=pod

=head1 NAME

LHASH, DECLARE_LHASH_OF,

OPENSSL_LH_COMPFUNC, OPENSSL_LH_HASHFUNC, OPENSSL_LH_DOALL_FUNC,

LHASH_DOALL_ARG_FN_TYPE,

IMPLEMENT_LHASH_HASH_FN, IMPLEMENT_LHASH_COMP_FN,

lh_TYPE_new, lh_TYPE_free,

lh_TYPE_insert, lh_TYPE_delete, lh_TYPE_retrieve,

lh_TYPE_doall, lh_TYPE_doall_arg, lh_TYPE_error - dynamic hash table

=head1 SYNOPSIS

=for comment generic

 #include <openssl/lhash.h>

 DECLARE_LHASH_OF(TYPE);

 LHASH *lh_TYPE_new(OPENSSL_LH_HASHFUNC hash, OPENSSL_LH_COMPFUNC compare);

 void lh_TYPE_free(LHASH_OF(TYPE) *table);

 TYPE *lh_TYPE_insert(LHASH_OF(TYPE) *table, TYPE *data);

 TYPE *lh_TYPE_delete(LHASH_OF(TYPE) *table, TYPE *data);

 TYPE *lh_retrieve(LHASH_OF(TYPE) *table, TYPE *data);

 void lh_TYPE_doall(LHASH_OF(TYPE) *table, OPENSSL_LH_DOALL_FUNC func);

 void lh_TYPE_doall_arg(LHASH_OF(TYPE) *table, OPENSSL_LH_DOALL_FUNCARG func,

                        TYPE *arg);

 int lh_TYPE_error(LHASH_OF(TYPE) *table);

 typedef int (*OPENSSL_LH_COMPFUNC)(const void *, const void *);

 typedef unsigned long (*OPENSSL_LH_HASHFUNC)(const void *);

 typedef void (*OPENSSL_LH_DOALL_FUNC)(const void *);

 typedef void (*LHASH_DOALL_ARG_FN_TYPE)(const void *, const void *);

=head1 DESCRIPTION

This library implements type-checked dynamic hash tables. The hash

table entries can be arbitrary structures. Usually they consist of key

and value fields.  In the description here, I<TYPE> is used a placeholder

for any of the OpenSSL datatypes, such as I<SSL_SESSION>.

lh_TYPE_new() creates a new B<LHASH_OF(TYPE)> structure to store

arbitrary data entries, and specifies the 'hash' and 'compare'

callbacks to be used in organising the table's entries.  The B<hash>

callback takes a pointer to a table entry as its argument and returns

an unsigned long hash value for its key field.  The hash value is

normally truncated to a power of 2, so make sure that your hash

function returns well mixed low order bits.  The B<compare> callback

takes two arguments (pointers to two hash table entries), and returns

0 if their keys are equal, non-zero otherwise.

If your hash table

will contain items of some particular type and the B<hash> and

B<compare> callbacks hash/compare these types, then the

B<IMPLEMENT_LHASH_HASH_FN> and B<IMPLEMENT_LHASH_COMP_FN> macros can be

used to create callback wrappers of the prototypes required by

lh_TYPE_new() as shown in this example:

 /*

  * Implement the hash and compare functions; "stuff" can be any word.

  */

 static unsigned long stuff_hash(const TYPE *a)

 {

     ...

 }

 static int stuff_cmp(const TYPE *a, const TYPE *b)

 {

     ...

 }

 /*

  * Implement the wrapper functions.

  */

 static IMPLEMENT_LHASH_HASH_FN(stuff, TYPE)

 static IMPLEMENT_LHASH_COMP_FN(stuff, TYPE)

If the type is going to be used in several places, the following macros

can be used in a common header file to declare the function wrappers:

 DECLARE_LHASH_HASH_FN(stuff, TYPE)

 DECLARE_LHASH_COMP_FN(stuff, TYPE)

Then a hash table of TYPE objects can be created using this:

 LHASH_OF(TYPE) *htable;

 htable = lh_TYPE_new(LHASH_HASH_FN(stuff), LHASH_COMP_FN(stuff));

lh_TYPE_free() frees the B<LHASH_OF(TYPE)> structure

B. Allocated hash table entries will not be freed; consider

using lh_TYPE_doall() to deallocate any remaining entries in the

hash table (see below).

lh_TYPE_insert() inserts the structure pointed to by B<data> into

B.  If there already is an entry with the same key, the old

value is replaced. Note that lh_TYPE_insert() stores pointers, the

data are not copied.

lh_TYPE_delete() deletes an entry from B.

lh_TYPE_retrieve() looks up an entry in B. Normally, B<data>

is a structure with the key field(s) set; the function will return a

pointer to a fully populated structure.

lh_TYPE_doall() will, for every entry in the hash table, call

B<func> with the data item as its parameter.

For example:

 /* Cleans up resources belonging to 'a' (this is implemented elsewhere) */

 void TYPE_cleanup_doall(TYPE *a);

 /* Implement a prototype-compatible wrapper for "TYPE_cleanup" */

 IMPLEMENT_LHASH_DOALL_FN(TYPE_cleanup, TYPE)

 /* Call "TYPE_cleanup" against all items in a hash table. */

 lh_TYPE_doall(hashtable, LHASH_DOALL_FN(TYPE_cleanup));

 /* Then the hash table itself can be deallocated */

 lh_TYPE_free(hashtable);

When doing this, be careful if you delete entries from the hash table

in your callbacks: the table may decrease in size, moving the item

that you are currently on down lower in the hash table - this could

cause some entries to be skipped during the iteration.  The second

best solution to this problem is to set hash-E<gt>down_load=0 before

you start (which will stop the hash table ever decreasing in size).

The best solution is probably to avoid deleting items from the hash

table inside a "doall" callback!

lh_TYPE_doall_arg() is the same as lh_TYPE_doall() except that

B<func> will be called with B<arg> as the second argument and B<func>

should be of type B<LHASH_DOALL_ARG_FN_TYPE> (a callback prototype

that is passed both the table entry and an extra argument).  As with

lh_doall(), you can instead choose to declare your callback with a

prototype matching the types you are dealing with and use the

declare/implement macros to create compatible wrappers that cast

variables before calling your type-specific callbacks.  An example of

this is demonstrated here (printing all hash table entries to a BIO

that is provided by the caller):

 /* Prints item 'a' to 'output_bio' (this is implemented elsewhere) */

 void TYPE_print_doall_arg(const TYPE *a, BIO *output_bio);

 /* Implement a prototype-compatible wrapper for "TYPE_print" */

 static IMPLEMENT_LHASH_DOALL_ARG_FN(TYPE, const TYPE, BIO)

 /* Print out the entire hashtable to a particular BIO */

 lh_TYPE_doall_arg(hashtable, LHASH_DOALL_ARG_FN(TYPE_print), BIO,

                   logging_bio);

lh_TYPE_error() can be used to determine if an error occurred in the last

operation.

=head1 RETURN VALUES

lh_TYPE_new() returns B<NULL> on error, otherwise a pointer to the new

B<LHASH> structure.

When a hash table entry is replaced, lh_TYPE_insert() returns the value

being replaced. B<NULL> is returned on normal operation and on error.

lh_TYPE_delete() returns the entry being deleted.  B<NULL> is returned if

there is no such value in the hash table.

lh_TYPE_retrieve() returns the hash table entry if it has been found,

B<NULL> otherwise.

lh_TYPE_error() returns 1 if an error occurred in the last operation, 0

otherwise. It's meaningful only after non-retrieve operations.

lh_TYPE_free(), lh_TYPE_doall() and lh_TYPE_doall_arg() return no values.

=head1 NOTE

The LHASH code is not thread safe. All updating operations, as well as

lh_TYPE_error call must be performed under a write lock. All retrieve

operations should be performed under a read lock, I<unless> accurate

usage statistics are desired. In which case, a write lock should be used

for retrieve operations as well. For output of the usage statistics,

using the functions from L<OPENSSL_LH_stats(3)>, a read lock suffices.

The LHASH code regards table entries as constant data.  As such, it

internally represents lh_insert()'d items with a "const void *"

pointer type.  This is why callbacks such as those used by lh_doall()

and lh_doall_arg() declare their prototypes with "const", even for the

parameters that pass back the table items' data pointers - for

consistency, user-provided data is "const" at all times as far as the

LHASH code is concerned.  However, as callers are themselves providing

these pointers, they can choose whether they too should be treating

all such parameters as constant.

As an example, a hash table may be maintained by code that, for

reasons of encapsulation, has only "const" access to the data being

indexed in the hash table (ie. it is returned as "const" from

elsewhere in their code) - in this case the LHASH prototypes are

appropriate as-is.  Conversely, if the caller is responsible for the

life-time of the data in question, then they may well wish to make

modifications to table item passed back in the lh_doall() or

lh_doall_arg() callbacks (see the "TYPE_cleanup" example above).  If

so, the caller can either cast the "const" away (if they're providing

the raw callbacks themselves) or use the macros to declare/implement

the wrapper functions without "const" types.

Callers that only have "const" access to data they're indexing in a

table, yet declare callbacks without constant types (or cast the

"const" away themselves), are therefore creating their own risks/bugs

without being encouraged to do so by the API.  On a related note,

those auditing code should pay special attention to any instances of

DECLARE/IMPLEMENT_LHASH_DOALL_[ARG_]_FN macros that provide types

without any "const" qualifiers.

=head1 BUGS

lh_TYPE_insert() returns B<NULL> both for success and error.

=head1 SEE ALSO

L<OPENSSL_LH_stats(3)>

=head1 HISTORY

In OpenSSL 1.0.0, the lhash interface was revamped for better

type checking.

=head1 COPYRIGHT

Copyright 2000-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.

Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use

this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy

in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at

L<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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