/* tests/test_pytypes.cpp -- Python type casters Copyright (c) 2017 Wenzel Jakob All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file. */ #include "pybind11_tests.h" TEST_SUBMODULE(pytypes, m) { // test_list m.def("get_list", []() { py::list list; list.append("value"); py::print("Entry at position 0:", list[0]); list[0] = py::str("overwritten"); list.insert(0, "inserted-0"); list.insert(2, "inserted-2"); return list; }); m.def("print_list", [](py::list list) { int index = 0; for (auto item : list) py::print("list item {}: {}"_s.format(index++, item)); }); // test_set m.def("get_set", []() { py::set set; set.add(py::str("key1")); set.add("key2"); set.add(std::string("key3")); return set; }); m.def("print_set", [](py::set set) { for (auto item : set) py::print("key:", item); }); m.def("set_contains", [](py::set set, py::object key) { return set.contains(key); }); m.def("set_contains", [](py::set set, const char* key) { return set.contains(key); }); // test_dict m.def("get_dict", []() { return py::dict("key"_a="value"); }); m.def("print_dict", [](py::dict dict) { for (auto item : dict) py::print("key: {}, value={}"_s.format(item.first, item.second)); }); m.def("dict_keyword_constructor", []() { auto d1 = py::dict("x"_a=1, "y"_a=2); auto d2 = py::dict("z"_a=3, **d1); return d2; }); m.def("dict_contains", [](py::dict dict, py::object val) { return dict.contains(val); }); m.def("dict_contains", [](py::dict dict, const char* val) { return dict.contains(val); }); // test_str m.def("str_from_string", []() { return py::str(std::string("baz")); }); m.def("str_from_bytes", []() { return py::str(py::bytes("boo", 3)); }); m.def("str_from_object", [](const py::object& obj) { return py::str(obj); }); m.def("repr_from_object", [](const py::object& obj) { return py::repr(obj); }); m.def("str_format", []() { auto s1 = "{} + {} = {}"_s.format(1, 2, 3); auto s2 = "{a} + {b} = {c}"_s.format("a"_a=1, "b"_a=2, "c"_a=3); return py::make_tuple(s1, s2); }); // test_bytes m.def("bytes_from_string", []() { return py::bytes(std::string("foo")); }); m.def("bytes_from_str", []() { return py::bytes(py::str("bar", 3)); }); // test_capsule m.def("return_capsule_with_destructor", []() { py::print("creating capsule"); return py::capsule([]() { py::print("destructing capsule"); }); }); m.def("return_capsule_with_destructor_2", []() { py::print("creating capsule"); return py::capsule((void *) 1234, [](void *ptr) { py::print("destructing capsule: {}"_s.format((size_t) ptr)); }); }); m.def("return_capsule_with_name_and_destructor", []() { auto capsule = py::capsule((void *) 1234, "pointer type description", [](PyObject *ptr) { if (ptr) { auto name = PyCapsule_GetName(ptr); py::print("destructing capsule ({}, '{}')"_s.format( (size_t) PyCapsule_GetPointer(ptr, name), name )); } }); void *contents = capsule; py::print("created capsule ({}, '{}')"_s.format((size_t) contents, capsule.name())); return capsule; }); // test_accessors m.def("accessor_api", [](py::object o) { auto d = py::dict(); d["basic_attr"] = o.attr("basic_attr"); auto l = py::list(); for (const auto &item : o.attr("begin_end")) { l.append(item); } d["begin_end"] = l; d["operator[object]"] = o.attr("d")["operator[object]"_s]; d["operator[char *]"] = o.attr("d")["operator[char *]"]; d["attr(object)"] = o.attr("sub").attr("attr_obj"); d["attr(char *)"] = o.attr("sub").attr("attr_char"); try { o.attr("sub").attr("missing").ptr(); } catch (const py::error_already_set &) { d["missing_attr_ptr"] = "raised"_s; } try { o.attr("missing").attr("doesn't matter"); } catch (const py::error_already_set &) { d["missing_attr_chain"] = "raised"_s; } d["is_none"] = o.attr("basic_attr").is_none(); d["operator()"] = o.attr("func")(1); d["operator*"] = o.attr("func")(*o.attr("begin_end")); // Test implicit conversion py::list implicit_list = o.attr("begin_end"); d["implicit_list"] = implicit_list; py::dict implicit_dict = o.attr("__dict__"); d["implicit_dict"] = implicit_dict; return d; }); m.def("tuple_accessor", [](py::tuple existing_t) { try { existing_t[0] = 1; } catch (const py::error_already_set &) { // --> Python system error // Only new tuples (refcount == 1) are mutable auto new_t = py::tuple(3); for (size_t i = 0; i < new_t.size(); ++i) { new_t[i] = i; } return new_t; } return py::tuple(); }); m.def("accessor_assignment", []() { auto l = py::list(1); l[0] = 0; auto d = py::dict(); d["get"] = l[0]; auto var = l[0]; d["deferred_get"] = var; l[0] = 1; d["set"] = l[0]; var = 99; // this assignment should not overwrite l[0] d["deferred_set"] = l[0]; d["var"] = var; return d; }); // test_constructors m.def("default_constructors", []() { return py::dict( "str"_a=py::str(), "bool"_a=py::bool_(), "int"_a=py::int_(), "float"_a=py::float_(), "tuple"_a=py::tuple(), "list"_a=py::list(), "dict"_a=py::dict(), "set"_a=py::set() ); }); m.def("converting_constructors", [](py::dict d) { return py::dict( "str"_a=py::str(d["str"]), "bool"_a=py::bool_(d["bool"]), "int"_a=py::int_(d["int"]), "float"_a=py::float_(d["float"]), "tuple"_a=py::tuple(d["tuple"]), "list"_a=py::list(d["list"]), "dict"_a=py::dict(d["dict"]), "set"_a=py::set(d["set"]), "memoryview"_a=py::memoryview(d["memoryview"]) ); }); m.def("cast_functions", [](py::dict d) { // When converting between Python types, obj.cast() should be the same as T(obj) return py::dict( "str"_a=d["str"].cast(), "bool"_a=d["bool"].cast(), "int"_a=d["int"].cast(), "float"_a=d["float"].cast(), "tuple"_a=d["tuple"].cast(), "list"_a=d["list"].cast(), "dict"_a=d["dict"].cast(), "set"_a=d["set"].cast(), "memoryview"_a=d["memoryview"].cast() ); }); m.def("get_implicit_casting", []() { py::dict d; d["char*_i1"] = "abc"; const char *c2 = "abc"; d["char*_i2"] = c2; d["char*_e"] = py::cast(c2); d["char*_p"] = py::str(c2); d["int_i1"] = 42; int i = 42; d["int_i2"] = i; i++; d["int_e"] = py::cast(i); i++; d["int_p"] = py::int_(i); d["str_i1"] = std::string("str"); std::string s2("str1"); d["str_i2"] = s2; s2[3] = '2'; d["str_e"] = py::cast(s2); s2[3] = '3'; d["str_p"] = py::str(s2); py::list l(2); l[0] = 3; l[1] = py::cast(6); l.append(9); l.append(py::cast(12)); l.append(py::int_(15)); return py::dict( "d"_a=d, "l"_a=l ); }); // test_print m.def("print_function", []() { py::print("Hello, World!"); py::print(1, 2.0, "three", true, std::string("-- multiple args")); auto args = py::make_tuple("and", "a", "custom", "separator"); py::print("*args", *args, "sep"_a="-"); py::print("no new line here", "end"_a=" -- "); py::print("next print"); auto py_stderr = py::module::import("sys").attr("stderr"); py::print("this goes to stderr", "file"_a=py_stderr); py::print("flush", "flush"_a=true); py::print("{a} + {b} = {c}"_s.format("a"_a="py::print", "b"_a="str.format", "c"_a="this")); }); m.def("print_failure", []() { py::print(42, UnregisteredType()); }); m.def("hash_function", [](py::object obj) { return py::hash(obj); }); m.def("test_number_protocol", [](py::object a, py::object b) { py::list l; l.append(a.equal(b)); l.append(a.not_equal(b)); l.append(a < b); l.append(a <= b); l.append(a > b); l.append(a >= b); l.append(a + b); l.append(a - b); l.append(a * b); l.append(a / b); l.append(a | b); l.append(a & b); l.append(a ^ b); l.append(a >> b); l.append(a << b); return l; }); m.def("test_list_slicing", [](py::list a) { return a[py::slice(0, -1, 2)]; }); }