Perl.
+
+=item C<latin1> or C<ascii> flags enabled
+
+With C<latin1> (or C<ascii>) enabled, C<encode> will escape characters
+with ordinal values > 255 (> 127 with C<ascii>) and encode the remaining
+characters as specified by the C<utf8> flag.
+
+If C<utf8> is disabled, then the result is also correctly encoded in those
+character sets (as both are proper subsets of Unicode, meaning that a
+Unicode string with all character values < 256 is the same thing as a
+ISO-8859-1 string, and a Unicode string with all character values < 128 is
+the same thing as an ASCII string in Perl).
+
+If C<utf8> is enabled, you still get a correct UTF-8-encoded string,
+regardless of these flags, just some more characters will be escaped using
+C<\uXXXX> then before.
+
+Note that ISO-8859-1-I<encoded> strings are not compatible with UTF-8
+encoding, while ASCII-encoded strings are. That is because the ISO-8859-1
+encoding is NOT a subset of UTF-8 (despite the ISO-8859-1 I<codeset> being
+a subset of Unicode), while ASCII is.
+
+Surprisingly, C<decode> will ignore these flags and so treat all input
+values as governed by the C<utf8> flag. If it is disabled, this allows you
+to decode ISO-8859-1- and ASCII-encoded strings, as both strict subsets of
+Unicode. If it is enabled, you can correctly decode UTF-8 encoded strings.
+
+So neither C<latin1> nor C<ascii> are incompatible with the C<utf8> flag -
+they only govern when the JSON output engine escapes a character or not.
+
+The main use for C<latin1> is to relatively efficiently store binary data
+as JSON, at the expense of breaking compatibility with most JSON decoders.
+
+The main use for C<ascii> is to force the output to not contain characters
+with values > 127, which means you can interpret the resulting string
+as UTF-8, ISO-8859-1, ASCII, KOI8-R or most about any character set and
+8-bit-encoding, and still get the same data structure back. This is useful
+when your channel for JSON transfer is not 8-bit clean or the encoding
+might be mangled in between (e.g. in mail), and works because ASCII is a
+proper subset of most 8-bit and multibyte encodings in use in the world.
+
+=back
+
+=head1 BACKWARD INCOMPATIBILITY
+
+Since version 2.90, stringification (and string comparison) for
+C<JSON::true> and C<JSON::false> has not been overloaded. It shouldn't
+matter as long as you treat them as boolean values, but a code that
+expects they are stringified as "true" or "false" doesn't work as
+you have expected any more.
+
+    if (JSON::true eq 'true') {  # now fails
+
+    print "The result is $JSON::true now."; # => The result is 1 now.
+
+And now these boolean values don't inherit JSON::Boolean, either.
+When you need to test a value is a JSON boolean value or not, use
+C<JSON::is_bool> function, instead of testing the value inherits
+a particular boolean class or not.
+
+=head1 BUGS
+
+Please report bugs on backend selection and additional features
+this module provides to RT or GitHub issues for this module:
+
+=over 4
+
+=item https://rt.cpan.org/Public/Dist/Display.html?Queue=JSON
+
+=item https://github.com/makamaka/JSON/issues
+
+=back
+
+Please report bugs and feature requests on decoding/encoding
+and boolean behaviors to the author of the backend module you
+are using.
+
+=head1 SEE ALSO
+
+L<JSON::XS>, L<Cpanel::JSON::XS>, L<JSON::PP> for backends.
+
+L<JSON::MaybeXS>, an alternative that prefers Cpanel::JSON::XS.
+
+C<RFC4627>(L<http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt>)
+
+=head1 AUTHOR
+
+Makamaka Hannyaharamitu, E<lt>makamaka[at]cpan.orgE<gt>
+
+JSON::XS was written by  Marc Lehmann <schmorp[at]schmorp.de>
+
+The release of this new version owes to the courtesy of Marc Lehmann.
+
+
+=head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
+
+Copyright 2005-2013 by Makamaka Hannyaharamitu
+
+This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+it under the same terms as Perl itself. 
+
+=cut
+
diff --git a/lib/JSON/backportPP.pm b/lib/JSON/backportPP.pm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c3fcadd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/JSON/backportPP.pm
@@ -0,0 +1,2856 @@
+package # This is JSON::backportPP
+    JSON::PP;
+
+# JSON-2.0
+
+use 5.005;
+use strict;
+
+use Exporter ();
+BEGIN { @JSON::backportPP::ISA = ('Exporter') }
+
+use overload ();
+use JSON::backportPP::Boolean;
+
+use Carp ();
+#use Devel::Peek;
+
+$JSON::backportPP::VERSION = '2.97001';
+
+@JSON::PP::EXPORT = qw(encode_json decode_json from_json to_json);
+
+# instead of hash-access, i tried index-access for speed.
+# but this method is not faster than what i expected. so it will be changed.
+
+use constant P_ASCII                => 0;
+use constant P_LATIN1               => 1;
+use constant P_UTF8                 => 2;
+use constant P_INDENT               => 3;
+use constant P_CANONICAL            => 4;
+use constant P_SPACE_BEFORE         => 5;
+use constant P_SPACE_AFTER          => 6;
+use constant P_ALLOW_NONREF         => 7;
+use constant P_SHRINK               => 8;
+use constant P_ALLOW_BLESSED        => 9;
+use constant P_CONVERT_BLESSED      => 10;
+use constant P_RELAXED              => 11;
+
+use constant P_LOOSE                => 12;
+use constant P_ALLOW_BIGNUM         => 13;
+use constant P_ALLOW_BAREKEY        => 14;
+use constant P_ALLOW_SINGLEQUOTE    => 15;
+use constant P_ESCAPE_SLASH         => 16;
+use constant P_AS_NONBLESSED        => 17;
+
+use constant P_ALLOW_UNKNOWN        => 18;
+
+use constant OLD_PERL => $] < 5.008 ? 1 : 0;
+use constant USE_B => 0;
+
+BEGIN {
+if (USE_B) {
+    require B;
+}
+}
+
+BEGIN {
+    my @xs_compati_bit_properties = qw(
+            latin1 ascii utf8 indent canonical space_before space_after allow_nonref shrink
+            allow_blessed convert_blessed relaxed allow_unknown
+    );
+    my @pp_bit_properties = qw(
+            allow_singlequote allow_bignum loose
+            allow_barekey escape_slash as_nonblessed
+    );
+
+    # Perl version check, Unicode handling is enabled?
+    # Helper module sets @JSON::PP::_properties.
+    if ( OLD_PERL ) {
+        my $helper = $] >= 5.006 ? 'JSON::backportPP::Compat5006' : 'JSON::backportPP::Compat5005';
+        eval qq| require $helper |;
+        if ($@) { Carp::croak $@; }
+    }
+
+    for my $name (@xs_compati_bit_properties, @pp_bit_properties) {
+        my $property_id = 'P_' . uc($name);
+
+        eval qq/
+            sub $name {
+                my \$enable = defined \$_[1] ? \$_[1] : 1;
+
+                if (\$enable) {
+                    \$_[0]->{PROPS}->[$property_id] = 1;
+                }
+                else {
+                    \$_[0]->{PROPS}->[$property_id] = 0;
+                }
+
+                \$_[0];
+            }
+
+            sub get_$name {
+                \$_[0]->{PROPS}->[$property_id] ? 1 : '';
+            }
+        /;
+    }
+
+}
+
+
+
+# Functions
+
+my $JSON; # cache
+
+sub encode_json ($) { # encode
+    ($JSON ||= __PACKAGE__->new->utf8)->encode(@_);
+}
+
+
+sub decode_json { # decode
+    ($JSON ||= __PACKAGE__->new->utf8)->decode(@_);
+}
+
+# Obsoleted
+
+sub to_json($) {
+   Carp::croak ("JSON::PP::to_json has been renamed to encode_json.");
+}
+
+
+sub from_json($) {
+   Carp::croak ("JSON::PP::from_json has been renamed to decode_json.");
+}
+
+
+# Methods
+
+sub new {
+    my $class = shift;
+    my $self  = {
+        max_depth   => 512,
+        max_size    => 0,
+        indent_length => 3,
+    };
+
+    bless $self, $class;
+}
+
+
+sub encode {
+    return $_[0]->PP_encode_json($_[1]);
+}
+
+
+sub decode {
+    return $_[0]->PP_decode_json($_[1], 0x00000000);
+}
+
+
+sub decode_prefix {
+    return $_[0]->PP_decode_json($_[1], 0x00000001);
+}
+
+
+# accessor
+
+
+# pretty printing
+
+sub pretty {
+    my ($self, $v) = @_;
+    my $enable = defined $v ? $v : 1;
+
+    if ($enable) { # indent_length(3) for JSON::XS compatibility
+        $self->indent(1)->space_before(1)->space_after(1);
+    }
+    else {
+        $self->indent(0)->space_before(0)->space_after(0);
+    }
+
+    $self;
+}
+
+# etc
+
+sub max_depth {
+    my $max  = defined $_[1] ? $_[1] : 0x80000000;
+    $_[0]->{max_depth} = $max;
+    $_[0];
+}
+
+
+sub get_max_depth { $_[0]->{max_depth}; }
+
+
+sub max_size {
+    my $max  = defined $_[1] ? $_[1] : 0;
+    $_[0]->{max_size} = $max;
+    $_[0];
+}
+
+
+sub get_max_size { $_[0]->{max_size}; }
+
+
+sub filter_json_object {
+    if (defined $_[1] and ref $_[1] eq 'CODE') {
+        $_[0]->{cb_object} = $_[1];
+    } else {
+        delete $_[0]->{cb_object};
+    }
+    $_[0]->{F_HOOK} = ($_[0]->{cb_object} or $_[0]->{cb_sk_object}) ? 1 : 0;
+    $_[0];
+}
+
+sub filter_json_single_key_object {
+    if (@_ == 1 or @_ > 3) {
+        Carp::croak("Usage: JSON::PP::filter_json_single_key_object(self, key, callback = undef)");
+    }
+    if (defined $_[2] and ref $_[2] eq 'CODE') {
+        $_[0]->{cb_sk_object}->{$_[1]} = $_[2];
+    } else {
+        delete $_[0]->{cb_sk_object}->{$_[1]};
+        delete $_[0]->{cb_sk_object} unless %{$_[0]->{cb_sk_object} || {}};
+    }
+    $_[0]->{F_HOOK} = ($_[0]->{cb_object} or $_[0]->{cb_sk_object}) ? 1 : 0;
+    $_[0];
+}
+
+sub indent_length {
+    if (!defined $_[1] or $_[1] > 15 or $_[1] < 0) {
+        Carp::carp "The acceptable range of indent_length() is 0 to 15.";
+    }
+    else {
+        $_[0]->{indent_length} = $_[1];
+    }
+    $_[0];
+}
+
+sub get_indent_length {
+    $_[0]->{indent_length};
+}
+
+sub sort_by {
+    $_[0]->{sort_by} = defined $_[1] ? $_[1] : 1;
+    $_[0];
+}
+
+sub allow_bigint {
+    Carp::carp("allow_bigint() is obsoleted. use allow_bignum() instead.");
+    $_[0]->allow_bignum;
+}
+
+###############################
+
+###
+### Perl => JSON
+###
+
+
+{ # Convert
+
+    my $max_depth;
+    my $indent;
+    my $ascii;
+    my $latin1;
+    my $utf8;
+    my $space_before;
+    my $space_after;
+    my $canonical;
+    my $allow_blessed;
+    my $convert_blessed;
+
+    my $indent_length;
+    my $escape_slash;
+    my $bignum;
+    my $as_nonblessed;
+
+    my $depth;
+    my $indent_count;
+    my $keysort;
+
+
+    sub PP_encode_json {
+        my $self = shift;
+        my $obj  = shift;
+
+        $indent_count = 0;
+        $depth        = 0;
+
+        my $props = $self->{PROPS};
+
+        ($ascii, $latin1, $utf8, $indent, $canonical, $space_before, $space_after, $allow_blessed,
+            $convert_blessed, $escape_slash, $bignum, $as_nonblessed)
+         = @{$props}[P_ASCII .. P_SPACE_AFTER, P_ALLOW_BLESSED, P_CONVERT_BLESSED,
+                    P_ESCAPE_SLASH, P_ALLOW_BIGNUM, P_AS_NONBLESSED];
+
+        ($max_depth, $indent_length) = @{$self}{qw/max_depth indent_length/};
+
+        $keysort = $canonical ? sub { $a cmp $b } : undef;
+
+        if ($self->{sort_by}) {
+            $keysort = ref($self->{sort_by}) eq 'CODE' ? $self->{sort_by}
+                     : $self->{sort_by} =~ /\D+/       ? $self->{sort_by}
+                     : sub { $a cmp $b };
+        }
+
+        encode_error("hash- or arrayref expected (not a simple scalar, use allow_nonref to allow this)")
+             if(!ref $obj and !$props->[ P_ALLOW_NONREF ]);
+
+        my $str  = $self->object_to_json($obj);
+
+        $str .= "\n" if ( $indent ); # JSON::XS 2.26 compatible
+
+        unless ($ascii or $latin1 or $utf8) {
+            utf8::upgrade($str);
+        }
+
+        if ($props->[ P_SHRINK ]) {
+            utf8::downgrade($str, 1);
+        }
+
+        return $str;
+    }
+
+
+    sub object_to_json {
+        my ($self, $obj) = @_;
+        my $type = ref($obj);
+
+        if($type eq 'HASH'){
+            return $self->hash_to_json($obj);
+        }
+        elsif($type eq 'ARRAY'){
+            return $self->array_to_json($obj);
+        }
+        elsif ($type) { # blessed object?
+            if (blessed($obj)) {
+
+                return $self->value_to_json($obj) if ( $obj->isa('JSON::PP::Boolean') );
+
+                if ( $convert_blessed and $obj->can('TO_JSON') ) {
+                    my $result = $obj->TO_JSON();
+                    if ( defined $result and ref( $result ) ) {
+                        if ( refaddr( $obj ) eq refaddr( $result ) ) {
+                            encode_error( sprintf(
+                                "%s::TO_JSON method returned same object as was passed instead of a new one",
+                                ref $obj
+                            ) );
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    return $self->object_to_json( $result );
+                }
+
+                return "$obj" if ( $bignum and _is_bignum($obj) );
+
+                if ($allow_blessed) {
+                    return $self->blessed_to_json($obj) if ($as_nonblessed); # will be removed.
+                    return 'null';
+                }
+                encode_error( sprintf("encountered object '%s', but neither allow_blessed "
+                    . "nor convert_blessed settings are enabled", $obj)
+                );
+            }
+            else {
+                return $self->value_to_json($obj);
+            }
+        }
+        else{
+            return $self->value_to_json($obj);
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    sub hash_to_json {
+        my ($self, $obj) = @_;
+        my @res;
+
+        encode_error("json text or perl structure exceeds maximum nesting level (max_depth set too low?)")
+                                         if (++$depth > $max_depth);
+
+        my ($pre, $post) = $indent ? $self->_up_indent() : ('', '');
+        my $del = ($space_before ? ' ' : '') . ':' . ($space_after ? ' ' : '');
+
+        for my $k ( _sort( $obj ) ) {
+            if ( OLD_PERL ) { utf8::decode($k) } # key for Perl 5.6 / be optimized
+            push @res, $self->string_to_json( $k )
+                          .  $del
+                          . ( ref $obj->{$k} ? $self->object_to_json( $obj->{$k} ) : $self->value_to_json( $obj->{$k} ) );
+        }
+
+        --$depth;
+        $self->_down_indent() if ($indent);
+
+        return '{}' unless @res;
+        return '{' . $pre . join( ",$pre", @res ) . $post . '}';
+    }
+
+
+    sub array_to_json {
+        my ($self, $obj) = @_;
+        my @res;
+
+        encode_error("json text or perl structure exceeds maximum nesting level (max_depth set too low?)")
+                                         if (++$depth > $max_depth);
+
+        my ($pre, $post) = $indent ? $self->_up_indent() : ('', '');
+
+        for my $v (@$obj){
+            push @res, ref($v) ? $self->object_to_json($v) : $self->value_to_json($v);
+        }
+
+        --$depth;
+        $self->_down_indent() if ($indent);
+
+        return '[]' unless @res;
+        return '[' . $pre . join( ",$pre", @res ) . $post . ']';
+    }
+
+    sub _looks_like_number {
+        my $value = shift;
+        if (USE_B) {
+            my $b_obj = B::svref_2object(\$value);
+            my $flags = $b_obj->FLAGS;
+            return 1 if $flags & ( B::SVp_IOK() | B::SVp_NOK() ) and !( $flags & B::SVp_POK() );
+            return;
+        } else {
+            no warnings 'numeric';
+            # if the utf8 flag is on, it almost certainly started as a string
+            return if utf8::is_utf8($value);
+            # detect numbers
+            # string & "" -> ""
+            # number & "" -> 0 (with warning)
+            # nan and inf can detect as numbers, so check with * 0
+            return unless length((my $dummy = "") & $value);
+            return unless 0 + $value eq $value;
+            return 1 if $value * 0 == 0;
+            return -1; # inf/nan
+        }
+    }
+
+    sub value_to_json {
+        my ($self, $value) = @_;
+
+        return 'null' if(!defined $value);
+
+        my $type = ref($value);
+
+        if (!$type) {
+            if (_looks_like_number($value)) {
+                return $value;
+            }
+            return $self->string_to_json($value);
+        }
+        elsif( blessed($value) and  $value->isa('JSON::PP::Boolean') ){
+            return $$value == 1 ? 'true' : 'false';
+        }
+        else {
+            if ((overload::StrVal($value) =~ /=(\w+)/)[0]) {
+                return $self->value_to_json("$value");
+            }
+
+            if ($type eq 'SCALAR' and defined $$value) {
+                return   $$value eq '1' ? 'true'
+                       : $$value eq '0' ? 'false'
+                       : $self->{PROPS}->[ P_ALLOW_UNKNOWN ] ? 'null'
+                       : encode_error("cannot encode reference to scalar");
+            }
+
+            if ( $self->{PROPS}->[ P_ALLOW_UNKNOWN ] ) {
+                return 'null';
+            }
+            else {
+                if ( $type eq 'SCALAR' or $type eq 'REF' ) {
+                    encode_error("cannot encode reference to scalar");
+                }
+                else {
+                    encode_error("encountered $value, but JSON can only represent references to arrays or hashes");
+                }
+            }
+
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    my %esc = (
+        "\n" => '\n',
+        "\r" => '\r',
+        "\t" => '\t',
+        "\f" => '\f',
+        "\b" => '\b',
+        "\"" => '\"',
+        "\\" => '\\\\',
+        "\'" => '\\\'',
+    );
+
+
+    sub string_to_json {
+        my ($self, $arg) = @_;
+
+        $arg =~ s/([\x22\x5c\n\r\t\f\b])/$esc{$1}/g;
+        $arg =~ s/\//\\\//g if ($escape_slash);
+        $arg =~ s/([\x00-\x08\x0b\x0e-\x1f])/'\\u00' . unpack('H2', $1)/eg;
+
+        if ($ascii) {
+            $arg = JSON_PP_encode_ascii($arg);
+        }
+
+        if ($latin1) {
+            $arg = JSON_PP_encode_latin1($arg);
+        }
+
+        if ($utf8) {
+            utf8::encode($arg);
+        }
+
+        return '"' . $arg . '"';
+    }
+
+
+    sub blessed_to_json {
+        my $reftype = reftype($_[1]) || '';
+        if ($reftype eq 'HASH') {
+            return $_[0]->hash_to_json($_[1]);
+        }
+        elsif ($reftype eq 'ARRAY') {
+            return $_[0]->array_to_json($_[1]);
+        }
+        else {
+            return 'null';
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    sub encode_error {
+        my $error  = shift;
+        Carp::croak "$error";
+    }
+
+
+    sub _sort {
+        defined $keysort ? (sort $keysort (keys %{$_[0]})) : keys %{$_[0]};
+    }
+
+
+    sub _up_indent {
+        my $self  = shift;
+        my $space = ' ' x $indent_length;
+
+        my ($pre,$post) = ('','');
+
+        $post = "\n" . $space x $indent_count;
+
+        $indent_count++;
+
+        $pre = "\n" . $space x $indent_count;
+
+        return ($pre,$post);
+    }
+
+
+    sub _down_indent { $indent_count--; }
+
+
+    sub PP_encode_box {
+        {
+            depth        => $depth,
+            indent_count => $indent_count,
+        };
+    }
+
+} # Convert
+
+
+sub _encode_ascii {
+    join('',
+        map {
+            $_ <= 127 ?
+                chr($_) :
+            $_ <= 65535 ?
+                sprintf('\u%04x', $_) : sprintf('\u%x\u%x', _encode_surrogates($_));
+        } unpack('U*', $_[0])
+    );
+}
+
+
+sub _encode_latin1 {
+    join('',
+        map {
+            $_ <= 255 ?
+                chr($_) :
+            $_ <= 65535 ?
+                sprintf('\u%04x', $_) : sprintf('\u%x\u%x', _encode_surrogates($_));
+        } unpack('U*', $_[0])
+    );
+}
+
+
+sub _encode_surrogates { # from perlunicode
+    my $uni = $_[0] - 0x10000;
+    return ($uni / 0x400 + 0xD800, $uni % 0x400 + 0xDC00);
+}
+
+
+sub _is_bignum {
+    $_[0]->isa('Math::BigInt') or $_[0]->isa('Math::BigFloat');
+}
+
+
+
+#
+# JSON => Perl
+#
+
+my $max_intsize;
+
+BEGIN {
+    my $checkint = 1111;
+    for my $d (5..64) {
+        $checkint .= 1;
+        my $int   = eval qq| $checkint |;
+        if ($int =~ /[eE]/) {
+            $max_intsize = $d - 1;
+            last;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+{ # PARSE 
+
+    my %escapes = ( #  by Jeremy Muhlich <jmuhlich [at] bitflood.org>
+        b    => "\x8",
+        t    => "\x9",
+        n    => "\xA",
+        f    => "\xC",
+        r    => "\xD",
+        '\\' => '\\',
+        '"'  => '"',
+        '/'  => '/',
+    );
+
+    my $text; # json data
+    my $at;   # offset
+    my $ch;   # first character
+    my $len;  # text length (changed according to UTF8 or NON UTF8)
+    # INTERNAL
+    my $depth;          # nest counter
+    my $encoding;       # json text encoding
+    my $is_valid_utf8;  # temp variable
+    my $utf8_len;       # utf8 byte length
+    # FLAGS
+    my $utf8;           # must be utf8
+    my $max_depth;      # max nest number of objects and arrays
+    my $max_size;
+    my $relaxed;
+    my $cb_object;
+    my $cb_sk_object;
+
+    my $F_HOOK;
+
+    my $allow_bignum;   # using Math::BigInt/BigFloat
+    my $singlequote;    # loosely quoting
+    my $loose;          # 
+    my $allow_barekey;  # bareKey
+
+    sub _detect_utf_encoding {
+        my $text = shift;
+        my @octets = unpack('C4', $text);
+        return 'unknown' unless defined $octets[3];
+        return ( $octets[0] and  $octets[1]) ? 'UTF-8'
+             : (!$octets[0] and  $octets[1]) ? 'UTF-16BE'
+             : (!$octets[0] and !$octets[1]) ? 'UTF-32BE'
+             : ( $octets[2]                ) ? 'UTF-16LE'
+             : (!$octets[2]                ) ? 'UTF-32LE'
+             : 'unknown';
+    }
+
+    sub PP_decode_json {
+        my ($self, $want_offset);
+
+        ($self, $text, $want_offset) = @_;
+
+        ($at, $ch, $depth) = (0, '', 0);
+
+        if ( !defined $text or ref $text ) {
+            decode_error("malformed JSON string, neither array, object, number, string or atom");
+        }
+
+        my $props = $self->{PROPS};
+
+        ($utf8, $relaxed, $loose, $allow_bignum, $allow_barekey, $singlequote)
+            = @{$props}[P_UTF8, P_RELAXED, P_LOOSE .. P_ALLOW_SINGLEQUOTE];
+
+        if ( $utf8 ) {
+            $encoding = _detect_utf_encoding($text);
+            if ($encoding ne 'UTF-8' and $encoding ne 'unknown') {
+                require Encode;
+                Encode::from_to($text, $encoding, 'utf-8');
+            } else {
+                utf8::downgrade( $text, 1 ) or Carp::croak("Wide character in subroutine entry");
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            utf8::upgrade( $text );
+            utf8::encode( $text );
+        }
+
+        $len = length $text;
+
+        ($max_depth, $max_size, $cb_object, $cb_sk_object, $F_HOOK)
+             = @{$self}{qw/max_depth  max_size cb_object cb_sk_object F_HOOK/};
+
+        if ($max_size > 1) {
+            use bytes;
+            my $bytes = length $text;
+            decode_error(
+                sprintf("attempted decode of JSON text of %s bytes size, but max_size is set to %s"
+                    , $bytes, $max_size), 1
+            ) if ($bytes > $max_size);
+        }
+
+        white(); # remove head white space
+
+        decode_error("malformed JSON string, neither array, object, number, string or atom") unless defined $ch; # Is there a first character for JSON structure?
+
+        my $result = value();
+
+        if ( !$props->[ P_ALLOW_NONREF ] and !ref $result ) {
+                decode_error(
+                'JSON text must be an object or array (but found number, string, true, false or null,'
+                       . ' use allow_nonref to allow this)', 1);
+        }
+
+        Carp::croak('something wrong.') if $len < $at; # we won't arrive here.
+
+        my $consumed = defined $ch ? $at - 1 : $at; # consumed JSON text length
+
+        white(); # remove tail white space
+
+        return ( $result, $consumed ) if $want_offset; # all right if decode_prefix
+
+        decode_error("garbage after JSON object") if defined $ch;
+
+        $result;
+    }
+
+
+    sub next_chr {
+        return $ch = undef if($at >= $len);
+        $ch = substr($text, $at++, 1);
+    }
+
+
+    sub value {
+        white();
+        return          if(!defined $ch);
+        return object() if($ch eq '{');
+        return array()  if($ch eq '[');
+        return string() if($ch eq '"' or ($singlequote and $ch eq "'"));
+        return number() if($ch =~ /[0-9]/ or $ch eq '-');
+        return word();
+    }
+
+    sub string {
+        my $utf16;
+        my $is_utf8;
+
+        ($is_valid_utf8, $utf8_len) = ('', 0);
+
+        my $s = ''; # basically UTF8 flag on
+
+        if($ch eq '"' or ($singlequote and $ch eq "'")){
+            my $boundChar = $ch;
+
+            OUTER: while( defined(next_chr()) ){
+
+                if($ch eq $boundChar){
+                    next_chr();
+
+                    if ($utf16) {
+                        decode_error("missing low surrogate character in surrogate pair");
+                    }
+
+                    utf8::decode($s) if($is_utf8);
+
+                    return $s;
+                }
+                elsif($ch eq '\\'){
+                    next_chr();
+                    if(exists $escapes{$ch}){
+                        $s .= $escapes{$ch};
+                    }
+                    elsif($ch eq 'u'){ # UNICODE handling
+                        my $u = '';
+
+                        for(1..4){
+                            $ch = next_chr();
+                            last OUTER if($ch !~ /[0-9a-fA-F]/);
+                            $u .= $ch;
+                        }
+
+                        # U+D800 - U+DBFF
+                        if ($u =~ /^[dD][89abAB][0-9a-fA-F]{2}/) { # UTF-16 high surrogate?
+                            $utf16 = $u;
+                        }
+                        # U+DC00 - U+DFFF
+                        elsif ($u =~ /^[dD][c-fC-F][0-9a-fA-F]{2}/) { # UTF-16 low surrogate?
+                            unless (defined $utf16) {
+                                decode_error("missing high surrogate character in surrogate pair");
+                            }
+                            $is_utf8 = 1;
+                            $s .= JSON_PP_decode_surrogates($utf16, $u) || next;
+                            $utf16 = undef;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            if (defined $utf16) {
+                                decode_error("surrogate pair expected");
+                            }
+
+                            if ( ( my $hex = hex( $u ) ) > 127 ) {
+                                $is_utf8 = 1;
+                                $s .= JSON_PP_decode_unicode($u) || next;
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                $s .= chr $hex;
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                    }
+                    else{
+                        unless ($loose) {
+                            $at -= 2;
+                            decode_error('illegal backslash escape sequence in string');
+                        }
+                        $s .= $ch;
+                    }
+                }
+                else{
+
+                    if ( ord $ch  > 127 ) {
+                        unless( $ch = is_valid_utf8($ch) ) {
+                            $at -= 1;
+                            decode_error("malformed UTF-8 character in JSON string");
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            $at += $utf8_len - 1;
+                        }
+
+                        $is_utf8 = 1;
+                    }
+
+                    if (!$loose) {
+                        if ($ch =~ /[\x00-\x1f\x22\x5c]/)  { # '/' ok
+                            $at--;
+                            decode_error('invalid character encountered while parsing JSON string');
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    $s .= $ch;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        decode_error("unexpected end of string while parsing JSON string");
+    }
+
+
+    sub white {
+        while( defined $ch  ){
+            if($ch eq '' or $ch =~ /\A[ \t\r\n]\z/){
+                next_chr();
+            }
+            elsif($relaxed and $ch eq '/'){
+                next_chr();
+                if(defined $ch and $ch eq '/'){
+                    1 while(defined(next_chr()) and $ch ne "\n" and $ch ne "\r");
+                }
+                elsif(defined $ch and $ch eq '*'){
+                    next_chr();
+                    while(1){
+                        if(defined $ch){
+                            if($ch eq '*'){
+                                if(defined(next_chr()) and $ch eq '/'){
+                                    next_chr();
+                                    last;
+                                }
+                            }
+                            else{
+                                next_chr();
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else{
+                            decode_error("Unterminated comment");
+                        }
+                    }
+                    next;
+                }
+                else{
+                    $at--;
+                    decode_error("malformed JSON string, neither array, object, number, string or atom");
+                }
+            }
+            else{
+                if ($relaxed and $ch eq '#') { # correctly?
+                    pos($text) = $at;
+                    $text =~ /\G([^\n]*(?:\r\n|\r|\n|$))/g;
+                    $at = pos($text);
+                    next_chr;
+                    next;
+                }
+
+                last;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    sub array {
+        my $a  = $_[0] || []; # you can use this code to use another array ref object.
+
+        decode_error('json text or perl structure exceeds maximum nesting level (max_depth set too low?)')
+                                                    if (++$depth > $max_depth);
+
+        next_chr();
+        white();
+
+        if(defined $ch and $ch eq ']'){
+            --$depth;
+            next_chr();
+            return $a;
+        }
+        else {
+            while(defined($ch)){
+                push @$a, value();
+
+                white();
+
+                if (!defined $ch) {
+                    last;
+                }
+
+                if($ch eq ']'){
+                    --$depth;
+                    next_chr();
+                    return $a;
+                }
+
+                if($ch ne ','){
+                    last;
+                }
+
+                next_chr();
+                white();
+
+                if ($relaxed and $ch eq ']') {
+                    --$depth;
+                    next_chr();
+                    return $a;
+                }
+
+            }
+        }
+
+        $at-- if defined $ch and $ch ne '';
+        decode_error(", or ] expected while parsing array");
+    }
+
+
+    sub object {
+        my $o = $_[0] || {}; # you can use this code to use another hash ref object.
+        my $k;
+
+        decode_error('json text or perl structure exceeds maximum nesting level (max_depth set too low?)')
+                                                if (++$depth > $max_depth);
+        next_chr();
+        white();
+
+        if(defined $ch and $ch eq '}'){
+            --$depth;
+            next_chr();
+            if ($F_HOOK) {
+                return _json_object_hook($o);
+            }
+            return $o;
+        }
+        else {
+            while (defined $ch) {
+                $k = ($allow_barekey and $ch ne '"' and $ch ne "'") ? bareKey() : string();
+                white();
+
+                if(!defined $ch or $ch ne ':'){
+                    $at--;
+                    decode_error("':' expected");
+                }
+
+                next_chr();
+                $o->{$k} = value();
+                white();
+
+                last if (!defined $ch);
+
+                if($ch eq '}'){
+                    --$depth;
+                    next_chr();
+                    if ($F_HOOK) {
+                        return _json_object_hook($o);
+                    }
+                    return $o;
+                }
+
+                if($ch ne ','){
+                    last;
+                }
+
+                next_chr();
+                white();
+
+                if ($relaxed and $ch eq '}') {
+                    --$depth;
+                    next_chr();
+                    if ($F_HOOK) {
+                        return _json_object_hook($o);
+                    }
+                    return $o;
+                }
+
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        $at-- if defined $ch and $ch ne '';
+        decode_error(", or } expected while parsing object/hash");
+    }
+
+
+    sub bareKey { # doesn't strictly follow Standard ECMA-262 3rd Edition
+        my $key;
+        while($ch =~ /[^\x00-\x23\x25-\x2F\x3A-\x40\x5B-\x5E\x60\x7B-\x7F]/){
+            $key .= $ch;
+            next_chr();
+        }
+        return $key;
+    }
+
+
+    sub word {
+        my $word =  substr($text,$at-1,4);
+
+        if($word eq 'true'){
+            $at += 3;
+            next_chr;
+            return $JSON::PP::true;
+        }
+        elsif($word eq 'null'){
+            $at += 3;
+            next_chr;
+            return undef;
+        }
+        elsif($word eq 'fals'){
+            $at += 3;
+            if(substr($text,$at,1) eq 'e'){
+                $at++;
+                next_chr;
+                return $JSON::PP::false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $at--; # for decode_error report
+
+        decode_error("'null' expected")  if ($word =~ /^n/);
+        decode_error("'true' expected")  if ($word =~ /^t/);
+        decode_error("'false' expected") if ($word =~ /^f/);
+        decode_error("malformed JSON string, neither array, object, number, string or atom");
+    }
+
+
+    sub number {
+        my $n    = '';
+        my $v;
+        my $is_dec;
+        my $is_exp;
+
+        if($ch eq '-'){
+            $n = '-';
+            next_chr;
+            if (!defined $ch or $ch !~ /\d/) {
+                decode_error("malformed number (no digits after initial minus)");
+            }
+        }
+
+        # According to RFC4627, hex or oct digits are invalid.
+        if($ch eq '0'){
+            my $peek = substr($text,$at,1);
+            if($peek =~ /^[0-9a-dfA-DF]/){ # e may be valid (exponential)
+                decode_error("malformed number (leading zero must not be followed by another digit)");
+            }
+            $n .= $ch;
+            next_chr;
+        }
+
+        while(defined $ch and $ch =~ /\d/){
+            $n .= $ch;
+            next_chr;
+        }
+
+        if(defined $ch and $ch eq '.'){
+            $n .= '.';
+            $is_dec = 1;
+
+            next_chr;
+            if (!defined $ch or $ch !~ /\d/) {
+                decode_error("malformed number (no digits after decimal point)");
+            }
+            else {
+                $n .= $ch;
+            }
+
+            while(defined(next_chr) and $ch =~ /\d/){
+                $n .= $ch;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if(defined $ch and ($ch eq 'e' or $ch eq 'E')){
+            $n .= $ch;
+            $is_exp = 1;
+            next_chr;
+
+            if(defined($ch) and ($ch eq '+' or $ch eq '-')){
+                $n .= $ch;
+                next_chr;
+                if (!defined $ch or $ch =~ /\D/) {
+                    decode_error("malformed number (no digits after exp sign)");
+                }
+                $n .= $ch;
+            }
+            elsif(defined($ch) and $ch =~ /\d/){
+                $n .= $ch;
+            }
+            else {
+                decode_error("malformed number (no digits after exp sign)");
+            }
+
+            while(defined(next_chr) and $ch =~ /\d/){
+                $n .= $ch;
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        $v .= $n;
+
+        if ($is_dec or $is_exp) {
+            if ($allow_bignum) {
+                require Math::BigFloat;
+                return Math::BigFloat->new($v);
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (length $v > $max_intsize) {
+                if ($allow_bignum) { # from Adam Sussman
+                    require Math::BigInt;
+                    return Math::BigInt->new($v);
+                }
+                else {
+                    return "$v";
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $is_dec ? $v/1.0 : 0+$v;
+    }
+
+
+    sub is_valid_utf8 {
+
+        $utf8_len = $_[0] =~ /[\x00-\x7F]/  ? 1
+                  : $_[0] =~ /[\xC2-\xDF]/  ? 2
+                  : $_[0] =~ /[\xE0-\xEF]/  ? 3
+                  : $_[0] =~ /[\xF0-\xF4]/  ? 4
+                  : 0
+                  ;
+
+        return unless $utf8_len;
+
+        my $is_valid_utf8 = substr($text, $at - 1, $utf8_len);
+
+        return ( $is_valid_utf8 =~ /^(?:
+             [\x00-\x7F]
+            |[\xC2-\xDF][\x80-\xBF]
+            |[\xE0][\xA0-\xBF][\x80-\xBF]
+            |[\xE1-\xEC][\x80-\xBF][\x80-\xBF]
+            |[\xED][\x80-\x9F][\x80-\xBF]
+            |[\xEE-\xEF][\x80-\xBF][\x80-\xBF]
+            |[\xF0][\x90-\xBF][\x80-\xBF][\x80-\xBF]
+            |[\xF1-\xF3][\x80-\xBF][\x80-\xBF][\x80-\xBF]
+            |[\xF4][\x80-\x8F][\x80-\xBF][\x80-\xBF]
+        )$/x )  ? $is_valid_utf8 : '';
+    }
+
+
+    sub decode_error {
+        my $error  = shift;
+        my $no_rep = shift;
+        my $str    = defined $text ? substr($text, $at) : '';
+        my $mess   = '';
+        my $type   = 'U*';
+
+        if ( OLD_PERL ) {
+            my $type   =  $] <  5.006           ? 'C*'
+                        : utf8::is_utf8( $str ) ? 'U*' # 5.6
+                        : 'C*'
+                        ;
+        }
+
+        for my $c ( unpack( $type, $str ) ) { # emulate pv_uni_display() ?
+            $mess .=  $c == 0x07 ? '\a'
+                    : $c == 0x09 ? '\t'
+                    : $c == 0x0a ? '\n'
+                    : $c == 0x0d ? '\r'
+                    : $c == 0x0c ? '\f'
+                    : $c <  0x20 ? sprintf('\x{%x}', $c)
+                    : $c == 0x5c ? '\\\\'
+                    : $c <  0x80 ? chr($c)
+                    : sprintf('\x{%x}', $c)
+                    ;
+            if ( length $mess >= 20 ) {
+                $mess .= '...';
+                last;
+            }
+        }
+
+        unless ( length $mess ) {
+            $mess = '(end of string)';
+        }
+
+        Carp::croak (
+            $no_rep ? "$error" : "$error, at character offset $at (before \"$mess\")"
+        );
+
+    }
+
+
+    sub _json_object_hook {
+        my $o    = $_[0];
+        my @ks = keys %{$o};
+
+        if ( $cb_sk_object and @ks == 1 and exists $cb_sk_object->{ $ks[0] } and ref $cb_sk_object->{ $ks[0] } ) {
+            my @val = $cb_sk_object->{ $ks[0] }->( $o->{$ks[0]} );
+            if (@val == 1) {
+                return $val[0];
+            }
+        }
+
+        my @val = $cb_object->($o) if ($cb_object);
+        if (@val == 0 or @val > 1) {
+            return $o;
+        }
+        else {
+            return $val[0];
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    sub PP_decode_box {
+        {
+            text    => $text,
+            at      => $at,
+            ch      => $ch,
+            len     => $len,
+            depth   => $depth,
+            encoding      => $encoding,
+            is_valid_utf8 => $is_valid_utf8,
+        };
+    }
+
+} # PARSE
+
+
+sub _decode_surrogates { # from perlunicode
+    my $uni = 0x10000 + (hex($_[0]) - 0xD800) * 0x400 + (hex($_[1]) - 0xDC00);
+    my $un  = pack('U*', $uni);
+    utf8::encode( $un );
+    return $un;
+}
+
+
+sub _decode_unicode {
+    my $un = pack('U', hex shift);
+    utf8::encode( $un );
+    return $un;
+}
+
+#
+# Setup for various Perl versions (the code from JSON::PP58)
+#
+
+BEGIN {
+
+    unless ( defined &utf8::is_utf8 ) {
+       require Encode;
+       *utf8::is_utf8 = *Encode::is_utf8;
+    }
+
+    if ( !OLD_PERL ) {
+        *JSON::PP::JSON_PP_encode_ascii      = \&_encode_ascii;
+        *JSON::PP::JSON_PP_encode_latin1     = \&_encode_latin1;
+        *JSON::PP::JSON_PP_decode_surrogates = \&_decode_surrogates;
+        *JSON::PP::JSON_PP_decode_unicode    = \&_decode_unicode;
+
+        if ($] < 5.008003) { # join() in 5.8.0 - 5.8.2 is broken.
+            package # hide from PAUSE
+              JSON::PP;
+            require subs;
+            subs->import('join');
+            eval q|
+                sub join {
+                    return '' if (@_ < 2);
+                    my $j   = shift;
+                    my $str = shift;
+                    for (@_) { $str .= $j . $_; }
+                    return $str;
+                }
+            |;
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    sub JSON::PP::incr_parse {
+        local $Carp::CarpLevel = 1;
+        ( $_[0]->{_incr_parser} ||= JSON::PP::IncrParser->new )->incr_parse( @_ );
+    }
+
+
+    sub JSON::PP::incr_skip {
+        ( $_[0]->{_incr_parser} ||= JSON::PP::IncrParser->new )->incr_skip;
+    }
+
+
+    sub JSON::PP::incr_reset {
+        ( $_[0]->{_incr_parser} ||= JSON::PP::IncrParser->new )->incr_reset;
+    }
+
+    eval q{
+        sub JSON::PP::incr_text : lvalue {
+            $_[0]->{_incr_parser} ||= JSON::PP::IncrParser->new;
+
+            if ( $_[0]->{_incr_parser}->{incr_pos} ) {
+                Carp::croak("incr_text cannot be called when the incremental parser already started parsing");
+            }
+            $_[0]->{_incr_parser}->{incr_text};
+        }
+    } if ( $] >= 5.006 );
+
+} # Setup for various Perl versions (the code from JSON::PP58)
+
+
+###############################
+# Utilities
+#
+
+BEGIN {
+    eval 'require Scalar::Util';
+    unless($@){
+        *JSON::PP::blessed = \&Scalar::Util::blessed;
+        *JSON::PP::reftype = \&Scalar::Util::reftype;
+        *JSON::PP::refaddr = \&Scalar::Util::refaddr;
+    }
+    else{ # This code is from Scalar::Util.
+        # warn $@;
+        eval 'sub UNIVERSAL::a_sub_not_likely_to_be_here { ref($_[0]) }';
+        *JSON::PP::blessed = sub {
+            local($@, $SIG{__DIE__}, $SIG{__WARN__});
+            ref($_[0]) ? eval { $_[0]->a_sub_not_likely_to_be_here } : undef;
+        };
+        require B;
+        my %tmap = qw(
+            B::NULL   SCALAR
+            B::HV     HASH
+            B::AV     ARRAY
+            B::CV     CODE
+            B::IO     IO
+            B::GV     GLOB
+            B::REGEXP REGEXP
+        );
+        *JSON::PP::reftype = sub {
+            my $r = shift;
+
+            return undef unless length(ref($r));
+
+            my $t = ref(B::svref_2object($r));
+
+            return
+                exists $tmap{$t} ? $tmap{$t}
+              : length(ref($$r)) ? 'REF'
+              :                    'SCALAR';
+        };
+        *JSON::PP::refaddr = sub {
+          return undef unless length(ref($_[0]));
+
+          my $addr;
+          if(defined(my $pkg = blessed($_[0]))) {
+            $addr .= bless $_[0], 'Scalar::Util::Fake';
+            bless $_[0], $pkg;
+          }
+          else {
+            $addr .= $_[0]
+          }
+
+          $addr =~ /0x(\w+)/;
+          local $^W;
+          #no warnings 'portable';
+          hex($1);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+# shamelessly copied and modified from JSON::XS code.
+
+$JSON::PP::true  = do { bless \(my $dummy = 1), "JSON::PP::Boolean" };
+$JSON::PP::false = do { bless \(my $dummy = 0), "JSON::PP::Boolean" };
+
+sub is_bool { blessed $_[0] and $_[0]->isa("JSON::PP::Boolean"); }
+
+sub true  { $JSON::PP::true  }
+sub false { $JSON::PP::false }
+sub null  { undef; }
+
+###############################
+
+package # hide from PAUSE
+  JSON::PP::IncrParser;
+
+use strict;
+
+use constant INCR_M_WS   => 0; # initial whitespace skipping
+use constant INCR_M_STR  => 1; # inside string
+use constant INCR_M_BS   => 2; # inside backslash
+use constant INCR_M_JSON => 3; # outside anything, count nesting
+use constant INCR_M_C0   => 4;
+use constant INCR_M_C1   => 5;
+
+$JSON::backportPP::IncrParser::VERSION = '1.01';
+
+sub new {
+    my ( $class ) = @_;
+
+    bless {
+        incr_nest    => 0,
+        incr_text    => undef,
+        incr_pos     => 0,
+        incr_mode    => 0,
+    }, $class;
+}
+
+
+sub incr_parse {
+    my ( $self, $coder, $text ) = @_;
+
+    $self->{incr_text} = '' unless ( defined $self->{incr_text} );
+
+    if ( defined $text ) {
+        if ( utf8::is_utf8( $text ) and !utf8::is_utf8( $self->{incr_text} ) ) {
+            utf8::upgrade( $self->{incr_text} ) ;
+            utf8::decode( $self->{incr_text} ) ;
+        }
+        $self->{incr_text} .= $text;
+    }
+
+    if ( defined wantarray ) {
+        my $max_size = $coder->get_max_size;
+        my $p = $self->{incr_pos};
+        my @ret;
+        {
+            do {
+                unless ( $self->{incr_nest} <= 0 and $self->{incr_mode} == INCR_M_JSON ) {
+                    $self->_incr_parse( $coder );
+
+                    if ( $max_size and $self->{incr_pos} > $max_size ) {
+                        Carp::croak("attempted decode of JSON text of $self->{incr_pos} bytes size, but max_size is set to $max_size");
+                    }
+                    unless ( $self->{incr_nest} <= 0 and $self->{incr_mode} == INCR_M_JSON ) {
+                        # as an optimisation, do not accumulate white space in the incr buffer
+                        if ( $self->{incr_mode} == INCR_M_WS and $self->{incr_pos} ) {
+                            $self->{incr_pos} = 0;
+                            $self->{incr_text} = '';
+                        }
+                        last;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                my ($obj, $offset) = $coder->PP_decode_json( $self->{incr_text}, 0x00000001 );
+                push @ret, $obj;
+                use bytes;
+                $self->{incr_text} = substr( $self->{incr_text}, $offset || 0 );
+                $self->{incr_pos} = 0;
+                $self->{incr_nest} = 0;
+                $self->{incr_mode} = 0;
+                last unless wantarray;
+            } while ( wantarray );
+        }
+
+        if ( wantarray ) {
+            return @ret;
+        }
+        else { # in scalar context
+            return $ret[0] ? $ret[0] : undef;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+sub _incr_parse {
+    my ($self, $coder) = @_;
+    my $text = $self->{incr_text};
+    my $len = length $text;
+    my $p = $self->{incr_pos};
+
+INCR_PARSE:
+    while ( $len > $p ) {
+        my $s = substr( $text, $p, 1 );
+        last INCR_PARSE unless defined $s;
+        my $mode = $self->{incr_mode};
+
+        if ( $mode == INCR_M_WS ) {
+            while ( $len > $p ) {
+                $s = substr( $text, $p, 1 );
+                last INCR_PARSE unless defined $s;
+                if ( ord($s) > 0x20 ) {
+                    if ( $s eq '#' ) {
+                        $self->{incr_mode} = INCR_M_C0;
+                        redo INCR_PARSE;
+                    } else {
+                        $self->{incr_mode} = INCR_M_JSON;
+                        redo INCR_PARSE;
+                    }
+                }
+                $p++;
+            }
+        } elsif ( $mode == INCR_M_BS ) {
+            $p++;
+            $self->{incr_mode} = INCR_M_STR;
+            redo INCR_PARSE;
+        } elsif ( $mode == INCR_M_C0 or $mode == INCR_M_C1 ) {
+            while ( $len > $p ) {
+                $s = substr( $text, $p, 1 );
+                last INCR_PARSE unless defined $s;
+                if ( $s eq "\n" ) {
+                    $self->{incr_mode} = $self->{incr_mode} == INCR_M_C0 ? INCR_M_WS : INCR_M_JSON;
+                    last;
+                }
+                $p++;
+            }
+            next;
+        } elsif ( $mode == INCR_M_STR ) {
+            while ( $len > $p ) {
+                $s = substr( $text, $p, 1 );
+                last INCR_PARSE unless defined $s;
+                if ( $s eq '"' ) {
+                    $p++;
+                    $self->{incr_mode} = INCR_M_JSON;
+
+                    last INCR_PARSE unless $self->{incr_nest};
+                    redo INCR_PARSE;
+                }
+                elsif ( $s eq '\\' ) {
+                    $p++;
+                    if ( !defined substr($text, $p, 1) ) {
+                        $self->{incr_mode} = INCR_M_BS;
+                        last INCR_PARSE;
+                    }
+                }
+                $p++;
+            }
+        } elsif ( $mode == INCR_M_JSON ) {
+            while ( $len > $p ) {
+                $s = substr( $text, $p++, 1 );
+                if ( $s eq "\x00" ) {
+                    $p--;
+                    last INCR_PARSE;
+                } elsif ( $s eq "\x09" or $s eq "\x0a" or $s eq "\x0d" or $s eq "\x20" ) {
+                    if ( !$self->{incr_nest} ) {
+                        $p--; # do not eat the whitespace, let the next round do it
+                        last INCR_PARSE;
+                    }
+                    next;
+                } elsif ( $s eq '"' ) {
+                    $self->{incr_mode} = INCR_M_STR;
+                    redo INCR_PARSE;
+                } elsif ( $s eq '[' or $s eq '{' ) {
+                    if ( ++$self->{incr_nest} > $coder->get_max_depth ) {
+                        Carp::croak('json text or perl structure exceeds maximum nesting level (max_depth set too low?)');
+                    }
+                    next;
+                } elsif ( $s eq ']' or $s eq '}' ) {
+                    if ( --$self->{incr_nest} <= 0 ) {
+                        last INCR_PARSE;
+                    }
+                } elsif ( $s eq '#' ) {
+                    $self->{incr_mode} = INCR_M_C1;
+                    redo INCR_PARSE;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    $self->{incr_pos} = $p;
+    $self->{incr_parsing} = $p ? 1 : 0; # for backward compatibility
+}
+
+
+sub incr_text {
+    if ( $_[0]->{incr_pos} ) {
+        Carp::croak("incr_text cannot be called when the incremental parser already started parsing");
+    }
+    $_[0]->{incr_text};
+}
+
+
+sub incr_skip {
+    my $self  = shift;
+    $self->{incr_text} = substr( $self->{incr_text}, $self->{incr_pos} );
+    $self->{incr_pos}     = 0;
+    $self->{incr_mode}    = 0;
+    $self->{incr_nest}    = 0;
+}
+
+
+sub incr_reset {
+    my $self = shift;
+    $self->{incr_text}    = undef;
+    $self->{incr_pos}     = 0;
+    $self->{incr_mode}    = 0;
+    $self->{incr_nest}    = 0;
+}
+
+###############################
+
+
+1;
+__END__
+=pod
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+JSON::PP - JSON::XS compatible pure-Perl module.
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+ use JSON::PP;
+
+ # exported functions, they croak on error
+ # and expect/generate UTF-8
+
+ $utf8_encoded_json_text = encode_json $perl_hash_or_arrayref;
+ $perl_hash_or_arrayref  = decode_json $utf8_encoded_json_text;
+
+ # OO-interface
+
+ $json = JSON::PP->new->ascii->pretty->allow_nonref;
+ 
+ $pretty_printed_json_text = $json->encode( $perl_scalar );
+ $perl_scalar = $json->decode( $json_text );
+ 
+ # Note that JSON version 2.0 and above will automatically use
+ # JSON::XS or JSON::PP, so you should be able to just:
+ 
+ use JSON;
+
+
+=head1 VERSION
+
+    2.97001
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+JSON::PP is a pure perl JSON decoder/encoder (as of RFC4627, which
+we know is obsolete but we still stick to; see below for an option
+to support part of RFC7159), and (almost) compatible to much
+faster L<JSON::XS> written by Marc Lehmann in C. JSON::PP works as
+a fallback module when you use L<JSON> module without having
+installed JSON::XS.
+
+Because of this fallback feature of JSON.pm, JSON::PP tries not to
+be more JavaScript-friendly than JSON::XS (i.e. not to escape extra
+characters such as U+2028 and U+2029 nor support RFC7159/ECMA-404),
+in order for you not to lose such JavaScript-friendliness silently
+when you use JSON.pm and install JSON::XS for speed or by accident.
+If you need JavaScript-friendly RFC7159-compliant pure perl module,
+try L<JSON::Tiny>, which is derived from L<Mojolicious> web
+framework and is also smaller and faster than JSON::PP.
+
+JSON::PP has been in the Perl core since Perl 5.14, mainly for
+CPAN toolchain modules to parse META.json.
+
+=head1 FUNCTIONAL INTERFACE
+
+This section is taken from JSON::XS almost verbatim. C<encode_json>
+and C<decode_json> are exported by default.
+
+=head2 encode_json
+
+    $json_text = encode_json $perl_scalar
+
+Converts the given Perl data structure to a UTF-8 encoded, binary string
+(that is, the string contains octets only). Croaks on error.
+
+This function call is functionally identical to:
+
+    $json_text = JSON::PP->new->utf8->encode($perl_scalar)
+
+Except being faster.
+
+=head2 decode_json
+
+    $perl_scalar = decode_json $json_text
+
+The opposite of C<encode_json>: expects an UTF-8 (binary) string and tries
+to parse that as an UTF-8 encoded JSON text, returning the resulting
+reference. Croaks on error.
+
+This function call is functionally identical to:
+
+    $perl_scalar = JSON::PP->new->utf8->decode($json_text)
+
+Except being faster.
+
+=head2 JSON::PP::is_bool
+
+    $is_boolean = JSON::PP::is_bool($scalar)
+
+Returns true if the passed scalar represents either JSON::PP::true or
+JSON::PP::false, two constants that act like C<1> and C<0> respectively
+and are also used to represent JSON C<true> and C<false> in Perl strings.
+
+See L<MAPPING>, below, for more information on how JSON values are mapped to
+Perl.
+
+=head1 OBJECT-ORIENTED INTERFACE
+
+This section is also taken from JSON::XS.
+
+The object oriented interface lets you configure your own encoding or
+decoding style, within the limits of supported formats.
+
+=head2 new
+
+    $json = JSON::PP->new
+
+Creates a new JSON::PP object that can be used to de/encode JSON
+strings. All boolean flags described below are by default I<disabled>.
+
+The mutators for flags all return the JSON::PP object again and thus calls can
+be chained:
+
+   my $json = JSON::PP->new->utf8->space_after->encode({a => [1,2]})
+   => {"a": [1, 2]}
+
+=head2 ascii
+
+    $json = $json->ascii([$enable])
+    
+    $enabled = $json->get_ascii
+
+If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will not
+generate characters outside the code range C<0..127> (which is ASCII). Any
+Unicode characters outside that range will be escaped using either a
+single \uXXXX (BMP characters) or a double \uHHHH\uLLLLL escape sequence,
+as per RFC4627. The resulting encoded JSON text can be treated as a native
+Unicode string, an ascii-encoded, latin1-encoded or UTF-8 encoded string,
+or any other superset of ASCII.
+
+If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode
+characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags. This results
+in a faster and more compact format.
+
+See also the section I<ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES> later in this document.
+
+The main use for this flag is to produce JSON texts that can be
+transmitted over a 7-bit channel, as the encoded JSON texts will not
+contain any 8 bit characters.
+
+  JSON::PP->new->ascii(1)->encode([chr 0x10401])
+  => ["\ud801\udc01"]
+
+=head2 latin1
+
+    $json = $json->latin1([$enable])
+    
+    $enabled = $json->get_latin1
+
+If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will encode
+the resulting JSON text as latin1 (or iso-8859-1), escaping any characters
+outside the code range C<0..255>. The resulting string can be treated as a
+latin1-encoded JSON text or a native Unicode string. The C<decode> method
+will not be affected in any way by this flag, as C<decode> by default
+expects Unicode, which is a strict superset of latin1.
+
+If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not escape Unicode
+characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags.
+
+See also the section I<ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES> later in this document.
+
+The main use for this flag is efficiently encoding binary data as JSON
+text, as most octets will not be escaped, resulting in a smaller encoded
+size. The disadvantage is that the resulting JSON text is encoded
+in latin1 (and must correctly be treated as such when storing and
+transferring), a rare encoding for JSON. It is therefore most useful when
+you want to store data structures known to contain binary data efficiently
+in files or databases, not when talking to other JSON encoders/decoders.
+
+  JSON::PP->new->latin1->encode (["\x{89}\x{abc}"]
+  => ["\x{89}\\u0abc"]    # (perl syntax, U+abc escaped, U+89 not)
+
+=head2 utf8
+
+    $json = $json->utf8([$enable])
+    
+    $enabled = $json->get_utf8
+
+If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will encode
+the JSON result into UTF-8, as required by many protocols, while the
+C<decode> method expects to be handled an UTF-8-encoded string.  Please
+note that UTF-8-encoded strings do not contain any characters outside the
+range C<0..255>, they are thus useful for bytewise/binary I/O. In future
+versions, enabling this option might enable autodetection of the UTF-16
+and UTF-32 encoding families, as described in RFC4627.
+
+If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will return the JSON
+string as a (non-encoded) Unicode string, while C<decode> expects thus a
+Unicode string.  Any decoding or encoding (e.g. to UTF-8 or UTF-16) needs
+to be done yourself, e.g. using the Encode module.
+
+See also the section I<ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES> later in this document.
+
+Example, output UTF-16BE-encoded JSON:
+
+  use Encode;
+  $jsontext = encode "UTF-16BE", JSON::PP->new->encode ($object);
+
+Example, decode UTF-32LE-encoded JSON:
+
+  use Encode;
+  $object = JSON::PP->new->decode (decode "UTF-32LE", $jsontext);
+
+=head2 pretty
+
+    $json = $json->pretty([$enable])
+
+This enables (or disables) all of the C<indent>, C<space_before> and
+C<space_after> (and in the future possibly more) flags in one call to
+generate the most readable (or most compact) form possible.
+
+=head2 indent
+
+    $json = $json->indent([$enable])
+    
+    $enabled = $json->get_indent
+
+If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will use a multiline
+format as output, putting every array member or object/hash key-value pair
+into its own line, indenting them properly.
+
+If C<$enable> is false, no newlines or indenting will be produced, and the
+resulting JSON text is guaranteed not to contain any C<newlines>.
+
+This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.
+
+The default indent space length is three.
+You can use C<indent_length> to change the length.
+
+=head2 space_before
+
+    $json = $json->space_before([$enable])
+    
+    $enabled = $json->get_space_before
+
+If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will add an extra
+optional space before the C<:> separating keys from values in JSON objects.
+
+If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not add any extra
+space at those places.
+
+This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts. You will also
+most likely combine this setting with C<space_after>.
+
+Example, space_before enabled, space_after and indent disabled:
+
+   {"key" :"value"}
+
+=head2 space_after
+
+    $json = $json->space_after([$enable])
+    
+    $enabled = $json->get_space_after
+
+If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will add an extra
+optional space after the C<:> separating keys from values in JSON objects
+and extra whitespace after the C<,> separating key-value pairs and array
+members.
+
+If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will not add any extra
+space at those places.
+
+This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.
+
+Example, space_before and indent disabled, space_after enabled:
+
+   {"key": "value"}
+
+=head2 relaxed
+
+    $json = $json->relaxed([$enable])
+    
+    $enabled = $json->get_relaxed
+
+If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<decode> will accept some
+extensions to normal JSON syntax (see below). C<encode> will not be
+affected in anyway. I<Be aware that this option makes you accept invalid
+JSON texts as if they were valid!>. I suggest only to use this option to
+parse application-specific files written by humans (configuration files,
+resource files etc.)
+
+If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<decode> will only accept
+valid JSON texts.
+
+Currently accepted extensions are:
+
+=over 4
+
+=item * list items can have an end-comma
+
+JSON I<separates> array elements and key-value pairs with commas. This
+can be annoying if you write JSON texts manually and want to be able to
+quickly append elements, so this extension accepts comma at the end of
+such items not just between them:
+
+   [
+      1,
+      2, <- this comma not normally allowed
+   ]
+   {
+      "k1": "v1",
+      "k2": "v2", <- this comma not normally allowed
+   }
+
+=item * shell-style '#'-comments
+
+Whenever JSON allows whitespace, shell-style comments are additionally
+allowed. They are terminated by the first carriage-return or line-feed
+character, after which more white-space and comments are allowed.
+
+  [
+     1, # this comment not allowed in JSON
+        # neither this one...
+  ]
+
+=item * C-style multiple-line '/* */'-comments (JSON::PP only)
+
+Whenever JSON allows whitespace, C-style multiple-line comments are additionally
+allowed. Everything between C</*> and C<*/> is a comment, after which
+more white-space and comments are allowed.
+
+  [
+     1, /* this comment not allowed in JSON */
+        /* neither this one... */
+  ]
+
+=item * C++-style one-line '//'-comments (JSON::PP only)
+
+Whenever JSON allows whitespace, C++-style one-line comments are additionally
+allowed. They are terminated by the first carriage-return or line-feed
+character, after which more white-space and comments are allowed.
+
+  [
+     1, // this comment not allowed in JSON
+        // neither this one...
+  ]
+
+=back
+
+=head2 canonical
+
+    $json = $json->canonical([$enable])
+    
+    $enabled = $json->get_canonical
+
+If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will output JSON objects
+by sorting their keys. This is adding a comparatively high overhead.
+
+If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will output key-value
+pairs in the order Perl stores them (which will likely change between runs
+of the same script, and can change even within the same run from 5.18
+onwards).
+
+This option is useful if you want the same data structure to be encoded as
+the same JSON text (given the same overall settings). If it is disabled,
+the same hash might be encoded differently even if contains the same data,
+as key-value pairs have no inherent ordering in Perl.
+
+This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.
+
+This setting has currently no effect on tied hashes.
+
+=head2 allow_nonref
+
+    $json = $json->allow_nonref([$enable])
+    
+    $enabled = $json->get_allow_nonref
+
+If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method can convert a
+non-reference into its corresponding string, number or null JSON value,
+which is an extension to RFC4627. Likewise, C<decode> will accept those JSON
+values instead of croaking.
+
+If C<$enable> is false, then the C<encode> method will croak if it isn't
+passed an arrayref or hashref, as JSON texts must either be an object
+or array. Likewise, C<decode> will croak if given something that is not a
+JSON object or array.
+
+Example, encode a Perl scalar as JSON value with enabled C<allow_nonref>,
+resulting in an invalid JSON text:
+
+   JSON::PP->new->allow_nonref->encode ("Hello, World!")
+   => "Hello, World!"
+
+=head2 allow_unknown
+
+    $json = $json->allow_unknown ([$enable])
+    
+    $enabled = $json->get_allow_unknown
+
+If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<encode> will I<not> throw an
+exception when it encounters values it cannot represent in JSON (for
+example, filehandles) but instead will encode a JSON C<null> value. Note
+that blessed objects are not included here and are handled separately by
+c<allow_blessed>.
+
+If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<encode> will throw an
+exception when it encounters anything it cannot encode as JSON.
+
+This option does not affect C<decode> in any way, and it is recommended to
+leave it off unless you know your communications partner.
+
+=head2 allow_blessed
+
+    $json = $json->allow_blessed([$enable])
+    
+    $enabled = $json->get_allow_blessed
+
+See L<OBJECT SERIALISATION> for details.
+
+If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then the C<encode> method will not
+barf when it encounters a blessed reference that it cannot convert
+otherwise. Instead, a JSON C<null> value is encoded instead of the object.
+
+If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<encode> will throw an
+exception when it encounters a blessed object that it cannot convert
+otherwise.
+
+This setting has no effect on C<decode>.
+
+=head2 convert_blessed
+
+    $json = $json->convert_blessed([$enable])
+    
+    $enabled = $json->get_convert_blessed
+
+See L<OBJECT SERIALISATION> for details.
+
+If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<encode>, upon encountering a
+blessed object, will check for the availability of the C<TO_JSON> method
+on the object's class. If found, it will be called in scalar context and
+the resulting scalar will be encoded instead of the object.
+
+The C<TO_JSON> method may safely call die if it wants. If C<TO_JSON>
+returns other blessed objects, those will be handled in the same
+way. C<TO_JSON> must take care of not causing an endless recursion cycle
+(== crash) in this case. The name of C<TO_JSON> was chosen because other
+methods called by the Perl core (== not by the user of the object) are
+usually in upper case letters and to avoid collisions with any C<to_json>
+function or method.
+
+If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<encode> will not consider
+this type of conversion.
+
+This setting has no effect on C<decode>.
+
+=head2 filter_json_object
+
+    $json = $json->filter_json_object([$coderef])
+
+When C<$coderef> is specified, it will be called from C<decode> each
+time it decodes a JSON object. The only argument is a reference to the
+newly-created hash. If the code references returns a single scalar (which
+need not be a reference), this value (i.e. a copy of that scalar to avoid
+aliasing) is inserted into the deserialised data structure. If it returns
+an empty list (NOTE: I<not> C<undef>, which is a valid scalar), the
+original deserialised hash will be inserted. This setting can slow down
+decoding considerably.
+
+When C<$coderef> is omitted or undefined, any existing callback will
+be removed and C<decode> will not change the deserialised hash in any
+way.
+
+Example, convert all JSON objects into the integer 5:
+
+   my $js = JSON::PP->new->filter_json_object (sub { 5 });
+   # returns [5]
+   $js->decode ('[{}]'); # the given subroutine takes a hash reference.
+   # throw an exception because allow_nonref is not enabled
+   # so a lone 5 is not allowed.
+   $js->decode ('{"a":1, "b":2}');
+
+=head2 filter_json_single_key_object
+
+    $json = $json->filter_json_single_key_object($key [=> $coderef])
+
+Works remotely similar to C<filter_json_object>, but is only called for
+JSON objects having a single key named C<$key>.
+
+This C<$coderef> is called before the one specified via
+C<filter_json_object>, if any. It gets passed the single value in the JSON
+object. If it returns a single value, it will be inserted into the data
+structure. If it returns nothing (not even C<undef> but the empty list),
+the callback from C<filter_json_object> will be called next, as if no
+single-key callback were specified.
+
+If C<$coderef> is omitted or undefined, the corresponding callback will be
+disabled. There can only ever be one callback for a given key.
+
+As this callback gets called less often then the C<filter_json_object>
+one, decoding speed will not usually suffer as much. Therefore, single-key
+objects make excellent targets to serialise Perl objects into, especially
+as single-key JSON objects are as close to the type-tagged value concept
+as JSON gets (it's basically an ID/VALUE tuple). Of course, JSON does not
+support this in any way, so you need to make sure your data never looks
+like a serialised Perl hash.
+
+Typical names for the single object key are C<__class_whatever__>, or
+C<$__dollars_are_rarely_used__$> or C<}ugly_brace_placement>, or even
+things like C<__class_md5sum(classname)__>, to reduce the risk of clashing
+with real hashes.
+
+Example, decode JSON objects of the form C<< { "__widget__" => <id> } >>
+into the corresponding C<< $WIDGET{<id>} >> object:
+
+   # return whatever is in $WIDGET{5}:
+   JSON::PP
+      ->new
+      ->filter_json_single_key_object (__widget__ => sub {
+            $WIDGET{ $_[0] }
+         })
+      ->decode ('{"__widget__": 5')
+
+   # this can be used with a TO_JSON method in some "widget" class
+   # for serialisation to json:
+   sub WidgetBase::TO_JSON {
+      my ($self) = @_;
+
+      unless ($self->{id}) {
+         $self->{id} = ..get..some..id..;
+         $WIDGET{$self->{id}} = $self;
+      }
+
+      { __widget__ => $self->{id} }
+   }
+
+=head2 shrink
+
+    $json = $json->shrink([$enable])
+    
+    $enabled = $json->get_shrink
+
+If C<$enable> is true (or missing), the string returned by C<encode> will
+be shrunk (i.e. downgraded if possible).
+
+The actual definition of what shrink does might change in future versions,
+but it will always try to save space at the expense of time.
+
+If C<$enable> is false, then JSON::PP does nothing.
+
+=head2 max_depth
+
+    $json = $json->max_depth([$maximum_nesting_depth])
+    
+    $max_depth = $json->get_max_depth
+
+Sets the maximum nesting level (default C<512>) accepted while encoding
+or decoding. If a higher nesting level is detected in JSON text or a Perl
+data structure, then the encoder and decoder will stop and croak at that
+point.
+
+Nesting level is defined by number of hash- or arrayrefs that the encoder
+needs to traverse to reach a given point or the number of C<{> or C<[>
+characters without their matching closing parenthesis crossed to reach a
+given character in a string.
+
+Setting the maximum depth to one disallows any nesting, so that ensures
+that the object is only a single hash/object or array.
+
+If no argument is given, the highest possible setting will be used, which
+is rarely useful.
+
+See L<JSON::XS/SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS> for more info on why this is useful.
+
+=head2 max_size
+
+    $json = $json->max_size([$maximum_string_size])
+    
+    $max_size = $json->get_max_size
+
+Set the maximum length a JSON text may have (in bytes) where decoding is
+being attempted. The default is C<0>, meaning no limit. When C<decode>
+is called on a string that is longer then this many bytes, it will not
+attempt to decode the string but throw an exception. This setting has no
+effect on C<encode> (yet).
+
+If no argument is given, the limit check will be deactivated (same as when
+C<0> is specified).
+
+See L<JSON::XS/SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS> for more info on why this is useful.
+
+=head2 encode
+
+    $json_text = $json->encode($perl_scalar)
+
+Converts the given Perl value or data structure to its JSON
+representation. Croaks on error.
+
+=head2 decode
+
+    $perl_scalar = $json->decode($json_text)
+
+The opposite of C<encode>: expects a JSON text and tries to parse it,
+returning the resulting simple scalar or reference. Croaks on error.
+
+=head2 decode_prefix
+
+    ($perl_scalar, $characters) = $json->decode_prefix($json_text)
+
+This works like the C<decode> method, but instead of raising an exception
+when there is trailing garbage after the first JSON object, it will
+silently stop parsing there and return the number of characters consumed
+so far.
+
+This is useful if your JSON texts are not delimited by an outer protocol
+and you need to know where the JSON text ends.
+
+   JSON::PP->new->decode_prefix ("[1] the tail")
+   => ([1], 3)
+
+=head1 FLAGS FOR JSON::PP ONLY
+
+The following flags and properties are for JSON::PP only. If you use
+any of these, you can't make your application run faster by replacing
+JSON::PP with JSON::XS. If you need these and also speed boost,
+try L<Cpanel::JSON::XS>, a fork of JSON::XS by Reini Urban, which
+supports some of these.
+
+=head2 allow_singlequote
+
+    $json = $json->allow_singlequote([$enable])
+    $enabled = $json->get_allow_singlequote
+
+If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<decode> will accept
+invalid JSON texts that contain strings that begin and end with
+single quotation marks. C<encode> will not be affected in anyway.
+I<Be aware that this option makes you accept invalid JSON texts
+as if they were valid!>. I suggest only to use this option to
+parse application-specific files written by humans (configuration
+files, resource files etc.)
+
+If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<decode> will only accept
+valid JSON texts.
+
+    $json->allow_singlequote->decode(qq|{"foo":'bar'}|);
+    $json->allow_singlequote->decode(qq|{'foo':"bar"}|);
+    $json->allow_singlequote->decode(qq|{'foo':'bar'}|);
+
+=head2 allow_barekey
+
+    $json = $json->allow_barekey([$enable])
+    $enabled = $json->get_allow_barekey
+
+If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<decode> will accept
+invalid JSON texts that contain JSON objects whose names don't
+begin and end with quotation marks. C<encode> will not be affected
+in anyway. I<Be aware that this option makes you accept invalid JSON
+texts as if they were valid!>. I suggest only to use this option to
+parse application-specific files written by humans (configuration
+files, resource files etc.)
+
+If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<decode> will only accept
+valid JSON texts.
+
+    $json->allow_barekey->decode(qq|{foo:"bar"}|);
+
+=head2 allow_bignum
+
+    $json = $json->allow_bignum([$enable])
+    $enabled = $json->get_allow_bignum
+
+If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<decode> will convert
+big integers Perl cannot handle as integer into L<Math::BigInt>
+objects and convert floating numbers into L<Math::BigFloat>
+objects. C<encode> will convert C<Math::BigInt> and C<Math::BigFloat>
+objects into JSON numbers.
+
+   $json->allow_nonref->allow_bignum;
+   $bigfloat = $json->decode('2.000000000000000000000000001');
+   print $json->encode($bigfloat);
+   # => 2.000000000000000000000000001
+
+See also L<MAPPING>.
+
+=head2 loose
+
+    $json = $json->loose([$enable])
+    $enabled = $json->get_loose
+
+If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<decode> will accept
+invalid JSON texts that contain unescaped [\x00-\x1f\x22\x5c]
+characters. C<encode> will not be affected in anyway.
+I<Be aware that this option makes you accept invalid JSON texts
+as if they were valid!>. I suggest only to use this option to
+parse application-specific files written by humans (configuration
+files, resource files etc.)
+
+If C<$enable> is false (the default), then C<decode> will only accept
+valid JSON texts.
+
+    $json->loose->decode(qq|["abc
+                                   def"]|);
+
+=head2 escape_slash
+
+    $json = $json->escape_slash([$enable])
+    $enabled = $json->get_escape_slash
+
+If C<$enable> is true (or missing), then C<encode> will explicitly
+escape I<slash> (solidus; C<U+002F>) characters to reduce the risk of
+XSS (cross site scripting) that may be caused by C<< </script> >>
+in a JSON text, with the cost of bloating the size of JSON texts.
+
+This option may be useful when you embed JSON in HTML, but embedding
+arbitrary JSON in HTML (by some HTML template toolkit or by string
+interpolation) is risky in general. You must escape necessary
+characters in correct order, depending on the context.
+
+C<decode> will not be affected in anyway.
+
+=head2 indent_length
+
+    $json = $json->indent_length($number_of_spaces)
+    $length = $json->get_indent_length
+
+This option is only useful when you also enable C<indent> or C<pretty>.
+
+JSON::XS indents with three spaces when you C<encode> (if requested
+by C<indent> or C<pretty>), and the number cannot be changed.
+JSON::PP allows you to change/get the number of indent spaces with these
+mutator/accessor. The default number of spaces is three (the same as
+JSON::XS), and the acceptable range is from C<0> (no indentation;
+it'd be better to disable indentation by C<indent(0)>) to C<15>.
+
+=head2 sort_by
+
+    $json = $json->sort_by($code_ref)
+    $json = $json->sort_by($subroutine_name)
+
+If you just want to sort keys (names) in JSON objects when you
+C<encode>, enable C<canonical> option (see above) that allows you to
+sort object keys alphabetically.
+
+If you do need to sort non-alphabetically for whatever reasons,
+you can give a code reference (or a subroutine name) to C<sort_by>,
+then the argument will be passed to Perl's C<sort> built-in function.
+
+As the sorting is done in the JSON::PP scope, you usually need to
+prepend C<JSON::PP::> to the subroutine name, and the special variables
+C<$a> and C<$b> used in the subrontine used by C<sort> function.
+
+Example:
+
+   my %ORDER = (id => 1, class => 2, name => 3);
+   $json->sort_by(sub {
+       ($ORDER{$JSON::PP::a} // 999) <=> ($ORDER{$JSON::PP::b} // 999)
+       or $JSON::PP::a cmp $JSON::PP::b
+   });
+   print $json->encode([
+       {name => 'CPAN', id => 1, href => 'http://cpan.org'}
+   ]);
+   # [{"id":1,"name":"CPAN","href":"http://cpan.org"}]
+
+Note that C<sort_by> affects all the plain hashes in the data structure.
+If you need finer control, C<tie> necessary hashes with a module that
+implements ordered hash (such as L<Hash::Ordered> and L<Tie::IxHash>).
+C<canonical> and C<sort_by> don't affect the key order in C<tie>d
+hashes.
+
+   use Hash::Ordered;
+   tie my %hash, 'Hash::Ordered',
+       (name => 'CPAN', id => 1, href => 'http://cpan.org');
+   print $json->encode([\%hash]);
+   # [{"name":"CPAN","id":1,"href":"http://cpan.org"}] # order is kept
+
+=head1 INCREMENTAL PARSING
+
+This section is also taken from JSON::XS.
+
+In some cases, there is the need for incremental parsing of JSON
+texts. While this module always has to keep both JSON text and resulting
+Perl data structure in memory at one time, it does allow you to parse a
+JSON stream incrementally. It does so by accumulating text until it has
+a full JSON object, which it then can decode. This process is similar to
+using C<decode_prefix> to see if a full JSON object is available, but
+is much more efficient (and can be implemented with a minimum of method
+calls).
+
+JSON::PP will only attempt to parse the JSON text once it is sure it
+has enough text to get a decisive result, using a very simple but
+truly incremental parser. This means that it sometimes won't stop as
+early as the full parser, for example, it doesn't detect mismatched
+parentheses. The only thing it guarantees is that it starts decoding as
+soon as a syntactically valid JSON text has been seen. This means you need
+to set resource limits (e.g. C<max_size>) to ensure the parser will stop
+parsing in the presence if syntax errors.
+
+The following methods implement this incremental parser.
+
+=head2 incr_parse
+
+    $json->incr_parse( [$string] ) # void context
+    
+    $obj_or_undef = $json->incr_parse( [$string] ) # scalar context
+    
+    @obj_or_empty = $json->incr_parse( [$string] ) # list context
+
+This is the central parsing function. It can both append new text and
+extract objects from the stream accumulated so far (both of these
+functions are optional).
+
+If C<$string> is given, then this string is appended to the already
+existing JSON fragment stored in the C<$json> object.
+
+After that, if the function is called in void context, it will simply
+return without doing anything further. This can be used to add more text
+in as many chunks as you want.
+
+If the method is called in scalar context, then it will try to extract
+exactly I<one> JSON object. If that is successful, it will return this
+object, otherwise it will return C<undef>. If there is a parse error,
+this method will croak just as C<decode> would do (one can then use
+C<incr_skip> to skip the erroneous part). This is the most common way of
+using the method.
+
+And finally, in list context, it will try to extract as many objects
+from the stream as it can find and return them, or the empty list
+otherwise. For this to work, there must be no separators (other than
+whitespace) between the JSON objects or arrays, instead they must be
+concatenated back-to-back. If an error occurs, an exception will be
+raised as in the scalar context case. Note that in this case, any
+previously-parsed JSON texts will be lost.
+
+Example: Parse some JSON arrays/objects in a given string and return
+them.
+
+    my @objs = JSON::PP->new->incr_parse ("[5][7][1,2]");
+
+=head2 incr_text
+
+    $lvalue_string = $json->incr_text
+
+This method returns the currently stored JSON fragment as an lvalue, that
+is, you can manipulate it. This I<only> works when a preceding call to
+C<incr_parse> in I<scalar context> successfully returned an object. Under
+all other circumstances you must not call this function (I mean it.
+although in simple tests it might actually work, it I<will> fail under
+real world conditions). As a special exception, you can also call this
+method before having parsed anything.
+
+That means you can only use this function to look at or manipulate text
+before or after complete JSON objects, not while the parser is in the
+middle of parsing a JSON object.
+
+This function is useful in two cases: a) finding the trailing text after a
+JSON object or b) parsing multiple JSON objects separated by non-JSON text
+(such as commas).
+
+=head2 incr_skip
+
+    $json->incr_skip
+
+This will reset the state of the incremental parser and will remove
+the parsed text from the input buffer so far. This is useful after
+C<incr_parse> died, in which case the input buffer and incremental parser
+state is left unchanged, to skip the text parsed so far and to reset the
+parse state.
+
+The difference to C<incr_reset> is that only text until the parse error
+occurred is removed.
+
+=head2 incr_reset
+
+    $json->incr_reset
+
+This completely resets the incremental parser, that is, after this call,
+it will be as if the parser had never parsed anything.
+
+This is useful if you want to repeatedly parse JSON objects and want to
+ignore any trailing data, which means you have to reset the parser after
+each successful decode.
+
+=head1 MAPPING
+
+Most of this section is also taken from JSON::XS.
+
+This section describes how JSON::PP maps Perl values to JSON values and
+vice versa. These mappings are designed to "do the right thing" in most
+circumstances automatically, preserving round-tripping characteristics
+(what you put in comes out as something equivalent).
+
+For the more enlightened: note that in the following descriptions,
+lowercase I<perl> refers to the Perl interpreter, while uppercase I<Perl>
+refers to the abstract Perl language itself.
+
+=head2 JSON -> PERL
+
+=over 4
+
+=item object
+
+A JSON object becomes a reference to a hash in Perl. No ordering of object
+keys is preserved (JSON does not preserve object key ordering itself).
+
+=item array
+
+A JSON array becomes a reference to an array in Perl.
+
+=item string
+
+A JSON string becomes a string scalar in Perl - Unicode codepoints in JSON
+are represented by the same codepoints in the Perl string, so no manual
+decoding is necessary.
+
+=item number
+
+A JSON number becomes either an integer, numeric (floating point) or
+string scalar in perl, depending on its range and any fractional parts. On
+the Perl level, there is no difference between those as Perl handles all
+the conversion details, but an integer may take slightly less memory and
+might represent more values exactly than floating point numbers.
+
+If the number consists of digits only, JSON::PP will try to represent
+it as an integer value. If that fails, it will try to represent it as
+a numeric (floating point) value if that is possible without loss of
+precision. Otherwise it will preserve the number as a string value (in
+which case you lose roundtripping ability, as the JSON number will be
+re-encoded to a JSON string).
+
+Numbers containing a fractional or exponential part will always be
+represented as numeric (floating point) values, possibly at a loss of
+precision (in which case you might lose perfect roundtripping ability, but
+the JSON number will still be re-encoded as a JSON number).
+
+Note that precision is not accuracy - binary floating point values cannot
+represent most decimal fractions exactly, and when converting from and to
+floating point, JSON::PP only guarantees precision up to but not including
+the least significant bit.
+
+When C<allow_bignum> is enabled, big integer values and any numeric
+values will be converted into L<Math::BigInt> and L<Math::BigFloat>
+objects respectively, without becoming string scalars or losing
+precision.
+
+=item true, false
+
+These JSON atoms become C<JSON::PP::true> and C<JSON::PP::false>,
+respectively. They are overloaded to act almost exactly like the numbers
+C<1> and C<0>. You can check whether a scalar is a JSON boolean by using
+the C<JSON::PP::is_bool> function.
+
+=item null
+
+A JSON null atom becomes C<undef> in Perl.
+
+=item shell-style comments (C<< # I<text> >>)
+
+As a nonstandard extension to the JSON syntax that is enabled by the
+C<relaxed> setting, shell-style comments are allowed. They can start
+anywhere outside strings and go till the end of the line.
+
+=back
+
+
+=head2 PERL -> JSON
+
+The mapping from Perl to JSON is slightly more difficult, as Perl is a
+truly typeless language, so we can only guess which JSON type is meant by
+a Perl value.
+
+=over 4
+
+=item hash references
+
+Perl hash references become JSON objects. As there is no inherent
+ordering in hash keys (or JSON objects), they will usually be encoded
+in a pseudo-random order. JSON::PP can optionally sort the hash keys
+(determined by the I<canonical> flag and/or I<sort_by> property), so
+the same data structure will serialise to the same JSON text (given
+same settings and version of JSON::PP), but this incurs a runtime
+overhead and is only rarely useful, e.g. when you want to compare some
+JSON text against another for equality.
+
+=item array references
+
+Perl array references become JSON arrays.
+
+=item other references
+
+Other unblessed references are generally not allowed and will cause an
+exception to be thrown, except for references to the integers C<0> and
+C<1>, which get turned into C<false> and C<true> atoms in JSON. You can
+also use C<JSON::PP::false> and C<JSON::PP::true> to improve
+readability.
+
+   to_json [\0, JSON::PP::true]      # yields [false,true]
+
+=item JSON::PP::true, JSON::PP::false
+
+These special values become JSON true and JSON false values,
+respectively. You can also use C<\1> and C<\0> directly if you want.
+
+=item JSON::PP::null
+
+This special value becomes JSON null.
+
+=item blessed objects
+
+Blessed objects are not directly representable in JSON, but C<JSON::PP>
+allows various ways of handling objects. See L<OBJECT SERIALISATION>,
+below, for details.
+
+=item simple scalars
+
+Simple Perl scalars (any scalar that is not a reference) are the most
+difficult objects to encode: JSON::PP will encode undefined scalars as
+JSON C<null> values, scalars that have last been used in a string context
+before encoding as JSON strings, and anything else as number value:
+
+   # dump as number
+   encode_json [2]                      # yields [2]
+   encode_json [-3.0e17]                # yields [-3e+17]
+   my $value = 5; encode_json [$value]  # yields [5]
+
+   # used as string, so dump as string
+   print $value;
+   encode_json [$value]                 # yields ["5"]
+
+   # undef becomes null
+   encode_json [undef]                  # yields [null]
+
+You can force the type to be a string by stringifying it:
+
+   my $x = 3.1; # some variable containing a number
+   "$x";        # stringified
+   $x .= "";    # another, more awkward way to stringify
+   print $x;    # perl does it for you, too, quite often
+                # (but for older perls)
+
+You can force the type to be a number by numifying it:
+
+   my $x = "3"; # some variable containing a string
+   $x += 0;     # numify it, ensuring it will be dumped as a number
+   $x *= 1;     # same thing, the choice is yours.
+
+You cannot currently force the type in other, less obscure, ways.
+
+Note that numerical precision has the same meaning as under Perl (so
+binary to decimal conversion follows the same rules as in Perl, which
+can differ to other languages). Also, your perl interpreter might expose
+extensions to the floating point numbers of your platform, such as
+infinities or NaN's - these cannot be represented in JSON, and it is an
+error to pass those in.
+
+JSON::PP (and JSON::XS) trusts what you pass to C<encode> method
+(or C<encode_json> function) is a clean, validated data structure with
+values that can be represented as valid JSON values only, because it's
+not from an external data source (as opposed to JSON texts you pass to
+C<decode> or C<decode_json>, which JSON::PP considers tainted and
+doesn't trust). As JSON::PP doesn't know exactly what you and consumers
+of your JSON texts want the unexpected values to be (you may want to
+convert them into null, or to stringify them with or without
+normalisation (string representation of infinities/NaN may vary
+depending on platforms), or to croak without conversion), you're advised
+to do what you and your consumers need before you encode, and also not
+to numify values that may start with values that look like a number
+(including infinities/NaN), without validating.
+
+=back
+
+=head2 OBJECT SERIALISATION
+
+As for Perl objects, JSON::PP only supports a pure JSON representation (without the ability to deserialise the object automatically again).
+
+=head3 SERIALISATION
+
+What happens when C<JSON::PP> encounters a Perl object depends on the
+C<allow_blessed>, C<convert_blessed> and C<allow_bignum> settings, which are
+used in this order:
+
+=over 4
+
+=item 1. C<convert_blessed> is enabled and the object has a C<TO_JSON> method.
+
+In this case, the C<TO_JSON> method of the object is invoked in scalar
+context. It must return a single scalar that can be directly encoded into
+JSON. This scalar replaces the object in the JSON text.
+
+For example, the following C<TO_JSON> method will convert all L<URI>
+objects to JSON strings when serialised. The fact that these values
+originally were L<URI> objects is lost.
+
+   sub URI::TO_JSON {
+      my ($uri) = @_;
+      $uri->as_string
+   }
+
+=item 2. C<allow_bignum> is enabled and the object is a C<Math::BigInt> or C<Math::BigFloat>.
+
+The object will be serialised as a JSON number value.
+
+=item 3. C<allow_blessed> is enabled.
+
+The object will be serialised as a JSON null value.
+
+=item 4. none of the above
+
+If none of the settings are enabled or the respective methods are missing,
+C<JSON::PP> throws an exception.
+
+=back
+
+=head1 ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES
+
+This section is taken from JSON::XS.
+
+The interested reader might have seen a number of flags that signify
+encodings or codesets - C<utf8>, C<latin1> and C<ascii>. There seems to be
+some confusion on what these do, so here is a short comparison:
+
+C<utf8> controls whether the JSON text created by C<encode> (and expected
+by C<decode>) is UTF-8 encoded or not, while C<latin1> and C<ascii> only
+control whether C<encode> escapes character values outside their respective
+codeset range. Neither of these flags conflict with each other, although
+some combinations make less sense than others.
+
+Care has been taken to make all flags symmetrical with respect to
+C<encode> and C<decode>, that is, texts encoded with any combination of
+these flag values will be correctly decoded when the same flags are used
+- in general, if you use different flag settings while encoding vs. when
+decoding you likely have a bug somewhere.
+
+Below comes a verbose discussion of these flags. Note that a "codeset" is
+simply an abstract set of character-codepoint pairs, while an encoding
+takes those codepoint numbers and I<encodes> them, in our case into
+octets. Unicode is (among other things) a codeset, UTF-8 is an encoding,
+and ISO-8859-1 (= latin 1) and ASCII are both codesets I<and> encodings at
+the same time, which can be confusing.
+
+=over 4
+
+=item C<utf8> flag disabled
+
+When C<utf8> is disabled (the default), then C<encode>/C<decode> generate
+and expect Unicode strings, that is, characters with high ordinal Unicode
+values (> 255) will be encoded as such characters, and likewise such
+characters are decoded as-is, no changes to them will be done, except
+"(re-)interpreting" them as Unicode codepoints or Unicode characters,
+respectively (to Perl, these are the same thing in strings unless you do
+funny/weird/dumb stuff).
+
+This is useful when you want to do the encoding yourself (e.g. when you
+want to have UTF-16 encoded JSON texts) or when some other layer does
+the encoding for you (for example, when printing to a terminal using a
+filehandle that transparently encodes to UTF-8 you certainly do NOT want
+to UTF-8 encode your data first and have Perl encode it another time).
+
+=item C<utf8> flag enabled
+
+If the C<utf8>-flag is enabled, C<encode>/C<decode> will encode all
+characters using the corresponding UTF-8 multi-byte sequence, and will
+expect your input strings to be encoded as UTF-8, that is, no "character"
+of the input string must have any value > 255, as UTF-8 does not allow
+that.
+
+The C<utf8> flag therefore switches between two modes: disabled means you
+will get a Unicode string in Perl, enabled means you get an UTF-8 encoded
+octet/binary string in Perl.
+
+=item C<latin1> or C<ascii> flags enabled
+
+With C<latin1> (or C<ascii>) enabled, C<encode> will escape characters
+with ordinal values > 255 (> 127 with C<ascii>) and encode the remaining
+characters as specified by the C<utf8> flag.
+
+If C<utf8> is disabled, then the result is also correctly encoded in those
+character sets (as both are proper subsets of Unicode, meaning that a
+Unicode string with all character values < 256 is the same thing as a
+ISO-8859-1 string, and a Unicode string with all character values < 128 is
+the same thing as an ASCII string in Perl).
+
+If C<utf8> is enabled, you still get a correct UTF-8-encoded string,
+regardless of these flags, just some more characters will be escaped using
+C<\uXXXX> then before.
+
+Note that ISO-8859-1-I<encoded> strings are not compatible with UTF-8
+encoding, while ASCII-encoded strings are. That is because the ISO-8859-1
+encoding is NOT a subset of UTF-8 (despite the ISO-8859-1 I<codeset> being
+a subset of Unicode), while ASCII is.
+
+Surprisingly, C<decode> will ignore these flags and so treat all input
+values as governed by the C<utf8> flag. If it is disabled, this allows you
+to decode ISO-8859-1- and ASCII-encoded strings, as both strict subsets of
+Unicode. If it is enabled, you can correctly decode UTF-8 encoded strings.
+
+So neither C<latin1> nor C<ascii> are incompatible with the C<utf8> flag -
+they only govern when the JSON output engine escapes a character or not.
+
+The main use for C<latin1> is to relatively efficiently store binary data
+as JSON, at the expense of breaking compatibility with most JSON decoders.
+
+The main use for C<ascii> is to force the output to not contain characters
+with values > 127, which means you can interpret the resulting string
+as UTF-8, ISO-8859-1, ASCII, KOI8-R or most about any character set and
+8-bit-encoding, and still get the same data structure back. This is useful
+when your channel for JSON transfer is not 8-bit clean or the encoding
+might be mangled in between (e.g. in mail), and works because ASCII is a
+proper subset of most 8-bit and multibyte encodings in use in the world.
+
+=back
+
+=head1 SEE ALSO
+
+The F<json_pp> command line utility for quick experiments.
+
+L<JSON::XS>, L<Cpanel::JSON::XS>, and L<JSON::Tiny> for faster alternatives.
+L<JSON> and L<JSON::MaybeXS> for easy migration.
+
+L<JSON::backportPP::Compat5005> and L<JSON::backportPP::Compat5006> for older perl users.
+
+RFC4627 (L<http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt>)
+
+=head1 AUTHOR
+
+Makamaka Hannyaharamitu, E<lt>makamaka[at]cpan.orgE<gt>
+
+
+=head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
+
+Copyright 2007-2016 by Makamaka Hannyaharamitu
+
+This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+it under the same terms as Perl itself. 
+
+=cut
diff --git a/lib/JSON/backportPP/Boolean.pm b/lib/JSON/backportPP/Boolean.pm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f8b1068
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/JSON/backportPP/Boolean.pm
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+package # This is JSON::backportPP
+    JSON::PP::Boolean;
+
+use strict;
+use overload (
+    "0+"     => sub { ${$_[0]} },
+    "++"     => sub { $_[0] = ${$_[0]} + 1 },
+    "--"     => sub { $_[0] = ${$_[0]} - 1 },
+    fallback => 1,
+);
+
+$JSON::backportPP::Boolean::VERSION = '2.97001';
+
+1;
+
+__END__
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+JSON::PP::Boolean - dummy module providing JSON::PP::Boolean
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+ # do not "use" yourself
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+This module exists only to provide overload resolution for Storable and similar modules. See
+L<JSON::PP> for more info about this class.
+
+=head1 AUTHOR
+
+This idea is from L<JSON::XS::Boolean> written by Marc Lehmann <schmorp[at]schmorp.de>
+
+=cut
+
diff --git a/lib/JSON/backportPP/Compat5005.pm b/lib/JSON/backportPP/Compat5005.pm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..139990e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/JSON/backportPP/Compat5005.pm
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+package # This is JSON::backportPP
+    JSON::backportPP5005;
+
+use 5.005;
+use strict;
+
+my @properties;
+
+$JSON::PP5005::VERSION = '1.10';
+
+BEGIN {
+
+    sub utf8::is_utf8 {
+        0; # It is considered that UTF8 flag off for Perl 5.005.
+    }
+
+    sub utf8::upgrade {
+    }
+
+    sub utf8::downgrade {
+        1; # must always return true.
+    }
+
+    sub utf8::encode  {
+    }
+
+    sub utf8::decode {
+    }
+
+    *JSON::PP::JSON_PP_encode_ascii      = \&_encode_ascii;
+    *JSON::PP::JSON_PP_encode_latin1     = \&_encode_latin1;
+    *JSON::PP::JSON_PP_decode_surrogates = \&_decode_surrogates;
+    *JSON::PP::JSON_PP_decode_unicode    = \&_decode_unicode;
+
+    # missing in B module.
+    sub B::SVp_IOK () { 0x01000000; }
+    sub B::SVp_NOK () { 0x02000000; }
+    sub B::SVp_POK () { 0x04000000; }
+
+    $INC{'bytes.pm'} = 1; # dummy
+}
+
+
+
+sub _encode_ascii {
+    join('', map { $_ <= 127 ? chr($_) : sprintf('\u%04x', $_) } unpack('C*', $_[0]) );
+}
+
+
+sub _encode_latin1 {
+    join('', map { chr($_) } unpack('C*', $_[0]) );
+}
+
+
+sub _decode_surrogates { # from http://homepage1.nifty.com/nomenclator/unicode/ucs_utf.htm
+    my $uni = 0x10000 + (hex($_[0]) - 0xD800) * 0x400 + (hex($_[1]) - 0xDC00); # from perlunicode
+    my $bit = unpack('B32', pack('N', $uni));
+
+    if ( $bit =~ /^00000000000(...)(......)(......)(......)$/ ) {
+        my ($w, $x, $y, $z) = ($1, $2, $3, $4);
+        return pack('B*', sprintf('11110%s10%s10%s10%s', $w, $x, $y, $z));
+    }
+    else {
+        Carp::croak("Invalid surrogate pair");
+    }
+}
+
+
+sub _decode_unicode {
+    my ($u) = @_;
+    my ($utf8bit);
+
+    if ( $u =~ /^00([89a-f][0-9a-f])$/i ) { # 0x80-0xff
+         return pack( 'H2', $1 );
+    }
+
+    my $bit = unpack("B*", pack("H*", $u));
+
+    if ( $bit =~ /^00000(.....)(......)$/ ) {
+        $utf8bit = sprintf('110%s10%s', $1, $2);
+    }
+    elsif ( $bit =~ /^(....)(......)(......)$/ ) {
+        $utf8bit = sprintf('1110%s10%s10%s', $1, $2, $3);
+    }
+    else {
+        Carp::croak("Invalid escaped unicode");
+    }
+
+    return pack('B*', $utf8bit);
+}
+
+
+sub JSON::PP::incr_text {
+    $_[0]->{_incr_parser} ||= JSON::PP::IncrParser->new;
+
+    if ( $_[0]->{_incr_parser}->{incr_parsing} ) {
+        Carp::croak("incr_text can not be called when the incremental parser already started parsing");
+    }
+
+    $_[0]->{_incr_parser}->{incr_text} = $_[1] if ( @_ > 1 );
+    $_[0]->{_incr_parser}->{incr_text};
+}
+
+
+1;
+__END__
+
+=pod
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+JSON::PP5005 - Helper module in using JSON::PP in Perl 5.005
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+JSON::PP calls internally.
+
+=head1 AUTHOR
+
+Makamaka Hannyaharamitu, E<lt>makamaka[at]cpan.orgE<gt>
+
+
+=head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
+
+Copyright 2007-2012 by Makamaka Hannyaharamitu
+
+This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+it under the same terms as Perl itself. 
+
+=cut
+
diff --git a/lib/JSON/backportPP/Compat5006.pm b/lib/JSON/backportPP/Compat5006.pm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7736fd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/JSON/backportPP/Compat5006.pm
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+package # This is JSON::backportPP
+    JSON::backportPP56;
+
+use 5.006;
+use strict;
+
+my @properties;
+
+$JSON::PP56::VERSION = '1.08';
+
+BEGIN {
+
+    sub utf8::is_utf8 {
+        my $len =  length $_[0]; # char length
+        {
+            use bytes; #  byte length;
+            return $len != length $_[0]; # if !=, UTF8-flagged on.
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    sub utf8::upgrade {
+        ; # noop;
+    }
+
+
+    sub utf8::downgrade ($;$) {
+        return 1 unless ( utf8::is_utf8( $_[0] ) );
+
+        if ( _is_valid_utf8( $_[0] ) ) {
+            my $downgrade;
+            for my $c ( unpack( "U*", $_[0] ) ) {
+                if ( $c < 256 ) {
+                    $downgrade .= pack("C", $c);
+                }
+                else {
+                    $downgrade .= pack("U", $c);
+                }
+            }
+            $_[0] = $downgrade;
+            return 1;
+        }
+        else {
+            Carp::croak("Wide character in subroutine entry") unless ( $_[1] );
+            0;
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    sub utf8::encode ($) { # UTF8 flag off
+        if ( utf8::is_utf8( $_[0] ) ) {
+            $_[0] = pack( "C*", unpack( "C*", $_[0] ) );
+        }
+        else {
+            $_[0] = pack( "U*", unpack( "C*", $_[0] ) );
+            $_[0] = pack( "C*", unpack( "C*", $_[0] ) );
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    sub utf8::decode ($) { # UTF8 flag on
+        if ( _is_valid_utf8( $_[0] ) ) {
+            utf8::downgrade( $_[0] );
+            $_[0] = pack( "U*", unpack( "U*", $_[0] ) );
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    *JSON::PP::JSON_PP_encode_ascii      = \&_encode_ascii;
+    *JSON::PP::JSON_PP_encode_latin1     = \&_encode_latin1;
+    *JSON::PP::JSON_PP_decode_surrogates = \&JSON::PP::_decode_surrogates;
+    *JSON::PP::JSON_PP_decode_unicode    = \&JSON::PP::_decode_unicode;
+
+    unless ( defined &B::SVp_NOK ) { # missing in B module.
+        eval q{ sub B::SVp_NOK () { 0x02000000; } };
+    }
+
+}
+
+
+
+sub _encode_ascii {
+    join('',
+        map {
+            $_ <= 127 ?
+                chr($_) :
+            $_ <= 65535 ?
+                sprintf('\u%04x', $_) : sprintf('\u%x\u%x', JSON::PP::_encode_surrogates($_));
+        } _unpack_emu($_[0])
+    );
+}
+
+
+sub _encode_latin1 {
+    join('',
+        map {
+            $_ <= 255 ?
+                chr($_) :
+            $_ <= 65535 ?
+                sprintf('\u%04x', $_) : sprintf('\u%x\u%x', JSON::PP::_encode_surrogates($_));
+        } _unpack_emu($_[0])
+    );
+}
+
+
+sub _unpack_emu { # for Perl 5.6 unpack warnings
+    return   !utf8::is_utf8($_[0]) ? unpack('C*', $_[0]) 
+           : _is_valid_utf8($_[0]) ? unpack('U*', $_[0])
+           : unpack('C*', $_[0]);
+}
+
+
+sub _is_valid_utf8 {
+    my $str = $_[0];
+    my $is_utf8;
+
+    while ($str =~ /(?:
+          (
+             [\x00-\x7F]
+            |[\xC2-\xDF][\x80-\xBF]
+            |[\xE0][\xA0-\xBF][\x80-\xBF]
+            |[\xE1-\xEC][\x80-\xBF][\x80-\xBF]
+            |[\xED][\x80-\x9F][\x80-\xBF]
+            |[\xEE-\xEF][\x80-\xBF][\x80-\xBF]
+            |[\xF0][\x90-\xBF][\x80-\xBF][\x80-\xBF]
+            |[\xF1-\xF3][\x80-\xBF][\x80-\xBF][\x80-\xBF]
+            |[\xF4][\x80-\x8F][\x80-\xBF][\x80-\xBF]
+          )
+        | (.)
+    )/xg)
+    {
+        if (defined $1) {
+            $is_utf8 = 1 if (!defined $is_utf8);
+        }
+        else {
+            $is_utf8 = 0 if (!defined $is_utf8);
+            if ($is_utf8) { # eventually, not utf8
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return $is_utf8;
+}
+
+
+1;
+__END__
+
+=pod
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+JSON::PP56 - Helper module in using JSON::PP in Perl 5.6
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+JSON::PP calls internally.
+
+=head1 AUTHOR
+
+Makamaka Hannyaharamitu, E<lt>makamaka[at]cpan.orgE<gt>
+
+
+=head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
+
+Copyright 2007-2012 by Makamaka Hannyaharamitu
+
+This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+it under the same terms as Perl itself. 
+
+=cut
+
diff --git a/t/00_backend_version.t b/t/00_backend_version.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b55e13f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/00_backend_version.t
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+use Test::More tests => 1;
+use strict;
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+use JSON;
+diag ($JSON::BackendModule.' '.$JSON::BackendModule->VERSION);
+ok 1;
diff --git a/t/00_load.t b/t/00_load.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ffdd0b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/00_load.t
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+BEGIN { $| = 1; print "1..1\n"; }
+END {print "not ok 1\n" unless $loaded;}
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+use JSON;
+$loaded = 1;
+print "ok 1\n";
diff --git a/t/00_load_backport_pp.t b/t/00_load_backport_pp.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ba4ce43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/00_load_backport_pp.t
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+use Test::More;
+use strict;
+BEGIN { plan tests => 5 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} = "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+BEGIN {
+    use_ok('JSON');
+}
+
+ok( exists $INC{ 'JSON/backportPP.pm' }, 'load backportPP' );
+ok( ! exists $INC{ 'JSON/PP.pm' }, q/didn't load PP/ );
+
+ok( JSON->backend->isa('JSON::PP') );
+ok( JSON->backend->is_pp );
diff --git a/t/00_pod.t b/t/00_pod.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e8e3082
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/00_pod.t
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+use strict;
+$^W = 1;
+
+use Test::More;
+
+eval "use Test::Pod 1.00";
+plan skip_all => "Test::Pod 1.00 required for testing POD" if $@;
+all_pod_files_ok ();
diff --git a/t/01_utf8.t b/t/01_utf8.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..afc55b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/01_utf8.t
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# copied over from JSON::XS and modified to use JSON
+
+use strict;
+use Test::More;
+BEGIN { plan tests => 9 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+BEGIN {
+    use lib qw(t);
+    use _unicode_handling;
+}
+
+
+use utf8;
+use JSON;
+
+
+ok (JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->utf8 (1)->encode ("ü") eq "\"\xc3\xbc\"");
+ok (JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->encode ("ü") eq "\"ü\"");
+
+SKIP: {
+    skip "UNICODE handling is disabale.", 7 unless $JSON::can_handle_UTF16_and_utf8;
+
+ok (JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->ascii (1)->utf8 (1)->encode (chr 0x8000) eq '"\u8000"');
+ok (JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->ascii (1)->utf8 (1)->pretty (1)->encode (chr 0x10402) eq "\"\\ud801\\udc02\"\n");
+
+eval { JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->utf8 (1)->decode ('"ü"') };
+ok $@ =~ /malformed UTF-8/;
+
+ok (JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->decode ('"ü"') eq "ü");
+ok (JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->decode ('"\u00fc"') eq "ü");
+ok (JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->decode ('"\ud801\udc02' . "\x{10204}\"") eq "\x{10402}\x{10204}");
+ok (JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->decode ('"\"\n\\\\\r\t\f\b"') eq "\"\012\\\015\011\014\010");
+
+}
diff --git a/t/02_error.t b/t/02_error.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d0e377
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/02_error.t
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# copied over from JSON::XS and modified to use JSON
+
+use strict;
+use Test::More;
+BEGIN { plan tests => 31 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+BEGIN {
+    use lib qw(t);
+    use _unicode_handling;
+}
+
+use utf8;
+use JSON;
+
+
+eval { JSON->new->encode ([\-1]) }; ok $@ =~ /cannot encode reference/;
+eval { JSON->new->encode ([\undef]) }; ok $@ =~ /cannot encode reference/;
+eval { JSON->new->encode ([\2]) }; ok $@ =~ /cannot encode reference/;
+eval { JSON->new->encode ([\{}]) }; ok $@ =~ /cannot encode reference/;
+eval { JSON->new->encode ([\[]]) }; ok $@ =~ /cannot encode reference/;
+eval { JSON->new->encode ([\\1]) }; ok $@ =~ /cannot encode reference/;
+eval { JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->decode ('"\u1234\udc00"') }; ok $@ =~ /missing high /;
+eval { JSON->new->allow_nonref->decode ('"\ud800"') }; ok $@ =~ /missing low /;
+eval { JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->decode ('"\ud800\u1234"') }; ok $@ =~ /surrogate pair /;
+eval { JSON->new->decode ('null') }; ok $@ =~ /allow_nonref/;
+eval { JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->decode ('+0') }; ok $@ =~ /malformed/;
+eval { JSON->new->allow_nonref->decode ('.2') }; ok $@ =~ /malformed/;
+eval { JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->decode ('bare') }; ok $@ =~ /malformed/;
+eval { JSON->new->allow_nonref->decode ('naughty') }; ok $@ =~ /null/;
+eval { JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->decode ('01') }; ok $@ =~ /leading zero/;
+eval { JSON->new->allow_nonref->decode ('00') }; ok $@ =~ /leading zero/;
+eval { JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->decode ('-0.') }; ok $@ =~ /decimal point/;
+eval { JSON->new->allow_nonref->decode ('-0e') }; ok $@ =~ /exp sign/;
+eval { JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->decode ('-e+1') }; ok $@ =~ /initial minus/;
+eval { JSON->new->allow_nonref->decode ("\"\n\"") }; ok $@ =~ /invalid character/;
+eval { JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->decode ("\"\x01\"") }; ok $@ =~ /invalid character/;
+eval { JSON->new->decode ('[5') }; ok $@ =~ /parsing array/;
+eval { JSON->new->decode ('{"5"') }; ok $@ =~ /':' expected/;
+eval { JSON->new->decode ('{"5":null') }; ok $@ =~ /parsing object/;
+
+eval { JSON->new->decode (undef) }; ok $@ =~ /malformed/;
+eval { JSON->new->decode (\5) }; ok !!$@; # Can't coerce readonly
+eval { JSON->new->decode ([]) }; ok $@ =~ /malformed/;
+eval { JSON->new->decode (\*STDERR) }; ok $@ =~ /malformed/;
+eval { JSON->new->decode (*STDERR) }; ok !!$@; # cannot coerce GLOB
+
+eval { decode_json ("\"\xa0") }; ok $@ =~ /malformed.*character/;
+eval { decode_json ("\"\xa0\"") }; ok $@ =~ /malformed.*character/;
+
diff --git a/t/03_types.t b/t/03_types.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c9f0a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/03_types.t
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# copied over from JSON::XS and modified to use JSON
+use strict;
+use Test::More;
+
+BEGIN { plan tests => 78 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+use JSON;
+
+
+ok (!defined JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->decode ('null'));
+ok (JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->decode ('true') == 1);
+ok (JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->decode ('false') == 0);
+
+my $true  = JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->decode ('true');
+ok ($true eq 1);
+ok (JSON::is_bool $true);
+my $false = JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->decode ('false');
+ok ($false == !$true);
+ok (JSON::is_bool $false);
+ok (++$false == 1);
+ok (!JSON::is_bool $false);
+ok (!JSON::is_bool "JSON::Boolean");
+ok (!JSON::is_bool {}); # GH-34
+
+ok (JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->decode ('5') == 5);
+ok (JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->decode ('-5') == -5);
+ok (JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->decode ('5e1') == 50);
+ok (JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->decode ('-333e+0') == -333);
+ok (JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->decode ('2.5') == 2.5);
+
+ok (JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->decode ('""') eq "");
+ok ('[1,2,3,4]' eq encode_json decode_json ('[1,2, 3,4]'));
+ok ('[{},[],[],{}]' eq encode_json decode_json ('[{},[], [ ] ,{ }]'));
+ok ('[{"1":[5]}]' eq encode_json [{1 => [5]}]);
+ok ('{"1":2,"3":4}' eq JSON->new->canonical (1)->encode (decode_json '{ "1" : 2, "3" : 4 }'));
+ok ('{"1":2,"3":1.2}' eq JSON->new->canonical (1)->encode (decode_json '{ "1" : 2, "3" : 1.2 }'));
+
+ok ('[true]'  eq encode_json [JSON::true]);
+ok ('[false]' eq encode_json [JSON::false]);
+ok ('[true]'  eq encode_json [\1]);
+ok ('[false]' eq encode_json [\0]);
+ok ('[null]'  eq encode_json [undef]);
+ok ('[true]'  eq encode_json [JSON::true]);
+ok ('[false]' eq encode_json [JSON::false]);
+
+for my $v (1, 2, 3, 5, -1, -2, -3, -4, 100, 1000, 10000, -999, -88, -7, 7, 88, 999, -1e5, 1e6, 1e7, 1e8) {
+   ok ($v == ((decode_json "[$v]")->[0]));
+   ok ($v == ((decode_json encode_json [$v])->[0]));
+}
+
+ok (30123 == ((decode_json encode_json [30123])->[0]));
+ok (32123 == ((decode_json encode_json [32123])->[0]));
+ok (32456 == ((decode_json encode_json [32456])->[0]));
+ok (32789 == ((decode_json encode_json [32789])->[0]));
+ok (32767 == ((decode_json encode_json [32767])->[0]));
+ok (32768 == ((decode_json encode_json [32768])->[0]));
+
+my @sparse; @sparse[0,3] = (1, 4);
+ok ("[1,null,null,4]" eq encode_json \@sparse);
+
diff --git a/t/06_pc_pretty.t b/t/06_pc_pretty.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9939d4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/06_pc_pretty.t
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+# copied over from JSON::PC and modified to use JSON
+# copied over from JSON::XS and modified to use JSON
+
+use strict;
+use Test::More;
+BEGIN { plan tests => 9 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+use JSON;
+
+my ($js,$obj,$json);
+my $pc = new JSON;
+
+$obj = {foo => "bar"};
+$js = $pc->encode($obj);
+is($js,q|{"foo":"bar"}|);
+
+$obj = [10, "hoge", {foo => "bar"}];
+$pc->pretty (1);
+$js = $pc->encode($obj);
+is($js,q|[
+   10,
+   "hoge",
+   {
+      "foo" : "bar"
+   }
+]
+|);
+
+$obj = { foo => [ {a=>"b"}, 0, 1, 2 ] };
+$pc->pretty(0);
+$js = $pc->encode($obj);
+is($js,q|{"foo":[{"a":"b"},0,1,2]}|);
+
+
+$obj = { foo => [ {a=>"b"}, 0, 1, 2 ] };
+$pc->pretty(1);
+$js = $pc->encode($obj);
+is($js,q|{
+   "foo" : [
+      {
+         "a" : "b"
+      },
+      0,
+      1,
+      2
+   ]
+}
+|);
+
+$obj = { foo => [ {a=>"b"}, 0, 1, 2 ] };
+$pc->pretty(0);
+$js = $pc->encode($obj);
+is($js,q|{"foo":[{"a":"b"},0,1,2]}|);
+
+
+$obj = {foo => "bar"};
+$pc->indent(3); # original -- $pc->indent(1);
+is($pc->encode($obj), qq|{\n   "foo":"bar"\n}\n|, "nospace");
+$pc->space_after(1);
+is($pc->encode($obj), qq|{\n   "foo": "bar"\n}\n|, "after");
+$pc->space_before(1);
+is($pc->encode($obj), qq|{\n   "foo" : "bar"\n}\n|, "both");
+$pc->space_after(0);
+is($pc->encode($obj), qq|{\n   "foo" :"bar"\n}\n|, "before");
+
diff --git a/t/07_pc_esc.t b/t/07_pc_esc.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1cb7a71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/07_pc_esc.t
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+#
+# このファイルのエンコーディングはUTF-8
+#
+
+# copied over from JSON::PC and modified to use JSON
+# copied over from JSON::XS and modified to use JSON
+
+use Test::More;
+use strict;
+
+BEGIN { plan tests => 18 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+BEGIN {
+    use lib qw(t);
+    use _unicode_handling;
+}
+
+
+use utf8;
+use JSON;
+
+#########################
+my ($js,$obj,$str);
+
+my $pc = new JSON;
+
+$obj = {test => qq|abc"def|};
+$str = $pc->encode($obj);
+is($str,q|{"test":"abc\"def"}|);
+
+$obj = {qq|te"st| => qq|abc"def|};
+$str = $pc->encode($obj);
+is($str,q|{"te\"st":"abc\"def"}|);
+
+$obj = {test => qq|abc/def|};   # / => \/
+$str = $pc->encode($obj);         # but since version 0.99
+is($str,q|{"test":"abc/def"}|); # this handling is deleted.
+$obj = $pc->decode($str);
+is($obj->{test},q|abc/def|);
+
+$obj = {test => q|abc\def|};
+$str = $pc->encode($obj);
+is($str,q|{"test":"abc\\\\def"}|);
+
+$obj = {test => "abc\bdef"};
+$str = $pc->encode($obj);
+is($str,q|{"test":"abc\bdef"}|);
+
+$obj = {test => "abc\fdef"};
+$str = $pc->encode($obj);
+is($str,q|{"test":"abc\fdef"}|);
+
+$obj = {test => "abc\ndef"};
+$str = $pc->encode($obj);
+is($str,q|{"test":"abc\ndef"}|);
+
+$obj = {test => "abc\rdef"};
+$str = $pc->encode($obj);
+is($str,q|{"test":"abc\rdef"}|);
+
+$obj = {test => "abc-def"};
+$str = $pc->encode($obj);
+is($str,q|{"test":"abc-def"}|);
+
+$obj = {test => "abc(def"};
+$str = $pc->encode($obj);
+is($str,q|{"test":"abc(def"}|);
+
+$obj = {test => "abc\\def"};
+$str = $pc->encode($obj);
+is($str,q|{"test":"abc\\\\def"}|);
+
+
+$obj = {test => "あいうえお"};
+$str = $pc->encode($obj);
+is($str,q|{"test":"あいうえお"}|);
+
+$obj = {"あいうえお" => "かきくけこ"};
+$str = $pc->encode($obj);
+is($str,q|{"あいうえお":"かきくけこ"}|);
+
+
+$obj = $pc->decode(q|{"id":"abc\ndef"}|);
+is($obj->{id},"abc\ndef",q|{"id":"abc\ndef"}|);
+
+$obj = $pc->decode(q|{"id":"abc\\\ndef"}|);
+is($obj->{id},"abc\\ndef",q|{"id":"abc\\\ndef"}|);
+
+$obj = $pc->decode(q|{"id":"abc\\\\\ndef"}|);
+is($obj->{id},"abc\\\ndef",q|{"id":"abc\\\\\ndef"}|);
+
+$obj = {test => "\'I said\', \"She said\""};
+$str = $pc->encode($obj);
+is($str,q|{"test":"'I said', \"She said\""}|);
+
diff --git a/t/08_pc_base.t b/t/08_pc_base.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b83dd7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/08_pc_base.t
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+use Test::More;
+
+# copied over from JSON::PC and modified to use JSON
+# copied over from JSON::XS and modified to use JSON
+
+use strict;
+BEGIN { plan tests => 20 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+use JSON;
+
+my ($js,$obj);
+
+my $pc = new JSON;
+
+$js  = q|{}|;
+
+$obj = $pc->decode($js);
+$js  = $pc->encode($obj);
+is($js,'{}', '{}');
+
+$js  = q|[]|;
+$obj = $pc->decode($js);
+$js  = $pc->encode($obj);
+is($js,'[]', '[]');
+
+
+$js  = q|{"foo":"bar"}|;
+$obj = $pc->decode($js);
+is($obj->{foo},'bar');
+$js  = $pc->encode($obj);
+is($js,'{"foo":"bar"}', '{"foo":"bar"}');
+
+$js  = q|{"foo":""}|;
+$obj = $pc->decode($js);
+$js  = $pc->encode($obj);
+is($js,'{"foo":""}', '{"foo":""}');
+
+$js  = q|{"foo":" "}|;
+$obj = $pc->decode($js);
+$js  = $pc->encode($obj);
+is($js,'{"foo":" "}' ,'{"foo":" "}');
+
+$js  = q|{"foo":"0"}|;
+$obj = $pc->decode($js);
+$js  = $pc->encode($obj);
+is($js,'{"foo":"0"}',q|{"foo":"0"} - autoencode (default)|);
+
+
+$js  = q|{"foo":"0 0"}|;
+$obj = $pc->decode($js);
+$js  = $pc->encode($obj);
+is($js,'{"foo":"0 0"}','{"foo":"0 0"}');
+
+$js  = q|[1,2,3]|;
+$obj = $pc->decode($js);
+is($obj->[1],2);
+$js  = $pc->encode($obj);
+is($js,'[1,2,3]');
+
+$js = q|{"foo":{"bar":"hoge"}}|;
+$obj = $pc->decode($js);
+is($obj->{foo}->{bar},'hoge');
+$js  = $pc->encode($obj);
+is($js,q|{"foo":{"bar":"hoge"}}|);
+
+$js = q|[{"foo":[1,2,3]},-0.12,{"a":"b"}]|;
+$obj = $pc->decode($js);
+$js  = $pc->encode($obj);
+is($js,q|[{"foo":[1,2,3]},-0.12,{"a":"b"}]|);
+
+
+$obj = ["\x01"];
+is($js = $pc->encode($obj),'["\\u0001"]');
+$obj = $pc->decode($js);
+is($obj->[0],"\x01");
+
+$obj = ["\e"];
+is($js = $pc->encode($obj),'["\\u001b"]');
+$obj = $pc->decode($js);
+is($obj->[0],"\e");
+
+$js = '{"id":"}';
+eval q{ $pc->decode($js) };
+like($@, qr/unexpected end/i);
+
+$obj = { foo => sub { "bar" } };
+eval q{ $js = $pc->encode($obj) };
+like($@, qr/JSON can only/i, 'invalid value (coderef)');
+
+#$obj = { foo => bless {}, "Hoge" };
+#eval q{ $js = $pc->encode($obj) };
+#like($@, qr/JSON can only/i, 'invalid value (blessd object)');
+
+$obj = { foo => \$js };
+eval q{ $js = $pc->encode($obj) };
+like($@, qr/cannot encode reference/i, 'invalid value (ref)');
+
diff --git a/t/09_pc_extra_number.t b/t/09_pc_extra_number.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ae8a45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/09_pc_extra_number.t
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# copied over from JSON::PC and modified to use JSON
+# copied over from JSON::XS and modified to use JSON
+
+use Test::More;
+use strict;
+BEGIN { plan tests => 6 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+use JSON;
+
+
+#########################
+my ($js,$obj);
+my $pc = new JSON;
+
+$js  = '{"foo":0}';
+$obj = $pc->decode($js);
+is($obj->{foo}, 0, "normal 0");
+
+$js  = '{"foo":0.1}';
+$obj = $pc->decode($js);
+is($obj->{foo}, 0.1, "normal 0.1");
+
+
+$js  = '{"foo":10}';
+$obj = $pc->decode($js);
+is($obj->{foo}, 10, "normal 10");
+
+$js  = '{"foo":-10}';
+$obj = $pc->decode($js);
+is($obj->{foo}, -10, "normal -10");
+
+
+$js  = '{"foo":0, "bar":0.1}';
+$obj = $pc->decode($js);
+is($obj->{foo},0,  "normal 0");
+is($obj->{bar},0.1,"normal 0.1");
+
diff --git a/t/104_sortby.t b/t/104_sortby.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..20b087e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/104_sortby.t
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+
+use Test::More;
+use strict;
+BEGIN { plan tests => 3 };
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+use JSON -support_by_pp;
+#########################
+
+my ($js,$obj);
+my $pc = JSON->new;
+
+$obj = {a=>1, b=>2, c=>3, d=>4, e=>5, f=>6, g=>7, h=>8, i=>9};
+
+$js = $pc->sort_by(1)->encode($obj);
+is($js, q|{"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4,"e":5,"f":6,"g":7,"h":8,"i":9}|);
+
+
+$js = $pc->sort_by(sub { $JSON::PP::a cmp $JSON::PP::b })->encode($obj);
+is($js, q|{"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4,"e":5,"f":6,"g":7,"h":8,"i":9}|);
+
+$js = $pc->sort_by('hoge')->encode($obj);
+is($js, q|{"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4,"e":5,"f":6,"g":7,"h":8,"i":9}|);
+
+sub JSON::PP::hoge { $JSON::PP::a cmp $JSON::PP::b }
diff --git a/t/105_esc_slash.t b/t/105_esc_slash.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..495766e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/105_esc_slash.t
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+
+use Test::More;
+use strict;
+BEGIN { plan tests => 2 };
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+use JSON -support_by_pp;
+#########################
+
+my $json = JSON->new->allow_nonref;
+
+my $js = '/';
+
+is($json->encode($js), '"/"');
+is($json->escape_slash->encode($js), '"\/"');
+
diff --git a/t/106_allow_barekey.t b/t/106_allow_barekey.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..042e0bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/106_allow_barekey.t
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+
+use Test::More;
+use strict;
+BEGIN { plan tests => 2 };
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+use JSON -support_by_pp;
+#########################
+
+my $json = JSON->new->allow_nonref;
+
+eval q| $json->decode('{foo:"bar"}') |;
+
+ok($@); # in XS and PP, the error message differs.
+
+$json->allow_barekey;
+
+is($json->decode('{foo:"bar"}')->{foo}, 'bar');
+
+
diff --git a/t/107_allow_singlequote.t b/t/107_allow_singlequote.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b1f6a6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/107_allow_singlequote.t
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+
+use Test::More;
+use strict;
+BEGIN { plan tests => 4 };
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+use JSON -support_by_pp;
+#########################
+
+my $json = JSON->new->allow_nonref;
+
+eval q| $json->decode("{'foo':'bar'}") |;
+
+ok($@); # in XS and PP, the error message differs.
+
+$json->allow_singlequote;
+
+is($json->decode(q|{'foo':"bar"}|)->{foo}, 'bar');
+is($json->decode(q|{'foo':'bar'}|)->{foo}, 'bar');
+is($json->allow_barekey->decode(q|{foo:'bar'}|)->{foo}, 'bar');
+
diff --git a/t/108_decode.t b/t/108_decode.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a30722f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/108_decode.t
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#
+# decode on Perl 5.005, 5.6, 5.8 or later
+#
+use strict;
+use Test::More;
+
+BEGIN { plan tests => 6 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+use JSON;
+
+BEGIN {
+    use lib qw(t);
+    use _unicode_handling;
+}
+
+no utf8;
+
+my $json = JSON->new->allow_nonref;
+
+
+is($json->decode(q|"ü"|),                   "ü"); # utf8
+is($json->decode(q|"\u00fc"|),           "\xfc"); # latin1
+is($json->decode(q|"\u00c3\u00bc"|), "\xc3\xbc"); # utf8
+
+my $str = 'あ'; # Japanese 'a' in utf8
+
+is($json->decode(q|"\u00e3\u0081\u0082"|), $str);
+
+utf8::decode($str); # usually UTF-8 flagged on, but no-op for 5.005.
+
+is($json->decode(q|"\u3042"|), $str);
+
+
+my $utf8 = $json->decode(q|"\ud808\udf45"|); # chr 12345
+
+utf8::encode($utf8); # UTF-8 flagged off
+
+is($utf8, "\xf0\x92\x8d\x85");
+
diff --git a/t/109_encode.t b/t/109_encode.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7615251
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/109_encode.t
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+#
+# decode on Perl 5.005, 5.6, 5.8 or later
+#
+use strict;
+use Test::More;
+
+BEGIN { plan tests => 7 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+use JSON;
+
+BEGIN {
+    use lib qw(t);
+    use _unicode_handling;
+}
+
+no utf8;
+
+my $json = JSON->new->allow_nonref;
+
+is($json->encode("ü"),                   q|"ü"|); # as is
+
+$json->ascii;
+
+is($json->encode("\xfc"),           q|"\u00fc"|); # latin1
+is($json->encode("\xc3\xbc"), q|"\u00c3\u00bc"|); # utf8
+is($json->encode("ü"),        q|"\u00c3\u00bc"|); # utf8
+is($json->encode('あ'), q|"\u00e3\u0081\u0082"|);
+
+if ($] >= 5.006) {
+    is($json->encode(chr hex 3042 ),  q|"\u3042"|);
+    is($json->encode(chr hex 12345 ), q|"\ud808\udf45"|);
+}
+else {
+    is($json->encode(chr hex 3042 ),  $json->encode(chr 66));
+    is($json->encode(chr hex 12345 ), $json->encode(chr 69));
+}
+
diff --git a/t/10_pc_keysort.t b/t/10_pc_keysort.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd40004
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/10_pc_keysort.t
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# copied over from JSON::PC and modified to use JSON
+# copied over from JSON::XS and modified to use JSON
+
+use Test::More;
+use strict;
+BEGIN { plan tests => 1 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+use JSON;
+#########################
+
+my ($js,$obj);
+my $pc = JSON->new->canonical(1);
+
+$obj = {a=>1, b=>2, c=>3, d=>4, e=>5, f=>6, g=>7, h=>8, i=>9};
+
+$js = $pc->encode($obj);
+is($js, q|{"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4,"e":5,"f":6,"g":7,"h":8,"i":9}|);
+
diff --git a/t/110_bignum.t b/t/110_bignum.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..044e0e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/110_bignum.t
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+
+use strict;
+use Test::More;
+BEGIN { plan tests => 9 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+use JSON -support_by_pp;
+
+eval q| require Math::BigInt |;
+
+SKIP: {
+    skip "Can't load Math::BigInt.", 9 if ($@);
+
+    my $v = Math::BigInt->VERSION;
+    $v =~ s/_.+$// if $v;
+
+my $fix =  !$v       ? '+'
+          : $v < 1.6 ? '+'
+          : '';
+
+
+my $json = new JSON;
+
+$json->allow_nonref->allow_bignum(1);
+$json->convert_blessed->allow_blessed;
+
+my $num  = $json->decode(q|100000000000000000000000000000000000000|);
+
+ok($num->isa('Math::BigInt'));
+is("$num", $fix . '100000000000000000000000000000000000000');
+is($json->encode($num), $fix . '100000000000000000000000000000000000000');
+
+SKIP: { skip "requires $JSON::BackendModule 2.91_03 or newer", 2 if $JSON::BackendModulePP and eval $JSON::BackendModulePP->VERSION < 2.91_03;
+$num  = $json->decode(q|10|);
+
+ok(!(ref $num and $num->isa('Math::BigInt')), 'small integer is not a BigInt');
+ok(!(ref $num and $num->isa('Math::BigFloat')), 'small integer is not a BigFloat');
+}
+
+$num  = $json->decode(q|2.0000000000000000001|);
+
+ok($num->isa('Math::BigFloat'));
+is("$num", '2.0000000000000000001');
+is($json->encode($num), '2.0000000000000000001');
+
+SKIP: { skip "requires $JSON::BackendModule 2.90 or newer", 1 if $JSON::BackendModulePP and eval $JSON::BackendModulePP->VERSION < 2.90;
+is($json->encode([Math::BigInt->new("0")]), "[${fix}0]", "zero bigint is 0 (the number), not '0' (the string)" );
+}
+}
diff --git a/t/112_upgrade.t b/t/112_upgrade.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5fba68f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/112_upgrade.t
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+use strict;
+use Test::More;
+
+BEGIN { plan tests => 3 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+use JSON;
+
+BEGIN {
+    use lib qw(t);
+    use _unicode_handling;
+}
+
+my $json = JSON->new->allow_nonref->utf8;
+my $str  = '\\u00c8';
+
+my $value = $json->decode( '"\\u00c8"' );
+
+#use Devel::Peek;
+#Dump( $value );
+
+is( $value, chr 0xc8 );
+
+SKIP: {
+    skip "UNICODE handling is disabale.", 1 unless $JSON::can_handle_UTF16_and_utf8;
+    ok( utf8::is_utf8( $value ) );
+}
+
+eval { $json->decode( '"' . chr(0xc8) . '"' ) };
+ok( $@ =~ /malformed UTF-8 character in JSON string/ );
+
diff --git a/t/113_overloaded_eq.t b/t/113_overloaded_eq.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9bc8e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/113_overloaded_eq.t
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+use strict;
+use Test::More tests => 4;
+
+BEGIN {
+    $ENV{ PERL_JSON_BACKEND } = 0;
+}
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+use JSON;
+
+my $json = JSON->new->convert_blessed;
+
+my $obj = OverloadedObject->new( 'foo' );
+ok( $obj eq 'foo' );
+is( $json->encode( [ $obj ] ), q{["foo"]} );
+
+# rt.cpan.org #64783
+my $foo  = bless {}, 'Foo';
+my $bar  = bless {}, 'Bar';
+
+eval q{ $json->encode( $foo ) };
+ok($@);
+eval q{ $json->encode( $bar ) };
+ok(!$@);
+
+
+package Foo;
+
+use strict;
+use overload (
+    'eq' => sub { 0 },
+    '""' => sub { $_[0] },
+    fallback => 1,
+);
+
+sub TO_JSON {
+    return $_[0];
+}
+
+package Bar;
+
+use strict;
+use overload (
+    'eq' => sub { 0 },
+    '""' => sub { $_[0] },
+    fallback => 1,
+);
+
+sub TO_JSON {
+    return overload::StrVal($_[0]);
+}
+
+
+package OverloadedObject;
+
+use overload 'eq' => sub { $_[0]->{v} eq $_[1] }, '""' => sub { $_[0]->{v} }, fallback => 1;
+
+
+sub new {
+    bless { v => $_[1] }, $_[0];
+}
+
+
+sub TO_JSON { "$_[0]"; }
+
diff --git a/t/114_decode_prefix.t b/t/114_decode_prefix.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bee7f6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/114_decode_prefix.t
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+use strict;
+use Test::More tests => 8;
+
+BEGIN {
+    $ENV{ PERL_JSON_BACKEND } = 0;
+}
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+use JSON;
+
+my $json = JSON->new;
+
+my $complete_text = qq/{"foo":"bar"}/;
+my $garbaged_text  = qq/{"foo":"bar"}\n/;
+my $garbaged_text2 = qq/{"foo":"bar"}\n\n/;
+my $garbaged_text3 = qq/{"foo":"bar"}\n----/;
+
+is( ( $json->decode_prefix( $complete_text )  ) [1], 13 );
+is( ( $json->decode_prefix( $garbaged_text )  ) [1], 13 );
+is( ( $json->decode_prefix( $garbaged_text2 ) ) [1], 13 );
+is( ( $json->decode_prefix( $garbaged_text3 ) ) [1], 13 );
+
+eval { $json->decode( "\n" ) }; ok( $@ =~ /malformed JSON/ );
+eval { $json->decode('null') }; ok $@ =~ /allow_nonref/;
+
+eval { $json->decode_prefix( "\n" ) }; ok( $@ =~ /malformed JSON/ );
+eval { $json->decode_prefix('null') }; ok $@ =~ /allow_nonref/;
+
diff --git a/t/115_tie_ixhash.t b/t/115_tie_ixhash.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..95920e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/115_tie_ixhash.t
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+
+use strict;
+use Test::More;
+BEGIN { plan tests => 2 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+use JSON;
+
+# from https://rt.cpan.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=25162
+
+SKIP: {
+    eval {require Tie::IxHash};
+    skip "Can't load Tie::IxHash.", 2 if ($@);
+
+    my %columns;
+    tie %columns, 'Tie::IxHash';
+
+    %columns = (
+    id => 'int',
+    1 => 'a',
+    2 => 'b',
+    3 => 'c',
+    4 => 'd',
+    5 => 'e',
+    );
+
+    my $json = JSON->new;
+
+    my $js = $json->encode(\%columns);
+    is( $js, q/{"id":"int","1":"a","2":"b","3":"c","4":"d","5":"e"}/ );
+
+    $js = $json->pretty->encode(\%columns);
+    is( $js, <<'STR' );
+{
+   "id" : "int",
+   "1" : "a",
+   "2" : "b",
+   "3" : "c",
+   "4" : "d",
+   "5" : "e"
+}
+STR
+
+}
+
diff --git a/t/116_incr_parse_fixed.t b/t/116_incr_parse_fixed.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..82a4845
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/116_incr_parse_fixed.t
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+use strict;
+use Test::More tests => 4;
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+use JSON;
+
+my $json = JSON->new->allow_nonref();
+
+my @vs = $json->incr_parse('"a\"bc');
+
+ok( not scalar(@vs) );
+
+@vs = $json->incr_parse('"');
+
+is( $vs[0], "a\"bc" );
+
+
+$json = JSON->new;
+
+@vs = $json->incr_parse('"a\"bc');
+ok( not scalar(@vs) );
+@vs = eval { $json->incr_parse('"') };
+ok($@ =~ qr/JSON text must be an object or array/);
+
diff --git a/t/117_numbers.t b/t/117_numbers.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..12f8024
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/117_numbers.t
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+use Test::More;
+use strict;
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+use JSON;
+
+BEGIN { plan skip_all => "requires $JSON::BackendModule 2.90 or newer" if JSON->backend->is_pp and eval $JSON::BackendModule->VERSION < 2.90 }
+BEGIN { plan skip_all => "not for $JSON::BackendModule" if $JSON::BackendModule eq 'JSON::XS' }
+
+BEGIN { plan tests => 3 }
+
+# TODO ("inf"/"nan" representations are not portable)
+# is encode_json([9**9**9]), '["inf"]';
+# is encode_json([-sin(9**9**9)]), '["nan"]';
+
+my $num = 3;
+my $str = "$num";
+is encode_json({test => [$num, $str]}), '{"test":[3,"3"]}';
+$num = 3.21;
+$str = "$num";
+is encode_json({test => [$num, $str]}), '{"test":[3.21,"3.21"]}';
+$str = '0 but true';
+$num = 1 + $str;
+is encode_json({test => [$num, $str]}), '{"test":[1,"0 but true"]}';
diff --git a/t/11_pc_expo.t b/t/11_pc_expo.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b5f4c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/11_pc_expo.t
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+# copied over from JSON::PC and modified to use JSON
+# copied over from JSON::XS and modified to use JSON
+
+use Test::More;
+use strict;
+BEGIN { plan tests => 8 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+use JSON;
+
+#########################
+my ($js,$obj);
+my $pc = new JSON;
+
+$js  = q|[-12.34]|;
+$obj = $pc->decode($js);
+is($obj->[0], -12.34, 'digit -12.34');
+$js = $pc->encode($obj);
+is($js,'[-12.34]', 'digit -12.34');
+
+$js  = q|[-1.234e5]|;
+$obj = $pc->decode($js);
+is($obj->[0], -123400, 'digit -1.234e5');
+SKIP: { skip "not for $JSON::BackendModule", 1 if $JSON::BackendModule eq 'Cpanel::JSON::XS';
+$js = $pc->encode($obj);
+is($js,'[-123400]', 'digit -1.234e5');
+}
+
+$js  = q|[1.23E-4]|;
+$obj = $pc->decode($js);
+is($obj->[0], 0.000123, 'digit 1.23E-4');
+$js = $pc->encode($obj);
+
+if ( $js =~ /\[1/ ) { # for 5.6.2 on Darwin 8.10.0
+    like($js, qr/[1.23[eE]-04]/, 'digit 1.23E-4');
+}
+else {
+    is($js,'[0.000123]', 'digit 1.23E-4');
+}
+
+
+my $vax_float = (pack("d",1) =~ /^[\x80\x10]\x40/);
+
+if ($vax_float) {
+    # VAX has smaller float range.
+    $js  = q|[1.01e+37]|;
+    $obj = $pc->decode($js);
+    is($obj->[0], eval '1.01e+37', 'digit 1.01e+37');
+    $js = $pc->encode($obj);
+    like($js,qr/\[1.01[Ee]\+0?37\]/, 'digit 1.01e+37');
+} else {
+    $js  = q|[1.01e+67]|; # 30 -> 67 ... patched by H.Merijn Brand
+    $obj = $pc->decode($js);
+    is($obj->[0], eval '1.01e+67', 'digit 1.01e+67');
+    $js = $pc->encode($obj);
+    like($js,qr/\[1.01[Ee]\+0?67\]/, 'digit 1.01e+67');
+}
diff --git a/t/12_blessed.t b/t/12_blessed.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e46304
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/12_blessed.t
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# copied over from JSON::XS and modified to use JSON
+
+use strict;
+use Test::More;
+BEGIN { plan tests => 16 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+use JSON;
+
+
+my $o1 = bless { a => 3 }, "XX";
+my $o2 = bless \(my $dummy = 1), "YY";
+
+sub XX::TO_JSON {
+   {'__',""}
+}
+
+my $js = JSON->new;
+
+eval { $js->encode ($o1) }; ok ($@ =~ /allow_blessed/);
+eval { $js->encode ($o2) }; ok ($@ =~ /allow_blessed/);
+$js->allow_blessed;
+ok ($js->encode ($o1) eq "null");
+ok ($js->encode ($o2) eq "null");
+$js->convert_blessed;
+ok ($js->encode ($o1) eq '{"__":""}');
+
+ok ($js->encode ($o2) eq "null");
+
+$js->filter_json_object (sub { 5 });
+$js->filter_json_single_key_object (a => sub { shift });
+$js->filter_json_single_key_object (b => sub { 7 });
+
+ok ("ARRAY" eq ref $js->decode ("[]"));
+ok (5 eq join ":", @{ $js->decode ('[{}]') });
+ok (6 eq join ":", @{ $js->decode ('[{"a":6}]') });
+ok (5 eq join ":", @{ $js->decode ('[{"a":4,"b":7}]') });
+
+$js->filter_json_object;
+ok (7 == $js->decode ('[{"a":4,"b":7}]')->[0]{b});
+ok (3 eq join ":", @{ $js->decode ('[{"a":3}]') });
+
+$js->filter_json_object (sub { });
+ok (7 == $js->decode ('[{"a":4,"b":7}]')->[0]{b});
+ok (9 eq join ":", @{ $js->decode ('[{"a":9}]') });
+
+$js->filter_json_single_key_object ("a");
+ok (4 == $js->decode ('[{"a":4}]')->[0]{a});
+
+#$js->filter_json_single_key_object (a => sub {});
+$js->filter_json_single_key_object (a => sub { return; }); # sub {} is not suitable for Perl 5.6 
+ok (4 == $js->decode ('[{"a":4}]')->[0]{a});
diff --git a/t/13_limit.t b/t/13_limit.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d677506
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/13_limit.t
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+use strict;
+use Test::More;
+
+BEGIN { plan tests => 11 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+use JSON;
+
+
+my $def = 512;
+
+my $js = JSON->new;
+
+{
+    local $^W = undef; # avoid for warning 'Deep recursion on subroutin'
+
+ok (!eval { $js->decode (("[" x ($def + 1)) . ("]" x ($def + 1))) });
+ok (ref $js->decode (("[" x $def) . ("]" x $def)));
+ok (ref $js->decode (("{\"\":" x ($def - 1)) . "[]" . ("}" x ($def - 1))));
+ok (!eval { $js->decode (("{\"\":" x $def) . "[]" . ("}" x $def)) });
+
+ok (ref $js->max_depth (32)->decode (("[" x 32) . ("]" x 32)));
+
+ok ($js->max_depth(1)->encode ([]));
+ok (!eval { $js->encode ([[]]), 1 });
+
+ok ($js->max_depth(2)->encode ([{}]));
+ok (!eval { $js->encode ([[{}]]), 1 });
+
+ok (eval { ref $js->max_size (8)->decode ("[      ]") });
+eval { $js->max_size (8)->decode ("[       ]") }; ok ($@ =~ /max_size/);
+
+}
diff --git a/t/14_latin1.t b/t/14_latin1.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7883e39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/14_latin1.t
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# copied over from JSON::XS and modified to use JSON
+
+use Test::More;
+use strict;
+BEGIN { plan tests => 4 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+BEGIN {
+    use lib qw(t);
+    use _unicode_handling;
+}
+
+use JSON;
+
+SKIP: {
+    skip "UNICODE handling is disabale.", 4 unless $JSON::can_handle_UTF16_and_utf8;
+
+my $xs = JSON->new->latin1->allow_nonref;
+
+ok $xs->encode ("\x{12}\x{89}       ") eq "\"\\u0012\x{89}       \"";
+ok $xs->encode ("\x{12}\x{89}\x{abc}") eq "\"\\u0012\x{89}\\u0abc\"";
+
+ok $xs->decode ("\"\\u0012\x{89}\""       ) eq "\x{12}\x{89}";
+ok $xs->decode ("\"\\u0012\x{89}\\u0abc\"") eq "\x{12}\x{89}\x{abc}";
+
+}
diff --git a/t/15_prefix.t b/t/15_prefix.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce7eee4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/15_prefix.t
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# copied over from JSON::XS and modified to use JSON
+
+BEGIN { $| = 1; print "1..4\n"; }
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+use JSON;
+
+my $xs = JSON->new->allow_nonref;
+
+eval { $xs->decode ("[] ") };
+print $@ ? "not " : "", "ok 1\n";
+eval { $xs->decode ("[] x") };
+print $@ ? "" : "not ", "ok 2\n";
+print 2 == ($xs->decode_prefix ("[][]"))[1] ? "" : "not ", "ok 3\n";
+print 3 == ($xs->decode_prefix ("[1] t"))[1] ? "" : "not ", "ok 4\n";
+
diff --git a/t/16_tied.t b/t/16_tied.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b64d84a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/16_tied.t
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# copied over from JSON::XS and modified to use JSON
+
+use strict;
+use Test::More;
+BEGIN { plan tests => 2 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+use JSON;
+use Tie::Hash;
+use Tie::Array;
+
+my $js = JSON->new;
+
+tie my %h, 'Tie::StdHash';
+%h = (a => 1);
+
+ok ($js->encode (\%h) eq '{"a":1}');
+
+tie my @a, 'Tie::StdArray';
+@a = (1, 2);
+
+ok ($js->encode (\@a) eq '[1,2]');
diff --git a/t/17_relaxed.t b/t/17_relaxed.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9b3ec3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/17_relaxed.t
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# copied over from JSON::XS and modified to use JSON
+
+use Test::More;
+use strict;
+
+BEGIN { plan tests => 8 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+BEGIN {
+    use lib qw(t);
+    use _unicode_handling;
+}
+
+use utf8;
+use JSON;
+
+
+my $json = JSON->new->relaxed;
+
+ok ('[1,2,3]' eq encode_json $json->decode (' [1,2, 3]'));
+ok ('[1,2,4]' eq encode_json $json->decode ('[1,2, 4 , ]'));
+ok (!eval { $json->decode ('[1,2, 3,4,,]') });
+ok (!eval { $json->decode ('[,1]') });
+
+ok ('{"1":2}' eq encode_json $json->decode (' {"1":2}'));
+ok ('{"1":2}' eq encode_json $json->decode ('{"1":2,}'));
+ok (!eval { $json->decode ('{,}') });
+
+ok ('[1,2]' eq encode_json $json->decode ("[1#,2\n ,2,#  ]  \n\t]"));
diff --git a/t/18_json_checker.t b/t/18_json_checker.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..00918e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/18_json_checker.t
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+# use the testsuite from http://www.json.org/JSON_checker/
+# except for fail18.json, as we do not support a depth of 20 (but 16 and 32).
+
+# copied over from JSON::XS and modified to use JSON
+
+use strict;
+#no warnings;
+local $^W = undef;
+use Test::More;
+BEGIN { plan tests => 39 };
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+use JSON;
+
+my $json = JSON->new->utf8->max_depth(32)->canonical;
+
+my $vax_float = (pack("d",1) =~ /^[\x80\x10]\x40/);
+
+binmode DATA;
+my $num = 1;
+for (;;) {
+
+   $/ = "\n# ";
+   chomp (my $test = <DATA>)
+      or last;
+   $/ = "\n";
+   my $name = <DATA>;
+   if ($vax_float && $name =~ /pass1.json/) {
+       $test =~ s/\b23456789012E66\b/23456789012E20/;
+   }
+   if (my $perl = eval { $json->decode ($test) }) {
+      ok ($name =~ /^pass/, $name);
+#print $json->encode ($perl), "\n";
+      is ($json->encode ($json->decode ($json->encode ($perl))), $json->encode ($perl));
+   } else {
+      ok ($name =~ /^fail/, "$name ($@)");
+   }
+
+}
+
+__DATA__
+"A JSON payload should be an object or array, not a string."
+# fail1.json
+{"Extra value after close": true} "misplaced quoted value"
+# fail10.json
+{"Illegal expression": 1 + 2}
+# fail11.json
+{"Illegal invocation": alert()}
+# fail12.json
+{"Numbers cannot have leading zeroes": 013}
+# fail13.json
+{"Numbers cannot be hex": 0x14}
+# fail14.json
+["Illegal backslash escape: \x15"]
+# fail15.json
+[\naked]
+# fail16.json
+["Illegal backslash escape: \017"]
+# fail17.json
+[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[["Too deep"]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
+# fail18.json
+{"Missing colon" null}
+# fail19.json
+["Unclosed array"
+# fail2.json
+{"Double colon":: null}
+# fail20.json
+{"Comma instead of colon", null}
+# fail21.json
+["Colon instead of comma": false]
+# fail22.json
+["Bad value", truth]
+# fail23.json
+['single quote']
+# fail24.json
+["	tab	character	in	string	"]
+# fail25.json
+["tab\   character\   in\  string\  "]
+# fail26.json
+["line
+break"]
+# fail27.json
+["line\
+break"]
+# fail28.json
+[0e]
+# fail29.json
+{unquoted_key: "keys must be quoted"}
+# fail3.json
+[0e+]
+# fail30.json
+[0e+-1]
+# fail31.json
+{"Comma instead if closing brace": true,
+# fail32.json
+["mismatch"}
+# fail33.json
+["extra comma",]
+# fail4.json
+["double extra comma",,]
+# fail5.json
+[   , "<-- missing value"]
+# fail6.json
+["Comma after the close"],
+# fail7.json
+["Extra close"]]
+# fail8.json
+{"Extra comma": true,}
+# fail9.json
+[
+    "JSON Test Pattern pass1",
+    {"object with 1 member":["array with 1 element"]},
+    {},
+    [],
+    -42,
+    true,
+    false,
+    null,
+    {
+        "integer": 1234567890,
+        "real": -9876.543210,
+        "e": 0.123456789e-12,
+        "E": 1.234567890E+34,
+        "":  23456789012E66,
+        "zero": 0,
+        "one": 1,
+        "space": " ",
+        "quote": "\"",
+        "backslash": "\\",
+        "controls": "\b\f\n\r\t",
+        "slash": "/ & \/",
+        "alpha": "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwyz",
+        "ALPHA": "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWYZ",
+        "digit": "0123456789",
+        "0123456789": "digit",
+        "special": "`1~!@#$%^&*()_+-={':[,]}|;.</>?",
+        "hex": "\u0123\u4567\u89AB\uCDEF\uabcd\uef4A",
+        "true": true,
+        "false": false,
+        "null": null,
+        "array":[  ],
+        "object":{  },
+        "address": "50 St. James Street",
+        "url": "http://www.JSON.org/",
+        "comment": "// /* <!-- --",
+        "# -- --> */": " ",
+        " s p a c e d " :[1,2 , 3
+
+,
+
+4 , 5        ,          6           ,7        ],"compact":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7],
+        "jsontext": "{\"object with 1 member\":[\"array with 1 element\"]}",
+        "quotes": "&#34; \u0022 %22 0x22 034 &#x22;",
+        "\/\\\"\uCAFE\uBABE\uAB98\uFCDE\ubcda\uef4A\b\f\n\r\t`1~!@#$%^&*()_+-=[]{}|;:',./<>?"
+: "A key can be any string"
+    },
+    0.5 ,98.6
+,
+99.44
+,
+
+1066,
+1e1,
+0.1e1,
+1e-1,
+1e00,2e+00,2e-00
+,"rosebud"]
+# pass1.json
+[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[["Not too deep"]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
+# pass2.json
+{
+    "JSON Test Pattern pass3": {
+        "The outermost value": "must be an object or array.",
+        "In this test": "It is an object."
+    }
+}
+
+# pass3.json
diff --git a/t/19_incr.t b/t/19_incr.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca50062
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/19_incr.t
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+# copied over from JSON::XS and modified to use JSON
+
+use strict;
+
+use Test::More;
+BEGIN { plan tests => 697 };
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+
+use JSON;
+
+if ( $] >= 5.006 ) {
+
+eval <<'TEST' or die "Failed to eval test code for version $]: $@";
+
+sub splitter {
+   my ($coder, $text) = @_;
+
+   $coder->canonical(1) if $] >= 5.017009;
+
+   for (0 .. length $text) {
+      my $a = substr $text, 0, $_;
+      my $b = substr $text, $_;
+
+      $coder->incr_parse ($a);
+      $coder->incr_parse ($b);
+
+      my $data = $coder->incr_parse;
+      ok ($data);
+      is ($coder->encode ($data), $coder->encode ($coder->decode ($text)), "data");
+      ok ($coder->incr_text =~ /^\s*$/, "tailws");
+   }
+}
+
+
+
+splitter +JSON->new              , '  ["x\\"","\\u1000\\\\n\\nx",1,{"\\\\" :5 , "": "x"}]';
+splitter +JSON->new              , '[ "x\\"","\\u1000\\\\n\\nx" , 1,{"\\\\ " :5 , "": " x"} ] ';
+splitter +JSON->new->allow_nonref, '"test"';
+splitter +JSON->new->allow_nonref, ' "5" ';
+
+
+
+{
+   my $text = '[5],{"":1} , [ 1,2, 3], {"3":null}';
+   my $coder = new JSON;
+   for (0 .. length $text) {
+      my $a = substr $text, 0, $_;
+      my $b = substr $text, $_;
+
+      $coder->incr_parse ($a);
+      $coder->incr_parse ($b);
+
+      my $j1 = $coder->incr_parse; ok ($coder->incr_text =~ s/^\s*,//, "cskip1");
+      my $j2 = $coder->incr_parse; ok ($coder->incr_text =~ s/^\s*,//, "cskip2");
+      my $j3 = $coder->incr_parse; ok ($coder->incr_text =~ s/^\s*,//, "cskip3");
+      my $j4 = $coder->incr_parse; ok ($coder->incr_text !~ s/^\s*,//, "cskip4");
+      my $j5 = $coder->incr_parse; ok ($coder->incr_text !~ s/^\s*,//, "cskip5");
+
+      ok ('[5]' eq encode_json $j1, "cjson1");
+      ok ('{"":1}' eq encode_json $j2, "cjson2");
+      ok ('[1,2,3]' eq encode_json $j3, "cjson3");
+      ok ('{"3":null}' eq encode_json $j4, "cjson4");
+      ok (!defined $j5, "cjson5");
+   }
+}
+
+{
+   my $text = '[x][5]';
+   my $coder = new JSON;
+   $coder->incr_parse ($text);
+   ok (!eval { $coder->incr_parse }, "sparse1");
+   ok (!eval { $coder->incr_parse }, "sparse2");
+   $coder->incr_skip;
+   ok ('[5]' eq $coder->encode (scalar $coder->incr_parse), "sparse3");
+}
+
+1
+TEST
+
+
+}
+else {
+
+
+eval <<'TEST' or die "Failed to eval test code for version $]: $@";
+
+my $incr_text;
+
+sub splitter {
+   my ($coder, $text) = @_;
+
+   for (0 .. length $text) {
+      my $a = substr $text, 0, $_;
+      my $b = substr $text, $_;
+
+      $coder->incr_parse ($a);
+      $coder->incr_parse ($b);
+
+      my $data = $coder->incr_parse;
+      ok ($data);
+      ok ($coder->encode ($data) eq $coder->encode ($coder->decode ($text)), "data");
+      ok (($incr_text = $coder->incr_text) =~ /^\s*$/, "tailws");
+   }
+}
+
+splitter +JSON->new              , '  ["x\\"","\\u1000\\\\n\\nx",1,{"\\\\" :5 , "": "x"}]';
+splitter +JSON->new              , '[ "x\\"","\\u1000\\\\n\\nx" , 1,{"\\\\ " :5 , "": " x"} ] ';
+splitter +JSON->new->allow_nonref, '"test"';
+splitter +JSON->new->allow_nonref, ' "5" ';
+
+
+{
+   my $text = '[5],{"":1} , [ 1,2, 3], {"3":null}';
+   my $coder = new JSON;
+   for (0 .. length $text) {
+      my $a = substr $text, 0, $_;
+      my $b = substr $text, $_;
+
+      $coder->incr_parse ($a);
+      $coder->incr_parse ($b);
+
+      my $j1 = $coder->incr_parse; ok ( $coder->incr_text(  ($incr_text = $coder->incr_text) =~ s/^\s*,// and $incr_text ), "cskip1");
+      my $j2 = $coder->incr_parse; ok ( $coder->incr_text(  ($incr_text = $coder->incr_text) =~ s/^\s*,// and $incr_text ), "cskip2");
+      my $j3 = $coder->incr_parse; ok ( $coder->incr_text(  ($incr_text = $coder->incr_text) =~ s/^\s*,// and $incr_text ), "cskip3");
+      my $j4 = $coder->incr_parse; ok (($incr_text = $coder->incr_text) !~ s/^\s*,//, "cskip4");
+      my $j5 = $coder->incr_parse; ok (($incr_text = $coder->incr_text) !~ s/^\s*,//, "cskip5");
+
+      ok ('[5]' eq encode_json $j1, "cjson1");
+      ok ('{"":1}' eq encode_json $j2, "cjson2");
+      ok ('[1,2,3]' eq encode_json $j3, "cjson3");
+      ok ('{"3":null}' eq encode_json $j4, "cjson4");
+      ok (!defined $j5, "cjson5");
+   }
+}
+
+{
+   my $text = '[x][5]';
+   my $coder = new JSON;
+   $coder->incr_parse ($text);
+   ok (!eval { $coder->incr_parse }, "sparse1");
+   ok (!eval { $coder->incr_parse }, "sparse2");
+   $coder->incr_skip;
+   ok ('[5]' eq $coder->encode (scalar $coder->incr_parse), "sparse3");
+}
+
+
+TEST
+
+} # for 5.005
+
+
+
+
+{
+   my $coder = JSON->new->max_size (5);
+   ok (!$coder->incr_parse ("[    "), "incsize1");
+   eval q{ !$coder->incr_parse ("]  ") }; ok ($@ =~ /6 bytes/, "incsize2 $@");
+}
+
+{
+   my $coder = JSON->new->max_depth (3);
+   ok (!$coder->incr_parse ("[[["), "incdepth1");
+   eval q{ !$coder->incr_parse (" [] ") }; ok ($@ =~ /maximum nesting/, "incdepth2 $@");
+}
+
+{
+   my $coder = JSON->new;
+
+   my $res = eval { $coder->incr_parse("]") };
+   my $e = $@; # test more clobbers $@, we need it twice
+
+   ok(!$res, "unbalanced bracket" );
+   ok($e, "got error");
+   like( $e, qr/malformed/, "malformed json string error" );
+
+   $coder->incr_skip;
+
+   is_deeply(eval { $coder->incr_parse("[42]") }, [42], "valid data after incr_skip");
+}
+
diff --git a/t/20_unknown.t b/t/20_unknown.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..921acae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/20_unknown.t
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+use strict;
+
+use Test::More;
+BEGIN { plan tests => 10 };
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+
+use strict;
+use JSON;
+
+my $json = JSON->new;
+
+eval q| $json->encode( [ sub {} ] ) |;
+ok( $@ =~ /encountered CODE/, $@ );
+
+eval q|  $json->encode( [ \-1 ] ) |;
+ok( $@ =~ /cannot encode reference to scalar/, $@ );
+
+eval q|  $json->encode( [ \undef ] ) |;
+ok( $@ =~ /cannot encode reference to scalar/, $@ );
+
+eval q|  $json->encode( [ \{} ] ) |;
+ok( $@ =~ /cannot encode reference to scalar/, $@ );
+
+$json->allow_unknown;
+
+is( $json->encode( [ sub {} ] ), '[null]' );
+is( $json->encode( [ \-1 ] ),    '[null]' );
+is( $json->encode( [ \undef ] ), '[null]' );
+is( $json->encode( [ \{} ] ),    '[null]' );
+
+
+SKIP: {
+
+    skip "this test is for Perl 5.8 or later", 2 if( $] < 5.008 );
+
+$json->allow_unknown(0);
+
+my $fh;
+open( $fh, '>hoge.txt' ) or die $!;
+
+eval q| $json->encode( [ $fh ] ) |;
+ok( $@ =~ /encountered GLOB|cannot encode reference to scalar/, $@ );
+
+$json->allow_unknown(1);
+
+is( $json->encode( [ $fh ] ),    '[null]' );
+
+close $fh;
+
+unlink('hoge.txt');
+
+}
diff --git a/t/21_evans_bugrep.t b/t/21_evans_bugrep.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..394bbaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/21_evans_bugrep.t
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+use strict;
+use Test::More;
+
+BEGIN { plan tests => 6 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+BEGIN {
+    use lib qw(t);
+    use _unicode_handling;
+}
+
+
+use JSON;
+
+
+my $data = ["\x{3042}\x{3044}\x{3046}\x{3048}\x{304a}",
+            "\x{304b}\x{304d}\x{304f}\x{3051}\x{3053}"];
+
+my $j = new JSON;
+my $js = $j->encode($data);
+$j = undef;
+
+my @parts = (substr($js, 0, int(length($js) / 2)),
+             substr($js, int(length($js) / 2)));
+$j = JSON->new;
+my $object = $j->incr_parse($parts[0]);
+
+ok( !defined $object );
+
+eval {
+    $j->incr_text;
+};
+
+like( $@, qr/incr_text can ?not be called when the incremental parser already started parsing/ );
+
+$object = $j->incr_parse($parts[1]);
+
+ok( defined $object );
+
+is( $object->[0], $data->[0] );
+is( $object->[1], $data->[1] );
+
+eval {
+    $j->incr_text;
+};
+
+ok( !$@ );
+
diff --git a/t/22_comment_at_eof.t b/t/22_comment_at_eof.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d18ac43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/22_comment_at_eof.t
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# the oritinal test case was provided by IKEGAMI@cpan.org
+
+use strict;
+
+use Test::More tests => 13;
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+use JSON;
+
+use Data::Dumper qw( Dumper );
+
+sub decoder {
+   my ($str) = @_;
+
+   my $json = JSON->new->relaxed;
+
+   $json->incr_parse($_[0]);
+
+   my $rv;
+   if (!eval { $rv = $json->incr_parse(); 1 }) {
+       $rv = "died with $@";
+   }
+
+   local $Data::Dumper::Useqq = 1;
+   local $Data::Dumper::Terse = 1;
+   local $Data::Dumper::Indent = 0;
+
+   return Dumper($rv);
+}
+
+
+is( decoder( "[]"        ), '[]', 'array baseline' );
+is( decoder( " []"       ), '[]', 'space ignored before array' );
+is( decoder( "\n[]"      ), '[]', 'newline ignored before array' );
+is( decoder( "# foo\n[]" ), '[]', 'comment ignored before array' );
+is( decoder( "# fo[o\n[]"), '[]', 'comment ignored before array' );
+is( decoder( "# fo]o\n[]"), '[]', 'comment ignored before array' );
+is( decoder( "[# fo]o\n]"), '[]', 'comment ignored inside array' );
+
+is( decoder( ""        ), 'undef', 'eof baseline' );
+is( decoder( " "       ), 'undef', 'space ignored before eof' );
+is( decoder( "\n"      ), 'undef', 'newline ignored before eof' );
+is( decoder( "#,foo\n" ), 'undef', 'comment ignored before eof' );
+is( decoder( "# []o\n" ), 'undef', 'comment ignored before eof' );
+
+is( decoder( qq/#\n[#foo\n"#\\n"#\n]/), '["#\n"]', 'array and string in multiple lines' );
diff --git a/t/99_binary.t b/t/99_binary.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..214ffc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/99_binary.t
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# copied over from JSON::XS and modified to use JSON
+
+use Test::More;
+use strict;
+BEGIN { plan tests => 2432 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+BEGIN {
+    use lib qw(t);
+    use _unicode_handling;
+}
+
+use JSON;
+
+SKIP: {
+    skip "UNICODE handling is disabale.", 2432 unless $JSON::can_handle_UTF16_and_utf8;
+
+sub test($) {
+   my $js;
+
+   $js = JSON->new->allow_nonref(0)->utf8->ascii->shrink->encode ([$_[0]]);
+   ok ($_[0] eq ((decode_json $js)->[0]));
+   $js = JSON->new->allow_nonref(0)->utf8->ascii->encode ([$_[0]]);
+   ok ($_[0] eq (JSON->new->utf8->shrink->decode($js))->[0]);
+
+   $js = JSON->new->allow_nonref(0)->utf8->shrink->encode ([$_[0]]);
+   ok ($_[0] eq ((decode_json $js)->[0]));
+   $js = JSON->new->allow_nonref(1)->utf8->encode ([$_[0]]);
+   ok ($_[0] eq (JSON->new->utf8->shrink->decode($js))->[0]);
+
+   $js = JSON->new->allow_nonref(1)->ascii->encode ([$_[0]]);
+   ok ($_[0] eq JSON->new->decode ($js)->[0]);
+   $js = JSON->new->allow_nonref(0)->ascii->encode ([$_[0]]);
+   ok ($_[0] eq JSON->new->shrink->decode ($js)->[0]);
+
+   $js = JSON->new->allow_nonref(1)->shrink->encode ([$_[0]]);
+   ok ($_[0] eq JSON->new->decode ($js)->[0]);
+   $js = JSON->new->allow_nonref(0)->encode ([$_[0]]);
+   ok ($_[0] eq JSON->new->shrink->decode ($js)->[0]);
+}
+
+srand 0; # doesn't help too much, but its at least more deterministic
+
+#for (1..768) {
+for (1..64, 125..129, 255..257, 512, 704, 736, 768) {
+   test join "", map chr ($_ & 255), 0..$_;
+   test join "", map chr rand 255, 0..$_;
+   test join "", map chr ($_ * 97 & ~0x4000), 0..$_;
+   test join "", map chr (rand (2**20) & ~0x800), 0..$_;
+}
+
+}
diff --git a/t/_unicode_handling.pm b/t/_unicode_handling.pm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..28e0861
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/_unicode_handling.pm
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#package utf8;
+package _unicode_handling;
+
+# this is a dummy pragma for 5.005.
+
+    if ($] < 5.006) {
+        $INC{'utf8.pm'} = './utf8.pm';
+
+        eval q|
+            sub utf8::import {  }
+            sub utf8::unimport {  }
+        |;
+
+        $JSON::can_handle_UTF16_and_utf8 = 0;
+    }
+    else {
+        $JSON::can_handle_UTF16_and_utf8 = 1;
+
+        if ($] > 5.007 and $] < 5.008003) {
+#            $JSON::can_handle_UTF16_and_utf8 = 0;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+
+
+
+1;
diff --git a/t/e00_func.t b/t/e00_func.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..56f091a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/e00_func.t
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+
+use Test::More;
+use strict;
+BEGIN { plan tests => 2 };
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+use JSON;
+#########################
+
+my $json = JSON->new;
+
+my $js = 'abc';
+
+
+is(to_json($js, {allow_nonref => 1}), '"abc"');
+
+is(from_json('"abc"', {allow_nonref => 1}), 'abc');
+
diff --git a/t/e01_property.t b/t/e01_property.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e13078
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/e01_property.t
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+
+use Test::More;
+use strict;
+
+BEGIN { plan tests => 90 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+BEGIN {
+    use lib qw(t);
+    use _unicode_handling;
+}
+
+use JSON;
+
+my @simples = 
+    qw/utf8 indent canonical space_before space_after allow_nonref shrink allow_blessed
+        convert_blessed relaxed
+     /;
+
+if ($JSON::can_handle_UTF16_and_utf8) {
+    unshift @simples, 'ascii';
+    unshift @simples, 'latin1';
+}
+
+SKIP: {
+    skip "UNICODE handling is disabale.", 14 unless $JSON::can_handle_UTF16_and_utf8;
+}
+
+my $json = new JSON;
+
+for my $name (@simples) {
+    my $method = 'get_' . $name;
+    ok(! $json->$method(), $method . ' default');
+    $json->$name();
+    ok($json->$method(), $method . ' set true');
+    $json->$name(0);
+    ok(! $json->$method(), $method . ' set false');
+    $json->$name();
+    ok($json->$method(), $method . ' set true again');
+}
+
+
+ok($json->get_max_depth == 512, 'get_max_depth default');
+$json->max_depth(7);
+ok($json->get_max_depth == 7, 'get_max_depth set 7 => 7');
+$json->max_depth();
+ok($json->get_max_depth != 0, 'get_max_depth no arg');
+
+
+ok($json->get_max_size == 0, 'get_max_size default');
+$json->max_size(7);
+ok($json->get_max_size == 7, 'get_max_size set 7 => 7');
+$json->max_size();
+ok($json->get_max_size == 0, 'get_max_size no arg');
+
+
+for my $name (@simples) {
+    $json->$name();
+    ok($json->property($name), $name);
+    $json->$name(0);
+    ok(! $json->property($name), $name);
+    $json->$name();
+    ok($json->property($name), $name);
+}
+
+
diff --git a/t/e02_bool.t b/t/e02_bool.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..06e8dd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/e02_bool.t
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+use strict;
+
+use Test::More;
+use strict;
+
+BEGIN { plan tests => 8 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+use JSON;
+
+my $json = new JSON;
+
+diag $json->backend->isa('JSON::PP');
+my $not_not_a_number_is_a_number = (
+  $json->backend->isa('Cpanel::JSON::XS') ||
+  ($json->backend->isa('JSON::PP') && ($JSON::PP::Boolean::VERSION || $JSON::backportPP::Boolean::VERSION))
+) ? 1 : 0;
+
+is($json->encode([!1]),   '[""]');
+if ($not_not_a_number_is_a_number) {
+is($json->encode([!!2]), '[1]');
+} else {
+is($json->encode([!!2]), '["1"]');
+}
+
+is($json->encode([ 'a' eq 'b'  ]), '[""]');
+if ($not_not_a_number_is_a_number) {
+is($json->encode([ 'a' eq 'a'  ]), '[1]');
+} else {
+is($json->encode([ 'a' eq 'a'  ]), '["1"]');
+}
+
+is($json->encode([ ('a' eq 'b') + 1  ]), '[1]');
+is($json->encode([ ('a' eq 'a') + 1  ]), '[2]');
+
+# discard overload hack for JSON::XS 3.0 boolean class
+#ok(JSON::true eq 'true');
+#ok(JSON::true eq  '1');
+ok(JSON::true == 1);
+isa_ok(JSON::true, 'JSON::PP::Boolean');
+#isa_ok(JSON::true, 'JSON::Boolean');
+
+
+
diff --git a/t/e03_bool2.t b/t/e03_bool2.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..23ffc72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/e03_bool2.t
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+use Test::More;
+
+BEGIN { plan tests => 16 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+use JSON;
+
+is(to_json([JSON::true]),  q|[true]|);
+is(to_json([JSON::false]), q|[false]|);
+is(to_json([JSON::null]),  q|[null]|);
+
+my $jsontext = q|[true,false,null]|;
+my $obj      = from_json($jsontext);
+#push @JSON::backportPP::Boolean::ISA, 'JSON::Boolean';
+isa_ok($obj->[0], 'JSON::PP::Boolean');
+isa_ok($obj->[1], 'JSON::PP::Boolean');
+ok(!defined $obj->[2], 'null is undef');
+
+ok($obj->[0] == 1);
+ok($obj->[0] != 0);
+ok($obj->[1] == 0);
+ok($obj->[1] != 1);
+# discard overload hack for JSON::XS 3.0 boolean class
+#ok($obj->[0] eq 'true', 'eq true');
+#ok($obj->[0] ne 'false', 'ne false');
+#ok($obj->[1] eq 'false', 'eq false');
+#ok($obj->[1] ne 'true', 'ne true');
+
+ok($obj->[0] eq $obj->[0]);
+ok($obj->[0] ne $obj->[1]);
+
+#ok(JSON::true  eq 'true');
+#ok(JSON::true  ne 'false');
+#ok(JSON::true  ne 'null');
+#ok(JSON::false eq 'false');
+#ok(JSON::false ne 'true');
+#ok(JSON::false ne 'null');
+ok(!defined JSON::null);
+
+is(from_json('[true]' )->[0], JSON::true);
+is(from_json('[false]')->[0], JSON::false);
+is(from_json('[null]' )->[0],  JSON::null);
+
diff --git a/t/e11_conv_blessed_univ.t b/t/e11_conv_blessed_univ.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e338f6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/e11_conv_blessed_univ.t
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+
+use strict;
+use Test::More;
+BEGIN { plan tests => 7 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+use JSON -convert_blessed_universally;
+
+ok( !MyTest->can('TO_JSON') );
+ok( MyTest2->can('TO_JSON') );
+
+my $obj  = MyTest->new( [ 1, 2, {foo => 'bar'} ] );
+
+$obj->[3] = MyTest2->new( { a => 'b' } );
+
+my $json = JSON->new->allow_blessed->convert_blessed;
+
+is( $json->encode( $obj ), '[1,2,{"foo":"bar"},"hoge"]'  );
+
+$json->convert_blessed(0);
+
+is( $json->encode( $obj ), 'null' );
+
+$json->allow_blessed(0)->convert_blessed(1);
+
+is( $json->encode( $obj ), '[1,2,{"foo":"bar"},"hoge"]'  );
+
+SKIP: {
+    skip "only works with 5.18+", 1 if $] < 5.018;
+    ok( !MyTest->can('TO_JSON') );
+}
+ok( MyTest2->can('TO_JSON') );
+
+package MyTest;
+
+sub new {
+    bless $_[1], $_[0];
+}
+
+
+
+package MyTest2;
+
+sub new {
+    bless $_[1], $_[0];
+}
+
+sub TO_JSON {
+    "hoge";
+}
+
diff --git a/t/e90_misc.t b/t/e90_misc.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..69b635a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/e90_misc.t
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+use strict;
+use Test::More tests => 4;
+
+BEGIN {
+    $ENV{ PERL_JSON_BACKEND } ||= 'JSON::backportPP';
+}
+
+use JSON;
+
+# reported by https://rt.cpan.org/Public/Bug/Display.html?id=68359
+
+eval { JSON->to_json( 5, { allow_nonref => 1 } ) };
+ok($@);
+
+is( q{"5"}, JSON::to_json( "5", { allow_nonref => 1 } ) );
+is( q{5},  JSON::to_json( 5, { allow_nonref => 1 } ) );
+is( q{"JSON"}, JSON::to_json( 'JSON', { allow_nonref => 1 } ) );
diff --git a/t/gh_28_json_test_suite.t b/t/gh_28_json_test_suite.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a8f7401
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/gh_28_json_test_suite.t
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+# the following test cases are taken from JSONTestSuite
+# by Nicolas Seriot (https://github.com/nst/JSONTestSuite)
+
+use strict;
+use Test::More;
+
+BEGIN { plan skip_all => 'this test is for Perl 5.8 or later' if $] < 5.008; }
+
+BEGIN { plan tests => 20 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} = "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+use JSON;
+
+my $DECODER = JSON->new->utf8->allow_nonref;
+
+# n_multidigit_number_then_00
+decode_should_fail(qq!123\x00!);
+
+# number_-01
+decode_should_fail(qq![-01]!);
+
+# number_neg_int_starting_with_zero
+decode_should_fail(qq![-012]!);
+
+# n_object_trailing_comment
+decode_should_fail(qq!{"a":"b"}/**/!);
+
+# n_object_trailing_comment_slash_open
+decode_should_fail(qq!{"a":"b"}//!);
+
+# n_structure_null-byte-outside-sting
+decode_should_fail(qq![\x00]!);
+
+# n_structure_object_with_comment
+decode_should_fail(qq!{"a":/*comment*/"b"}!);
+
+# n_structure_whitespace_formfeed
+decode_should_fail(qq![\0x0c]!);
+
+# y_string_utf16BE_no_BOM
+decode_should_pass(qq!\x00[\x00"\x00\xE9\x00"\x00]!);
+
+# y_string_utf16LE_no_BOM
+decode_should_pass(qq![\x00"\x00\xE9\x00"\x00]\x00!);
+
+sub decode_should_pass {
+    my $json = shift;
+    my $result = eval { $DECODER->decode($json); };
+    ok !$@, $@ || '';
+    ok defined $result;
+}
+
+sub decode_should_fail {
+    my $json = shift;
+    my $result = eval { $DECODER->decode($json); };
+    ok $@, $@ || '';
+    ok !defined $result;
+}
diff --git a/t/gh_29_trailing_false_value.t b/t/gh_29_trailing_false_value.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a42bb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/gh_29_trailing_false_value.t
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+use strict;
+use Test::More;
+
+BEGIN { plan tests => 1 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+use JSON;
+
+SKIP: { skip "requires $JSON::BackendModule 2.90 or newer", 1 if $JSON::BackendModulePP and eval $JSON::BackendModulePP->VERSION < 2.90;
+    eval { JSON->new->decode('{}0') };
+    ok $@;
+}
diff --git a/t/rt_116998_wrong_character_offset.t b/t/rt_116998_wrong_character_offset.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b9c0c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/rt_116998_wrong_character_offset.t
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+use strict;
+use Test::More;
+BEGIN { plan tests => 4 };
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+use JSON;
+
+SKIP: { skip "requires $JSON::BackendModule 2.90 or newer", 1 if $JSON::BackendModulePP and eval $JSON::BackendModulePP->VERSION < 2.90;
+eval { decode_json(qq({"foo":{"bar":42})) };
+like $@ => qr/offset 17/; # 16
+}
+
+eval { decode_json(qq(["foo",{"bar":42})) };
+like $@ => qr/offset 17/;
+
+SKIP: { skip "requires $JSON::BackendModule 2.90 or newer", 1 if $JSON::BackendModulePP and eval $JSON::BackendModulePP->VERSION < 2.90;
+eval { decode_json(qq(["foo",{"bar":42}"])) };
+like $@ => qr/offset 17/; # 18
+}
+
+eval { decode_json(qq({"foo":{"bar":42}"})) };
+like $@ => qr/offset 17/;
+
diff --git a/t/rt_90071_incr_parse.t b/t/rt_90071_incr_parse.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c45de15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/rt_90071_incr_parse.t
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+use strict;
+use Test::More;
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+use JSON;
+
+BEGIN { plan skip_all => "requires $JSON::BackendModule 2.90 or newer" if JSON->backend->is_pp and eval $JSON::BackendModule->VERSION < 2.90 }
+
+BEGIN { plan tests => 2 };
+
+my $json = JSON->new;
+my $kb = 'a' x 1024;
+my $hash = { map { $_ => $kb } (1..40) };
+my $data = join ( '', $json->encode($hash), $json->encode($hash) );
+my $size = length($data);
+# note "Total size: [$size]";
+my $offset = 0;
+while ($size) {
+    # note "Bytes left [$size]";
+    my $incr = substr($data, $offset, 4096);
+    my $bytes = length($incr);
+    $size -= $bytes;
+    $offset += $bytes;
+    if ($bytes) {
+        $json->incr_parse($incr);
+    }
+    while( my $obj = $json->incr_parse ) {
+        ok "Got JSON object";
+    }
+}
diff --git a/t/x00_load.t b/t/x00_load.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f325c70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/x00_load.t
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+
+use strict;
+use Test::More;
+BEGIN { plan tests => 1 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= 1; }
+
+use JSON;
+
+SKIP: {
+    skip "can't use JSON::XS.", 1, unless( JSON->backend->is_xs );
+    diag("load JSON::XS v." . JSON->backend->VERSION );
+    ok(1, "load JSON::XS v." . JSON->backend->VERSION );
+}
+
diff --git a/t/x02_error.t b/t/x02_error.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..336674d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/x02_error.t
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+use strict;
+use Test::More;
+BEGIN { plan tests => 31 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= 1; }
+
+local $^W;
+
+BEGIN {
+    use lib qw(t);
+    use _unicode_handling;
+}
+
+use utf8;
+use JSON;
+
+SKIP: {
+    skip "can't use JSON::XS.", 31, unless( JSON->backend->is_xs );
+
+eval { JSON->new->encode ([\-1]) }; ok $@ =~ /cannot encode reference/;
+eval { JSON->new->encode ([\undef]) }; ok $@ =~ /cannot encode reference/;
+eval { JSON->new->encode ([\2]) }; ok $@ =~ /cannot encode reference/;
+eval { JSON->new->encode ([\{}]) }; ok $@ =~ /cannot encode reference/;
+eval { JSON->new->encode ([\[]]) }; ok $@ =~ /cannot encode reference/;
+eval { JSON->new->encode ([\\1]) }; ok $@ =~ /cannot encode reference/;
+
+eval { JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->decode ('"\u1234\udc00"') }; ok $@ =~ /missing high /;
+eval { JSON->new->allow_nonref->decode ('"\ud800"') }; ok $@ =~ /missing low /;
+eval { JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->decode ('"\ud800\u1234"') }; ok $@ =~ /surrogate pair /;
+
+eval { JSON->new->decode ('null') }; ok $@ =~ /allow_nonref/;
+eval { JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->decode ('+0') }; ok $@ =~ /malformed/;
+eval { JSON->new->allow_nonref->decode ('.2') }; ok $@ =~ /malformed/;
+eval { JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->decode ('bare') }; ok $@ =~ /malformed/;
+eval { JSON->new->allow_nonref->decode ('naughty') }; ok $@ =~ /null/;
+eval { JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->decode ('01') }; ok $@ =~ /leading zero/;
+eval { JSON->new->allow_nonref->decode ('00') }; ok $@ =~ /leading zero/;
+eval { JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->decode ('-0.') }; ok $@ =~ /decimal point/;
+eval { JSON->new->allow_nonref->decode ('-0e') }; ok $@ =~ /exp sign/;
+eval { JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->decode ('-e+1') }; ok $@ =~ /initial minus/;
+eval { JSON->new->allow_nonref->decode ("\"\n\"") }; ok $@ =~ /invalid character/;
+eval { JSON->new->allow_nonref (1)->decode ("\"\x01\"") }; ok $@ =~ /invalid character/;
+eval { JSON->new->decode ('[5') }; ok $@ =~ /parsing array/;
+eval { JSON->new->decode ('{"5"') }; ok $@ =~ /':' expected/;
+eval { JSON->new->decode ('{"5":null') }; ok $@ =~ /parsing object/;
+
+eval { JSON->new->decode (undef) }; ok $@ =~ /malformed/;
+eval { JSON->new->decode (\5) }; ok !!$@; # Can't coerce readonly
+eval { JSON->new->decode ([]) }; ok $@ =~ /malformed/;
+eval { JSON->new->decode (\*STDERR) }; ok $@ =~ /malformed/;
+eval { JSON->new->decode (*STDERR) }; ok !!$@; # cannot coerce GLOB
+
+# differences between JSON::XS and JSON::PP
+
+eval { decode_json ("\"\xa0") }; ok $@ =~ /malformed.*character/;
+eval { decode_json ("\"\xa0\"") }; ok $@ =~ /malformed.*character/;
+
+#eval { decode_json ("\"\xa0") }; ok $@ =~ /JSON text must be an object or array/;
+#eval { decode_json ("\"\xa0\"") }; ok $@ =~ /JSON text must be an object or array/;
+
+}
diff --git a/t/x12_blessed.t b/t/x12_blessed.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..38edaf8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/x12_blessed.t
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+use strict;
+use Test::More;
+BEGIN { plan tests => 16 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= 1; }
+
+use JSON;
+
+SKIP: {
+    skip "can't use JSON::XS.", 16, unless( JSON->backend->is_xs );
+
+my $o1 = bless { a => 3 }, "XX";
+my $o2 = bless \(my $dummy = 1), "YY";
+
+sub XX::TO_JSON {
+   {'__',""}
+}
+
+my $js = JSON->new;
+
+eval { $js->encode ($o1) }; ok ($@ =~ /allow_blessed/);
+eval { $js->encode ($o2) }; ok ($@ =~ /allow_blessed/);
+$js->allow_blessed;
+ok ($js->encode ($o1) eq "null");
+ok ($js->encode ($o2) eq "null");
+$js->convert_blessed;
+ok ($js->encode ($o1) eq '{"__":""}');
+
+ok ($js->encode ($o2) eq "null");
+
+$js->filter_json_object (sub { 5 });
+$js->filter_json_single_key_object (a => sub { shift });
+$js->filter_json_single_key_object (b => sub { 7 });
+
+ok ("ARRAY" eq ref $js->decode ("[]"));
+ok (5 eq join ":", @{ $js->decode ('[{}]') });
+ok (6 eq join ":", @{ $js->decode ('[{"a":6}]') });
+ok (5 eq join ":", @{ $js->decode ('[{"a":4,"b":7}]') });
+
+$js->filter_json_object;
+ok (7 == $js->decode ('[{"a":4,"b":7}]')->[0]{b});
+ok (3 eq join ":", @{ $js->decode ('[{"a":3}]') });
+
+$js->filter_json_object (sub { });
+ok (7 == $js->decode ('[{"a":4,"b":7}]')->[0]{b});
+ok (9 eq join ":", @{ $js->decode ('[{"a":9}]') });
+
+$js->filter_json_single_key_object ("a");
+ok (4 == $js->decode ('[{"a":4}]')->[0]{a});
+
+$js->filter_json_single_key_object (a => sub {});
+ok (4 == $js->decode ('[{"a":4}]')->[0]{a});
+
+}
diff --git a/t/x16_tied.t b/t/x16_tied.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7da67fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/x16_tied.t
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+use strict;
+use Test::More;
+BEGIN { plan tests => 2 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= 1; }
+
+use JSON;
+use Tie::Hash;
+use Tie::Array;
+
+SKIP: {
+    skip "can't use JSON::XS.", 2, unless( JSON->backend->is_xs );
+
+my $js = JSON->new;
+
+tie my %h, 'Tie::StdHash';
+%h = (a => 1);
+
+ok ($js->encode (\%h) eq '{"a":1}');
+
+tie my @a, 'Tie::StdArray';
+@a = (1, 2);
+
+ok ($js->encode (\@a) eq '[1,2]');
+
+}
diff --git a/t/x17_strange_overload.t b/t/x17_strange_overload.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4405fc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/x17_strange_overload.t
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+use strict;
+use Test::More;
+BEGIN { plan tests => 2 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= 1; }
+
+SKIP: {
+    skip "for JSON::XS 3.x. cimpatible. Please see to Changes.", 2;
+
+    eval q{
+        use JSON::XS;
+        use JSON ();
+    };
+
+    skip "can't use JSON::XS.", 2, if $@;
+    skip "JSON::XS version < " . JSON->require_xs_version, 2
+            if JSON::XS->VERSION < JSON->require_xs_version;
+
+    is("" . JSON::XS::true(), 'true');
+    is("" . JSON::true(),     'true');
+}
+
diff --git a/t/xe04_escape_slash.t b/t/xe04_escape_slash.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eeeaad1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/xe04_escape_slash.t
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+use strict;
+use Test::More;
+BEGIN { plan tests => 3 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= 1; }
+
+use JSON -support_by_pp;
+
+SKIP: {
+    skip "can't use JSON::XS.", 3, unless( JSON->backend->is_xs );
+
+my $json = new JSON;
+
+
+is($json->escape_slash(0)->allow_nonref->encode("/"), '"/"');
+is($json->escape_slash(1)->allow_nonref->encode("/"), '"\/"');
+is($json->escape_slash(0)->allow_nonref->encode("/"), '"/"');
+
+
+}
+__END__
+
diff --git a/t/xe05_indent_length.t b/t/xe05_indent_length.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7493b28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/xe05_indent_length.t
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+use strict;
+use Test::More;
+BEGIN { plan tests => 7 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= 1; }
+
+use JSON -support_by_pp;
+
+SKIP: {
+    skip "can't use JSON::XS.", 7, unless( JSON->backend->is_xs );
+
+my $json = new JSON;
+
+
+is($json->indent_length(2)->encode([1,{foo => 'bar'}, "1", "/"]), qq|[1,{"foo":"bar"},"1","/"]|);
+
+is($json->indent->encode([1,{foo => 'bar'}, "1", "/"]), qq|[
+  1,
+  {
+    "foo":"bar"
+  },
+  "1",
+  "/"
+]
+|);
+
+
+is($json->escape_slash(1)->pretty->indent_length(2)->encode([1,{foo => 'bar'}, "1", "/"]), qq|[
+  1,
+  {
+    "foo" : "bar"
+  },
+  "1",
+  "\\/"
+]
+|);
+
+
+is($json->escape_slash(1)->pretty->indent_length(3)->encode([1,{foo => 'bar'}, "1", "/"]), qq|[
+   1,
+   {
+      "foo" : "bar"
+   },
+   "1",
+   "\\/"
+]
+|);
+
+is($json->escape_slash(1)->pretty->indent_length(15)->encode([1,{foo => 'bar'}, "1", "/"]), qq|[
+               1,
+               {
+                              "foo" : "bar"
+               },
+               "1",
+               "\\/"
+]
+|);
+
+
+is($json->indent_length(0)->encode([1,{foo => 'bar'}, "1", "/"]), qq|[
+1,
+{
+"foo" : "bar"
+},
+"1",
+"\\/"
+]
+|);
+
+is($json->indent(0)->space_before(0)->space_after(0)->escape_slash(0)
+        ->encode([1,{foo => 'bar'}, "1", "/"]), qq|[1,{"foo":"bar"},"1","/"]|);
+
+
+}
+
+
diff --git a/t/xe12_boolean.t b/t/xe12_boolean.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7ff789b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/xe12_boolean.t
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+
+use strict;
+use Test::More;
+
+BEGIN { plan tests => 4 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= 1; }
+
+use JSON -support_by_pp;
+
+BEGIN {
+    use lib qw(t);
+    use _unicode_handling;
+}
+
+
+SKIP: {
+    skip "can't use JSON::XS.", 4, unless( JSON->backend->is_xs );
+
+my $json = new JSON;
+my $bool = $json->allow_nonref->decode('true');
+
+# it's normal
+isa_ok( $bool, 'JSON::PP::Boolean' );
+is( $json->encode([ JSON::true ]), '[true]' );
+
+# make XS non support flag enable!
+$bool = $json->allow_singlequote->decode('true');
+
+isa_ok( $bool, 'JSON::PP::Boolean' );
+is( $json->encode([ JSON::true ]), '[true]' );
+
+}
+
+__END__
diff --git a/t/xe19_xs_and_suportbypp.t b/t/xe19_xs_and_suportbypp.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ab84785
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/xe19_xs_and_suportbypp.t
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# https://rt.cpan.org/Public/Bug/Display.html?id=52847
+
+use strict;
+use Test::More;
+
+BEGIN { plan tests => 2 };
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= 1; }
+
+use JSON -support_by_pp;
+
+SKIP: {
+    skip "can't use JSON::XS.", 2, unless( JSON->backend->is_xs );
+
+    my $json = JSON->new->allow_barekey;
+
+    for (1..2) {
+        is_deeply( test($json, q!{foo:"foo"}!   ), {foo=>'foo'} );
+        JSON->new->allow_singlequote(0);
+    }
+}
+
+
+sub test {
+    my ($coder, $str) = @_;
+    my $rv;
+    return $rv if eval { $rv = $coder->decode($str); 1 };
+    chomp( my $e = $@ );
+    return "died with \"$e\"";
+};
+
+
+
diff --git a/t/xe20_croak_message.t b/t/xe20_croak_message.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..88888ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/xe20_croak_message.t
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# https://rt.cpan.org/Public/Bug/Display.html?id=61708
+
+use strict;
+use Test::More;
+
+BEGIN { plan tests => 1 };
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= 1; }
+
+use JSON -support_by_pp;
+#use JSON; # currently it can't pass with -support_by_pp;
+
+
+SKIP: {
+    skip "can't use JSON::XS.", 1, unless( JSON->backend->is_xs );
+
+    my $json = JSON->new;
+
+    eval q{ $json->encode( undef ) };
+    like( $@, qr/line 1\./ );
+}
+
diff --git a/t/xe21_is_pp.t b/t/xe21_is_pp.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4106b94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/xe21_is_pp.t
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+use strict;
+use Test::More;
+
+BEGIN { plan tests => 5 };
+
+BEGIN {
+    $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= 1;
+}
+
+use JSON;
+
+my $json = JSON->new();
+
+ok( $json->backend, 'backend is ' . $json->backend );
+
+if ( $json->backend->is_xs ) {
+    ok (!JSON->is_pp(), 'JSON->is_pp()');
+    ok ( JSON->is_xs(), 'JSON->is_xs()');
+    ok (!$json->is_pp(), '$json->is_pp()');
+    ok ( $json->is_xs(), '$json->is_xs()');
+}
+else {
+    ok ( JSON->is_pp(), 'JSON->is_pp()');
+    ok (!JSON->is_xs(), 'JSON->is_xs()');
+    ok ( $json->is_pp(), '$json->is_pp()');
+    ok (!$json->is_xs(), '$json->is_xs()');
+}
+
diff --git a/t/zero-mojibake.t b/t/zero-mojibake.t
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72c48f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/zero-mojibake.t
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+use strict;
+use Test::More;
+BEGIN { plan tests => 1 };
+
+BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} ||= "JSON::backportPP"; }
+
+use JSON;
+
+my $json = JSON->new;
+
+my $input = q[
+{
+   "dynamic_config" : 0,
+   "x_contributors" : [
+      "大沢 和宏",
+      "Ævar Arnfjörð"
+   ]
+}
+];
+eval { $json->decode($input) };
+is $@, '', 'decodes 0 with mojibake without error';