NAME

    HTTP::Tiny - A small, simple, correct HTTP/1.1 client

VERSION

    version 0.074

SYNOPSIS

        use HTTP::Tiny;

        my $response = HTTP::Tiny->new->get('http://example.com/');

        die "Failed!\n" unless $response->{success};

        print "$response->{status} $response->{reason}\n";

        while (my ($k, $v) = each %{$response->{headers}}) {

            for (ref $v eq 'ARRAY' ? @$v : $v) {

                print "$k: $_\n";

            }

        }

        print $response->{content} if length $response->{content};

DESCRIPTION

    This is a very simple HTTP/1.1 client, designed for doing simple

    requests without the overhead of a large framework like LWP::UserAgent.

    It is more correct and more complete than HTTP::Lite. It supports

    proxies and redirection. It also correctly resumes after EINTR.

    If IO::Socket::IP 0.25 or later is installed, HTTP::Tiny will use it

    instead of IO::Socket::INET for transparent support for both IPv4 and

    IPv6.

    Cookie support requires HTTP::CookieJar or an equivalent class.

METHODS

  new

        $http = HTTP::Tiny->new( %attributes );

    This constructor returns a new HTTP::Tiny object. Valid attributes

    include:

    *   "agent" — A user-agent string (defaults to 'HTTP-Tiny/$VERSION'). If

        "agent" — ends in a space character, the default user-agent string

        is appended.

    *   "cookie_jar" — An instance of HTTP::CookieJar — or equivalent class

        that supports the "add" and "cookie_header" methods

    *   "default_headers" — A hashref of default headers to apply to

        requests

    *   "local_address" — The local IP address to bind to

    *   "keep_alive" — Whether to reuse the last connection (if for the same

        scheme, host and port) (defaults to 1)

    *   "max_redirect" — Maximum number of redirects allowed (defaults to 5)

    *   "max_size" — Maximum response size in bytes (only when not using a

        data callback). If defined, responses larger than this will return

        an exception.

    *   "http_proxy" — URL of a proxy server to use for HTTP connections

        (default is $ENV{http_proxy} — if set)

    *   "https_proxy" — URL of a proxy server to use for HTTPS connections

        (default is $ENV{https_proxy} — if set)

    *   "proxy" — URL of a generic proxy server for both HTTP and HTTPS

        connections (default is $ENV{all_proxy} — if set)

    *   "no_proxy" — List of domain suffixes that should not be proxied.

        Must be a comma-separated string or an array reference. (default is

        $ENV{no_proxy} —)

    *   "timeout" — Request timeout in seconds (default is 60) If a socket

        open, read or write takes longer than the timeout, an exception is

        thrown.

    *   "verify_SSL" — A boolean that indicates whether to validate the SSL

        certificate of an "https" — connection (default is false)

    *   "SSL_options" — A hashref of "SSL_*" — options to pass through to

        IO::Socket::SSL

    Passing an explicit "undef" for "proxy", "http_proxy" or "https_proxy"

    will prevent getting the corresponding proxies from the environment.

    Exceptions from "max_size", "timeout" or other errors will result in a

    pseudo-HTTP status code of 599 and a reason of "Internal Exception". The

    content field in the response will contain the text of the exception.

    The "keep_alive" parameter enables a persistent connection, but only to

    a single destination scheme, host and port. Also, if any

    connection-relevant attributes are modified, or if the process ID or

    thread ID change, the persistent connection will be dropped. If you want

    persistent connections across multiple destinations, use multiple

    HTTP::Tiny objects.

    See "SSL SUPPORT" for more on the "verify_SSL" and "SSL_options"

    attributes.

  get|head|put|post|delete

        $response = $http->get($url);

        $response = $http->get($url, \%options);

        $response = $http->head($url);

    These methods are shorthand for calling "request()" for the given

    method. The URL must have unsafe characters escaped and international

    domain names encoded. See "request()" for valid options and a

    description of the response.

    The "success" field of the response will be true if the status code is

    2XX.

  post_form

        $response = $http->post_form($url, $form_data);

        $response = $http->post_form($url, $form_data, \%options);

    This method executes a "POST" request and sends the key/value pairs from

    a form data hash or array reference to the given URL with a

    "content-type" of "application/x-www-form-urlencoded". If data is

    provided as an array reference, the order is preserved; if provided as a

    hash reference, the terms are sorted on key and value for consistency.

    See documentation for the "www_form_urlencode" method for details on the

    encoding.

    The URL must have unsafe characters escaped and international domain

    names encoded. See "request()" for valid options and a description of

    the response. Any "content-type" header or content in the options

    hashref will be ignored.

    The "success" field of the response will be true if the status code is

    2XX.

  mirror

        $response = $http->mirror($url, $file, \%options)

        if ( $response->{success} ) {

            print "$file is up to date\n";

        }

    Executes a "GET" request for the URL and saves the response body to the

    file name provided. The URL must have unsafe characters escaped and

    international domain names encoded. If the file already exists, the

    request will include an "If-Modified-Since" header with the modification

    timestamp of the file. You may specify a different "If-Modified-Since"

    header yourself in the "$options->{headers}" hash.

    The "success" field of the response will be true if the status code is

    2XX or if the status code is 304 (unmodified).

    If the file was modified and the server response includes a properly

    formatted "Last-Modified" header, the file modification time will be

    updated accordingly.

  request

        $response = $http->request($method, $url);

        $response = $http->request($method, $url, \%options);

    Executes an HTTP request of the given method type ('GET', 'HEAD',

    'POST', 'PUT', etc.) on the given URL. The URL must have unsafe

    characters escaped and international domain names encoded.

    NOTE: Method names are case-sensitive per the HTTP/1.1 specification.

    Don't use "get" when you really want "GET". See LIMITATIONS for how this

    applies to redirection.

    If the URL includes a "user:password" stanza, they will be used for

    Basic-style authorization headers. (Authorization headers will not be

    included in a redirected request.) For example:

        $http->request('GET', 'http://Aladdin:open sesame@example.com/');

    If the "user:password" stanza contains reserved characters, they must be

    percent-escaped:

        $http->request('GET', 'http://john%40example.com:password@example.com/');

    A hashref of options may be appended to modify the request.

    Valid options are:

    *   "headers" — A hashref containing headers to include with the

        request. If the value for a header is an array reference, the header

        will be output multiple times with each value in the array. These

        headers over-write any default headers.

    *   "content" — A scalar to include as the body of the request OR a code

        reference that will be called iteratively to produce the body of the

        request

    *   "trailer_callback" — A code reference that will be called if it

        exists to provide a hashref of trailing headers (only used with

        chunked transfer-encoding)

    *   "data_callback" — A code reference that will be called for each

        chunks of the response body received.

    *   "peer" — Override host resolution and force all connections to go

        only to a specific peer address, regardless of the URL of the

        request. This will include any redirections! This options should be

        used with extreme caution (e.g. debugging or very special

        circumstances).

    The "Host" header is generated from the URL in accordance with RFC 2616.

    It is a fatal error to specify "Host" in the "headers" option. Other

    headers may be ignored or overwritten if necessary for transport

    compliance.

    If the "content" option is a code reference, it will be called

    iteratively to provide the content body of the request. It should return

    the empty string or undef when the iterator is exhausted.

    If the "content" option is the empty string, no "content-type" or

    "content-length" headers will be generated.

    If the "data_callback" option is provided, it will be called iteratively

    until the entire response body is received. The first argument will be a

    string containing a chunk of the response body, the second argument will

    be the in-progress response hash reference, as described below. (This

    allows customizing the action of the callback based on the "status" or

    "headers" received prior to the content body.)

    The "request" method returns a hashref containing the response. The

    hashref will have the following keys:

    *   "success" — Boolean indicating whether the operation returned a 2XX

        status code

    *   "url" — URL that provided the response. This is the URL of the

        request unless there were redirections, in which case it is the last

        URL queried in a redirection chain

    *   "status" — The HTTP status code of the response

    *   "reason" — The response phrase returned by the server

    *   "content" — The body of the response. If the response does not have

        any content or if a data callback is provided to consume the

        response body, this will be the empty string

    *   "headers" — A hashref of header fields. All header field names will

        be normalized to be lower case. If a header is repeated, the value

        will be an arrayref; it will otherwise be a scalar string containing

        the value

    *   "protocol" - If this field exists, it is the protocol of the

        response such as HTTP/1.0 or HTTP/1.1

    *   "redirects" If this field exists, it is an arrayref of response hash

        references from redirects in the same order that redirections

        occurred. If it does not exist, then no redirections occurred.

    On an exception during the execution of the request, the "status" field

    will contain 599, and the "content" field will contain the text of the

    exception.

  www_form_urlencode

        $params = $http->www_form_urlencode( $data );

        $response = $http->get("http://example.com/query?$params");

    This method converts the key/value pairs from a data hash or array

    reference into a "x-www-form-urlencoded" string. The keys and values

    from the data reference will be UTF-8 encoded and escaped per RFC 3986.

    If a value is an array reference, the key will be repeated with each of

    the values of the array reference. If data is provided as a hash

    reference, the key/value pairs in the resulting string will be sorted by

    key and value for consistent ordering.

  can_ssl

        $ok         = HTTP::Tiny->can_ssl;

        ($ok, $why) = HTTP::Tiny->can_ssl;

        ($ok, $why) = $http->can_ssl;

    Indicates if SSL support is available. When called as a class object, it

    checks for the correct version of Net::SSLeay and IO::Socket::SSL. When

    called as an object methods, if "SSL_verify" is true or if

    "SSL_verify_mode" is set in "SSL_options", it checks that a CA file is

    available.

    In scalar context, returns a boolean indicating if SSL is available. In

    list context, returns the boolean and a (possibly multi-line) string of

    errors indicating why SSL isn't available.

  connected

        $host = $http->connected;

        ($host, $port) = $http->connected;

    Indicates if a connection to a peer is being kept alive, per the

    "keep_alive" option.

    In scalar context, returns the peer host and port, joined with a colon,

    or "undef" (if no peer is connected). In list context, returns the peer

    host and port or an empty list (if no peer is connected).

    Note: This method cannot reliably be used to discover whether the remote

    host has closed its end of the socket.

SSL SUPPORT

    Direct "https" connections are supported only if IO::Socket::SSL 1.56 or

    greater and Net::SSLeay 1.49 or greater are installed. An exception will

    be thrown if new enough versions of these modules are not installed or

    if the SSL encryption fails. You can also use "HTTP::Tiny::can_ssl()"

    utility function that returns boolean to see if the required modules are

    installed.

    An "https" connection may be made via an "http" proxy that supports the

    CONNECT command (i.e. RFC 2817). You may not proxy "https" via a proxy

    that itself requires "https" to communicate.

    SSL provides two distinct capabilities:

    *   Encrypted communication channel

    *   Verification of server identity

    By default, HTTP::Tiny does not verify server identity.

    Server identity verification is controversial and potentially tricky

    because it depends on a (usually paid) third-party Certificate Authority

    (CA) trust model to validate a certificate as legitimate. This

    discriminates against servers with self-signed certificates or

    certificates signed by free, community-driven CA's such as CAcert.org

    <http://cacert.org>.

    By default, HTTP::Tiny does not make any assumptions about your trust

    model, threat level or risk tolerance. It just aims to give you an

    encrypted channel when you need one.

    Setting the "verify_SSL" attribute to a true value will make HTTP::Tiny

    verify that an SSL connection has a valid SSL certificate corresponding

    to the host name of the connection and that the SSL certificate has been

    verified by a CA. Assuming you trust the CA, this will protect against a

    man-in-the-middle attack

    <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack>. If you are

    concerned about security, you should enable this option.

    Certificate verification requires a file containing trusted CA

    certificates.

    If the environment variable "SSL_CERT_FILE" is present, HTTP::Tiny will

    try to find a CA certificate file in that location.

    If the Mozilla::CA module is installed, HTTP::Tiny will use the CA file

    included with it as a source of trusted CA's. (This means you trust

    Mozilla, the author of Mozilla::CA, the CPAN mirror where you got

    Mozilla::CA, the toolchain used to install it, and your operating system

    security, right?)

    If that module is not available, then HTTP::Tiny will search several

    system-specific default locations for a CA certificate file:

    *   /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt

    *   /etc/pki/tls/certs/ca-bundle.crt

    *   /etc/ssl/ca-bundle.pem

    An exception will be raised if "verify_SSL" is true and no CA

    certificate file is available.

    If you desire complete control over SSL connections, the "SSL_options"

    attribute lets you provide a hash reference that will be passed through

    to "IO::Socket::SSL::start_SSL()", overriding any options set by

    HTTP::Tiny. For example, to provide your own trusted CA file:

        SSL_options => {

            SSL_ca_file => $file_path,

        }

    The "SSL_options" attribute could also be used for such things as

    providing a client certificate for authentication to a server or

    controlling the choice of cipher used for the SSL connection. See

    IO::Socket::SSL documentation for details.

PROXY SUPPORT

    HTTP::Tiny can proxy both "http" and "https" requests. Only Basic proxy

    authorization is supported and it must be provided as part of the proxy

    URL: "http://user:pass@proxy.example.com/".

    HTTP::Tiny supports the following proxy environment variables:

    *   http_proxy or HTTP_PROXY

    *   https_proxy or HTTPS_PROXY

    *   all_proxy or ALL_PROXY

    If the "REQUEST_METHOD" environment variable is set, then this might be

    a CGI process and "HTTP_PROXY" would be set from the "Proxy:" header,

    which is a security risk. If "REQUEST_METHOD" is set, "HTTP_PROXY" (the

    upper case variant only) is ignored.

    Tunnelling "https" over an "http" proxy using the CONNECT method is

    supported. If your proxy uses "https" itself, you can not tunnel "https"

    over it.

    Be warned that proxying an "https" connection opens you to the risk of a

    man-in-the-middle attack by the proxy server.

    The "no_proxy" environment variable is supported in the format of a

    comma-separated list of domain extensions proxy should not be used for.

    Proxy arguments passed to "new" will override their corresponding

    environment variables.

LIMITATIONS

    HTTP::Tiny is *conditionally compliant* with the HTTP/1.1 specifications

    <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/>:

    *   "Message Syntax and Routing" [RFC7230]

    *   "Semantics and Content" [RFC7231]

    *   "Conditional Requests" [RFC7232]

    *   "Range Requests" [RFC7233]

    *   "Caching" [RFC7234]

    *   "Authentication" [RFC7235]

    It attempts to meet all "MUST" requirements of the specification, but

    does not implement all "SHOULD" requirements. (Note: it was developed

    against the earlier RFC 2616 specification and may not yet meet the

    revised RFC 7230-7235 spec.)

    Some particular limitations of note include:

    *   HTTP::Tiny focuses on correct transport. Users are responsible for

        ensuring that user-defined headers and content are compliant with

        the HTTP/1.1 specification.

    *   Users must ensure that URLs are properly escaped for unsafe

        characters and that international domain names are properly encoded

        to ASCII. See URI::Escape, URI::_punycode and Net::IDN::Encode.

    *   Redirection is very strict against the specification. Redirection is

        only automatic for response codes 301, 302, 307 and 308 if the

        request method is 'GET' or 'HEAD'. Response code 303 is always

        converted into a 'GET' redirection, as mandated by the

        specification. There is no automatic support for status 305 ("Use

        proxy") redirections.

    *   There is no provision for delaying a request body using an "Expect"

        header. Unexpected "1XX" responses are silently ignored as per the

        specification.

    *   Only 'chunked' "Transfer-Encoding" is supported.

    *   There is no support for a Request-URI of '*' for the 'OPTIONS'

        request.

    *   Headers mentioned in the RFCs and some other, well-known headers are

        generated with their canonical case. Other headers are sent in the

        case provided by the user. Except for control headers (which are

        sent first), headers are sent in arbitrary order.

    Despite the limitations listed above, HTTP::Tiny is considered

    feature-complete. New feature requests should be directed to

    HTTP::Tiny::UA.

SEE ALSO

    *   HTTP::Tiny::UA - Higher level UA features for HTTP::Tiny

    *   HTTP::Thin - HTTP::Tiny wrapper with HTTP::Request/HTTP::Response

        compatibility

    *   HTTP::Tiny::Mech - Wrap WWW::Mechanize instance in HTTP::Tiny

        compatible interface

    *   IO::Socket::IP - Required for IPv6 support

    *   IO::Socket::SSL - Required for SSL support

    *   LWP::UserAgent - If HTTP::Tiny isn't enough for you, this is the

        "standard" way to do things

    *   Mozilla::CA - Required if you want to validate SSL certificates

    *   Net::SSLeay - Required for SSL support

SUPPORT

  Bugs / Feature Requests

    Please report any bugs or feature requests through the issue tracker at

    <https://github.com/chansen/p5-http-tiny/issues>. You will be notified

    automatically of any progress on your issue.

  Source Code

    This is open source software. The code repository is available for

    public review and contribution under the terms of the license.

    <https://github.com/chansen/p5-http-tiny>

      git clone https://github.com/chansen/p5-http-tiny.git

AUTHORS

    *   Christian Hansen <chansen@cpan.org>

    *   David Golden <dagolden@cpan.org>

CONTRIBUTORS

    *   Alan Gardner <gardner@pythian.com>

    *   Alessandro Ghedini <al3xbio@gmail.com>

    *   A. Sinan Unur <nanis@cpan.org>

    *   Brad Gilbert <bgills@cpan.org>

    *   brian m. carlson <sandals@crustytoothpaste.net>

    *   Chris Nehren <apeiron@cpan.org>

    *   Chris Weyl <cweyl@alumni.drew.edu>

    *   Claes Jakobsson <claes@surfar.nu>

    *   Clinton Gormley <clint@traveljury.com>

    *   Craig A. Berry <craigberry@mac.com>

    *   Craig Berry <cberry@cpan.org>

    *   David Golden <xdg@xdg.me>

    *   David Mitchell <davem@iabyn.com>

    *   Dean Pearce <pearce@pythian.com>

    *   Edward Zborowski <ed@rubensteintech.com>

    *   James Raspass <jraspass@gmail.com>

    *   Jeremy Mates <jmates@cpan.org>

    *   Jess Robinson <castaway@desert-island.me.uk>

    *   Karen Etheridge <ether@cpan.org>

    *   Lukas Eklund <leklund@gmail.com>

    *   Martin J. Evans <mjegh@ntlworld.com>

    *   Martin-Louis Bright <mlbright@gmail.com>

    *   Mike Doherty <doherty@cpan.org>

    *   Nicolas Rochelemagne <rochelemagne@cpanel.net>

    *   Olaf Alders <olaf@wundersolutions.com>

    *   Olivier Mengué <dolmen@cpan.org>

    *   Petr Písař <ppisar@redhat.com>

    *   Serguei Trouchelle <stro@cpan.org>

    *   Shoichi Kaji <skaji@cpan.org>

    *   SkyMarshal <skymarshal1729@gmail.com>

    *   Sören Kornetzki <soeren.kornetzki@delti.com>

    *   Steve Grazzini <steve.grazzini@grantstreet.com>

    *   Syohei YOSHIDA <syohex@gmail.com>

    *   Tatsuhiko Miyagawa <miyagawa@bulknews.net>

    *   Tom Hukins <tom@eborcom.com>

    *   Tony Cook <tony@develop-help.com>

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

    This software is copyright (c) 2018 by Christian Hansen.

    This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under

    the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself.