Oniguruma Regular Expressions Version 6.8.0 2018/04/13 syntax: ONIG_SYNTAX_ONIGURUMA (default) 1. Syntax elements \ escape (enable or disable meta character) | alternation (...) group [...] character class 2. Characters \t horizontal tab (0x09) \v vertical tab (0x0B) \n newline (line feed) (0x0A) \r carriage return (0x0D) \b backspace (0x08) \f form feed (0x0C) \a bell (0x07) \e escape (0x1B) \nnn octal char (encoded byte value) \o{17777777777} wide octal char (character code point value) \uHHHH wide hexadecimal char (character code point value) \xHH hexadecimal char (encoded byte value) \x{7HHHHHHH} wide hexadecimal char (character code point value) \cx control char (character code point value) \C-x control char (character code point value) \M-x meta (x|0x80) (character code point value) \M-\C-x meta control char (character code point value) (* \b as backspace is effective in character class only) 3. Character types . any character (except newline) \w word character Not Unicode: alphanumeric, "_" and multibyte char. Unicode: General_Category -- (Letter|Mark|Number|Connector_Punctuation) \W non-word char \s whitespace char Not Unicode: \t, \n, \v, \f, \r, \x20 Unicode case: U+0009, U+000A, U+000B, U+000C, U+000D, U+0085(NEL), General_Category -- Line_Separator -- Paragraph_Separator -- Space_Separator \S non-whitespace char \d decimal digit char Unicode: General_Category -- Decimal_Number \D non-decimal-digit char \h hexadecimal digit char [0-9a-fA-F] \H non-hexdigit char \R general newline (* can't be used in character-class) "\r\n" or \n,\v,\f,\r (* but doesn't backtrack from \r\n to \r) Unicode case: "\r\n" or \n,\v,\f,\r or U+0085, U+2028, U+2029 \N negative newline (?-m:.) \O true anychar (?m:.) (* original function) \X Extended Grapheme Cluster (?>\O(?:\Y\O)*) \X doesn't check whether matching start position is boundary. Write as \y\X if you want to ensure it. Unicode case: See [Unicode Standard Annex #29: http://unicode.org/reports/tr29/] Not Unicode: (?>\r\n|\O) Character Property * \p{property-name} * \p{^property-name} (negative) * \P{property-name} (negative) property-name: + works on all encodings Alnum, Alpha, Blank, Cntrl, Digit, Graph, Lower, Print, Punct, Space, Upper, XDigit, Word, ASCII + works on EUC_JP, Shift_JIS Hiragana, Katakana + works on UTF8, UTF16, UTF32 See doc/UNICODE_PROPERTIES. 4. Quantifier greedy ? 1 or 0 times * 0 or more times + 1 or more times {n,m} at least n but no more than m times {n,} at least n times {,n} at least 0 but no more than n times ({0,n}) {n} n times reluctant ?? 1 or 0 times *? 0 or more times +? 1 or more times {n,m}? at least n but not more than m times {n,}? at least n times {,n}? at least 0 but not more than n times (== {0,n}?) possessive (greedy and does not backtrack once match) ?+ 1 or 0 times *+ 0 or more times ++ 1 or more times ({n,m}+, {n,}+, {n}+ are possessive op. in ONIG_SYNTAX_JAVA only) ex. /a*+/ === /(?>a*)/ 5. Anchors ^ beginning of the line $ end of the line \b word boundary \B non-word boundary \y Extended Grapheme Cluster boundary \Y Extended Grapheme Cluster non-boundary \A beginning of string \Z end of string, or before newline at the end \z end of string \G where the current search attempt begins \K keep (keep start position of the result string) 6. Character class ^... negative class (lowest precedence) x-y range from x to y [...] set (character class in character class) ..&&.. intersection (low precedence, only higher than ^) ex. [a-w&&[^c-g]z] ==> ([a-w] AND ([^c-g] OR z)) ==> [abh-w] * If you want to use '[', '-', or ']' as a normal character in character class, you should escape them with '\'. POSIX bracket ([:xxxxx:], negate [:^xxxxx:]) Not Unicode Case: alnum alphabet or digit char alpha alphabet ascii code value: [0 - 127] blank \t, \x20 cntrl digit 0-9 graph include all of multibyte encoded characters lower print include all of multibyte encoded characters punct space \t, \n, \v, \f, \r, \x20 upper xdigit 0-9, a-f, A-F word alphanumeric, "_" and multibyte characters Unicode Case: alnum Letter | Mark | Decimal_Number alpha Letter | Mark ascii 0000 - 007F blank Space_Separator | 0009 cntrl Control | Format | Unassigned | Private_Use | Surrogate digit Decimal_Number graph [[:^space:]] && ^Control && ^Unassigned && ^Surrogate lower Lowercase_Letter print [[:graph:]] | [[:space:]] punct Connector_Punctuation | Dash_Punctuation | Close_Punctuation | Final_Punctuation | Initial_Punctuation | Other_Punctuation | Open_Punctuation space Space_Separator | Line_Separator | Paragraph_Separator | U+0009 | U+000A | U+000B | U+000C | U+000D | U+0085 upper Uppercase_Letter xdigit U+0030 - U+0039 | U+0041 - U+0046 | U+0061 - U+0066 (0-9, a-f, A-F) word Letter | Mark | Decimal_Number | Connector_Punctuation 7. Extended groups (?#...) comment (?imxWDSP-imxWDSP) option on/off i: ignore case m: multi-line (dot (.) also matches newline) x: extended form W: ASCII only word (\w, \p{Word}, [[:word:]]) ASCII only word bound (\b) D: ASCII only digit (\d, \p{Digit}, [[:digit:]]) S: ASCII only space (\s, \p{Space}, [[:space:]]) P: ASCII only POSIX properties (includes W,D,S) (alnum, alpha, blank, cntrl, digit, graph, lower, print, punct, space, upper, xdigit, word) (?imxWDSP-imxWDSP:subexp) option on/off for subexp (?:subexp) non-capturing group (subexp) capturing group (?=subexp) look-ahead (?!subexp) negative look-ahead (?<=subexp) look-behind (?subexp) atomic group no backtracks in subexp. (?subexp), (?'name'subexp) define named group (Each character of the name must be a word character.) Not only a name but a number is assigned like a capturing group. Assigning the same name to two or more subexps is allowed. * Callouts of contents (?{...contents...}) callout in progress (?{...contents...}D) D is a direction flag char D = 'X': in progress and retraction '<': in retraction only '>': in progress only (?{...contents...}[tag]) tag assigned (?{...contents...}[tag]D) * Escape characters have no effects in contents. * contents is not allowed to start with '{'. (?{{{...contents...}}}) n times continuations '}' in contents is allowed in (n+1) times continuations {{{...}}}. Allowed tag string characters: _ A-Z a-z 0-9 (* first character: _ A-Z a-z) * Callouts of name (*name) (*name{args...}) with args (*name[tag]) tag assigned (*name[tag]{args...}) Allowed name string characters: _ A-Z a-z 0-9 (* first character: _ A-Z a-z) Allowed tag string characters: _ A-Z a-z 0-9 (* first character: _ A-Z a-z) (?~absent) Absent repeater (* proposed by Tanaka Akira) This works like .* (more precisely \O*), but it is limited by the range that does not include the string match with . This is a written abbreviation of (?~|absent|\O*). \O* is used as a repeater. (?~|absent|exp) Absent expression (* original) This works like "exp", but it is limited by the range that does not include the string match with . ex. (?~|345|\d*) "12345678" ==> "12", "1", "" (?~|absent) Absent stopper (* original) After passed this operator, string right range is limited at the point that does not include the string match whth . (?~|) Range clear Clear the effects caused by Absent stoppers. * Nested Absent functions are not supported and the behavior is undefined. (?(condition_exp)then_exp|else_exp) if-then-else (?(condition_exp)then_exp) if-then condition_exp can be a backreference number/name or a normal regular expression. When condition_exp is a backreference number/name, both then_exp and else_exp can be omitted. Then it works as a backreference validity checker. [ backreference validity checker ] (* original) (?(n)), (?(-n)), (?(+n)), (?(n+level)) ... (?()), (?('-n')), (?(<+n>)) ... (?()), (?('name')), (?()) ... 8. Backreferences When we say "backreference a group," it actually means, "re-match the same text matched by the subexp in that group." \n \k \k'n' (n >= 1) backreference the nth group in the regexp \k<-n> \k'-n' (n >= 1) backreference the nth group counting backwards from the referring position \k<+n> \k'+n' (n >= 1) backreference the nth group counting forwards from the referring position \k \k'name' backreference a group with the specified name When backreferencing with a name that is assigned to more than one groups, the last group with the name is checked first, if not matched then the previous one with the name, and so on, until there is a match. * Backreference by number is forbidden if any named group is defined and ONIG_OPTION_CAPTURE_GROUP is not set. backreference with recursion level (n >= 1, level >= 0) \k \k'n+level' \k \k'n-level' \k \k'name+level' \k \k'name-level' Destine a group on the recursion level relative to the referring position. ex 1. /\A(?|.|(?:(?.)\g\k))\z/.match("reee") /\A(?|.|(?:(?.)\g\k))\z/.match("reer") \k refers to the (?.) on the same recursion level with it. ex 2. r = Regexp.compile(<<'__REGEXP__'.strip, Regexp::EXTENDED) (? \g \g* \g ){0} (? < \g \s* > ){0} (? [a-zA-Z_:]+ ){0} (? [^<&]+ (\g | [^<&]+)* ){0} (? >){0} \g __REGEXP__ p r.match("fbbbf").captures 9. Subexp calls ("Tanaka Akira special") (* original function) When we say "call a group," it actually means, "re-execute the subexp in that group." \g \g'n' (n >= 1) call the nth group \g<0> \g'0' call zero (call the total regexp) \g<-n> \g'-n' (n >= 1) call the nth group counting backwards from the calling position \g<+n> \g'+n' (n >= 1) call the nth group counting forwards from the calling position \g \g'name' call the group with the specified name * Left-most recursive calls are not allowed. ex. (?a|\gb) => error (?a|b\gc) => OK * Calls with a name that is assigned to more than one groups are not allowed. * Call by number is forbidden if any named group is defined and ONIG_OPTION_CAPTURE_GROUP is not set. * The option status of the called group is always effective. ex. /(?-i:\g)(?i:(?a)){0}/.match("A") 10. Captured group Behavior of an unnamed group (...) changes with the following conditions. (But named group is not changed.) case 1. /.../ (named group is not used, no option) (...) is treated as a capturing group. case 2. /.../g (named group is not used, 'g' option) (...) is treated as a non-capturing group (?:...). case 3. /..(?..)../ (named group is used, no option) (...) is treated as a non-capturing group. numbered-backref/call is not allowed. case 4. /..(?..)../G (named group is used, 'G' option) (...) is treated as a capturing group. numbered-backref/call is allowed. where g: ONIG_OPTION_DONT_CAPTURE_GROUP G: ONIG_OPTION_CAPTURE_GROUP ('g' and 'G' options are argued in ruby-dev ML) ----------------------------- A-1. Syntax-dependent options + ONIG_SYNTAX_ONIGURUMA (?m): dot (.) also matches newline + ONIG_SYNTAX_PERL and ONIG_SYNTAX_JAVA (?s): dot (.) also matches newline (?m): ^ matches after newline, $ matches before newline A-2. Original extensions + hexadecimal digit char type \h, \H + named group (?...), (?'name'...) + named backref \k + subexp call \g, \g A-3. Missing features compared with perl 5.8.0 + \N{name} + \l,\u,\L,\U,\C + (?{code}) + (??{code}) * \Q...\E This is effective on ONIG_SYNTAX_PERL and ONIG_SYNTAX_JAVA. A-4. Differences with Japanized GNU regex(version 0.12) of Ruby 1.8 + add character property (\p{property}, \P{property}) + add hexadecimal digit char type (\h, \H) + add look-behind (?<=fixed-width-pattern), (?>]/ in EUC-JP encoding. + effect range of isolated option is to next ')'. ex. (?:(?i)a|b) is interpreted as (?:(?i:a|b)), not (?:(?i:a)|b). + isolated option is not transparent to previous pattern. ex. a(?i)* is a syntax error pattern. + allowed unpaired left brace as a normal character. ex. /{/, /({)/, /a{2,3/ etc... + negative POSIX bracket [:^xxxx:] is supported. + POSIX bracket [:ascii:] is added. + repeat of look-ahead is not allowed. ex. /(?=a)*/, /(?!b){5}/ + Ignore case option is effective to escape sequence. ex. /\x61/i =~ "A" + In the range quantifier, the number of the minimum is optional. /a{,n}/ == /a{0,n}/ The omission of both minimum and maximum values is not allowed. /a{,}/ + /{n}?/ is not a reluctant quantifier. /a{n}?/ == /(?:a{n})?/ + invalid back reference is checked and raises error. /\1/, /(a)\2/ + Zero-width match in an infinite loop stops the repeat, then changes of the capture group status are checked as stop condition. /(?:()|())*\1\2/ =~ "" /(?:\1a|())*/ =~ "a" A-5. Features disabled in default syntax + capture history (?@...) and (?@...) ex. /(?@a)*/.match("aaa") ==> [<0-1>, <1-2>, <2-3>] see sample/listcap.c file. A-6. Problems + Invalid encoding byte sequence is not checked. ex. UTF-8 * Invalid first byte is treated as a character. /./u =~ "\xa3" * Incomplete byte sequence is not checked. /\w+/ =~ "a\xf3\x8ec" // END