Network Working Group                                        S. Pfeiffer

Request for Comments: 3533                                         CSIRO

Category: Informational                                         May 2003

                 The Ogg Encapsulation Format Version 0

Status of this Memo

   This memo provides information for the Internet community.  It does

   not specify an Internet standard of any kind.  Distribution of this

   memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003).  All Rights Reserved.

Abstract

   This document describes the Ogg bitstream format version 0, which is

   a general, freely-available encapsulation format for media streams.

   It is able to encapsulate any kind and number of video and audio

   encoding formats as well as other data streams in a single bitstream.

Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",

   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this

   document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 [2].

Table of Contents

   1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2

   2. Definitions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2

   3. Requirements for a generic encapsulation format  . . . . . . .   3

   4. The Ogg bitstream format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3

   5. The encapsulation process  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6

   6. The Ogg page format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9

   7. Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11

   8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12

   A. Glossary of terms and abbreviations  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13

   B. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14

      Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14

      Full Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15

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RFC 3533                          OGG                           May 2003

1. Introduction

   The Ogg bitstream format has been developed as a part of a larger

   project aimed at creating a set of components for the coding and

   decoding of multimedia content (codecs) which are to be freely

   available and freely re-implementable, both in software and in

   hardware for the computing community at large, including the Internet

   community.  It is the intention of the Ogg developers represented by

   Xiph.Org that it be usable without intellectual property concerns.

   This document describes the Ogg bitstream format and how to use it to

   encapsulate one or several media bitstreams created by one or several

   encoders.  The Ogg transport bitstream is designed to provide

   framing, error protection and seeking structure for higher-level

   codec streams that consist of raw, unencapsulated data packets, such

   as the Vorbis audio codec or the upcoming Tarkin and Theora video

   codecs.  It is capable of interleaving different binary media and

   other time-continuous data streams that are prepared by an encoder as

   a sequence of data packets.  Ogg provides enough information to

   properly separate data back into such encoder created data packets at

   the original packet boundaries without relying on decoding to find

   packet boundaries.

   Please note that the MIME type application/ogg has been registered

   with the IANA [1].

2. Definitions

   For describing the Ogg encapsulation process, a set of terms will be

   used whose meaning needs to be well understood.  Therefore, some of

   the most fundamental terms are defined now before we start with the

   description of the requirements for a generic media stream

   encapsulation format, the process of encapsulation, and the concrete

   format of the Ogg bitstream.  See the Appendix for a more complete

   glossary.

   The result of an Ogg encapsulation is called the "Physical (Ogg)

   Bitstream".  It encapsulates one or several encoder-created

   bitstreams, which are called "Logical Bitstreams".  A logical

   bitstream, provided to the Ogg encapsulation process, has a

   structure, i.e., it is split up into a sequence of so-called

   "Packets".  The packets are created by the encoder of that logical

   bitstream and represent meaningful entities for that encoder only

   (e.g., an uncompressed stream may use video frames as packets).  They

   do not contain boundary information - strung together they appear to

   be streams of random bytes with no landmarks.

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RFC 3533                          OGG                           May 2003

   Please note that the term "packet" is not used in this document to

   signify entities for transport over a network.

3. Requirements for a generic encapsulation format

   The design idea behind Ogg was to provide a generic, linear media

   transport format to enable both file-based storage and stream-based

   transmission of one or several interleaved media streams independent

   of the encoding format of the media data.  Such an encapsulation

   format needs to provide:

   o  framing for logical bitstreams.

   o  interleaving of different logical bitstreams.

   o  detection of corruption.

   o  recapture after a parsing error.

   o  position landmarks for direct random access of arbitrary positions

      in the bitstream.

   o  streaming capability (i.e., no seeking is needed to build a 100%

      complete bitstream).

   o  small overhead (i.e., use no more than approximately 1-2% of

      bitstream bandwidth for packet boundary marking, high-level

      framing, sync and seeking).

   o  simplicity to enable fast parsing.

   o  simple concatenation mechanism of several physical bitstreams.

   All of these design considerations have been taken into consideration

   for Ogg.  Ogg supports framing and interleaving of logical

   bitstreams, seeking landmarks, detection of corruption, and stream

   resynchronisation after a parsing error with no more than

   approximately 1-2% overhead.  It is a generic framework to perform

   encapsulation of time-continuous bitstreams.  It does not know any

   specifics about the codec data that it encapsulates and is thus

   independent of any media codec.

4. The Ogg bitstream format

   A physical Ogg bitstream consists of multiple logical bitstreams

   interleaved in so-called "Pages".  Whole pages are taken in order

   from multiple logical bitstreams multiplexed at the page level.  The

   logical bitstreams are identified by a unique serial number in the

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   header of each page of the physical bitstream.  This unique serial

   number is created randomly and does not have any connection to the

   content or encoder of the logical bitstream it represents.  Pages of

   all logical bitstreams are concurrently interleaved, but they need

   not be in a regular order - they are only required to be consecutive

   within the logical bitstream.  Ogg demultiplexing reconstructs the

   original logical bitstreams from the physical bitstream by taking the

   pages in order from the physical bitstream and redirecting them into

   the appropriate logical decoding entity.

   Each Ogg page contains only one type of data as it belongs to one

   logical bitstream only.  Pages are of variable size and have a page

   header containing encapsulation and error recovery information.  Each

   logical bitstream in a physical Ogg bitstream starts with a special

   start page (bos=beginning of stream) and ends with a special page

   (eos=end of stream).

   The bos page contains information to uniquely identify the codec type

   and MAY contain information to set up the decoding process.  The bos

   page SHOULD also contain information about the encoded media - for

   example, for audio, it should contain the sample rate and number of

   channels.  By convention, the first bytes of the bos page contain

   magic data that uniquely identifies the required codec.  It is the

   responsibility of anyone fielding a new codec to make sure it is

   possible to reliably distinguish his/her codec from all other codecs

   in use.  There is no fixed way to detect the end of the codec-

   identifying marker.  The format of the bos page is dependent on the

   codec and therefore MUST be given in the encapsulation specification

   of that logical bitstream type.  Ogg also allows but does not require

   secondary header packets after the bos page for logical bitstreams

   and these must also precede any data packets in any logical

   bitstream.  These subsequent header packets are framed into an

   integral number of pages, which will not contain any data packets.

   So, a physical bitstream begins with the bos pages of all logical

   bitstreams containing one initial header packet per page, followed by

   the subsidiary header packets of all streams, followed by pages

   containing data packets.

   The encapsulation specification for one or more logical bitstreams is

   called a "media mapping".  An example for a media mapping is "Ogg

   Vorbis", which uses the Ogg framework to encapsulate Vorbis-encoded

   audio data for stream-based storage (such as files) and transport

   (such as TCP streams or pipes).  Ogg Vorbis provides the name and

   revision of the Vorbis codec, the audio rate and the audio quality on

   the Ogg Vorbis bos page.  It also uses two additional header pages

   per logical bitstream.  The Ogg Vorbis bos page starts with the byte

   0x01, followed by "vorbis" (a total of 7 bytes of identifier).

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   Ogg knows two types of multiplexing: concurrent multiplexing (so-

   called "Grouping") and sequential multiplexing (so-called

   "Chaining").  Grouping defines how to interleave several logical

   bitstreams page-wise in the same physical bitstream.  Grouping is for

   example needed for interleaving a video stream with several

   synchronised audio tracks using different codecs in different logical

   bitstreams.  Chaining on the other hand, is defined to provide a

   simple mechanism to concatenate physical Ogg bitstreams, as is often

   needed for streaming applications.

   In grouping, all bos pages of all logical bitstreams MUST appear

   together at the beginning of the Ogg bitstream.  The media mapping

   specifies the order of the initial pages.  For example, the grouping

   of a specific Ogg video and Ogg audio bitstream may specify that the

   physical bitstream MUST begin with the bos page of the logical video

   bitstream, followed by the bos page of the audio bitstream.  Unlike

   bos pages, eos pages for the logical bitstreams need not all occur

   contiguously.  Eos pages may be 'nil' pages, that is, pages

   containing no content but simply a page header with position

   information and the eos flag set in the page header.  Each grouped

   logical bitstream MUST have a unique serial number within the scope

   of the physical bitstream.

   In chaining, complete logical bitstreams are concatenated.  The

   bitstreams do not overlap, i.e., the eos page of a given logical

   bitstream is immediately followed by the bos page of the next.  Each

   chained logical bitstream MUST have a unique serial number within the

   scope of the physical bitstream.

   It is possible to consecutively chain groups of concurrently

   multiplexed bitstreams.  The groups, when unchained, MUST stand on

   their own as a valid concurrently multiplexed bitstream.  The

   following diagram shows a schematic example of such a physical

   bitstream that obeys all the rules of both grouped and chained

   multiplexed bitstreams.

               physical bitstream with pages of

          different logical bitstreams grouped and chained

      -------------------------------------------------------------

      |*A*|*B*|*C*|A|A|C|B|A|B|#A#|C|...|B|C|#B#|#C#|*D*|D|...|#D#|

      -------------------------------------------------------------

       bos bos bos             eos           eos eos bos       eos

   In this example, there are two chained physical bitstreams, the first

   of which is a grouped stream of three logical bitstreams A, B, and C.

   The second physical bitstream is chained after the end of the grouped

   bitstream, which ends after the last eos page of all its grouped

   logical bitstreams.  As can be seen, grouped bitstreams begin

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   together - all of the bos pages MUST appear before any data pages.

   It can also be seen that pages of concurrently multiplexed bitstreams

   need not conform to a regular order.  And it can be seen that a

   grouped bitstream can end long before the other bitstreams in the

   group end.

   Ogg does not know any specifics about the codec data except that each

   logical bitstream belongs to a different codec, the data from the

   codec comes in order and has position markers (so-called "Granule

   positions").  Ogg does not have a concept of 'time': it only knows

   about sequentially increasing, unitless position markers.  An

   application can only get temporal information through higher layers

   which have access to the codec APIs to assign and convert granule

   positions or time.

   A specific definition of a media mapping using Ogg may put further

   constraints on its specific use of the Ogg bitstream format.  For

   example, a specific media mapping may require that all the eos pages

   for all grouped bitstreams need to appear in direct sequence.  An

   example for a media mapping is the specification of "Ogg Vorbis".

   Another example is the upcoming "Ogg Theora" specification which

   encapsulates Theora-encoded video data and usually comes multiplexed

   with a Vorbis stream for an Ogg containing synchronised audio and

   video.  As Ogg does not specify temporal relationships between the

   encapsulated concurrently multiplexed bitstreams, the temporal

   synchronisation between the audio and video stream will be specified

   in this media mapping.  To enable streaming, pages from various

   logical bitstreams will typically be interleaved in chronological

   order.

5. The encapsulation process

   The process of multiplexing different logical bitstreams happens at

   the level of pages as described above.  The bitstreams provided by

   encoders are however handed over to Ogg as so-called "Packets" with

   packet boundaries dependent on the encoding format.  The process of

   encapsulating packets into pages will be described now.

   From Ogg's perspective, packets can be of any arbitrary size.  A

   specific media mapping will define how to group or break up packets

   from a specific media encoder.  As Ogg pages have a maximum size of

   about 64 kBytes, sometimes a packet has to be distributed over

   several pages.  To simplify that process, Ogg divides each packet

   into 255 byte long chunks plus a final shorter chunk.  These chunks

   are called "Ogg Segments".  They are only a logical construct and do

   not have a header for themselves.

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   A group of contiguous segments is wrapped into a variable length page

   preceded by a header.  A segment table in the page header tells about

   the "Lacing values" (sizes) of the segments included in the page.  A

   flag in the page header tells whether a page contains a packet

   continued from a previous page.  Note that a lacing value of 255

   implies that a second lacing value follows in the packet, and a value

   of less than 255 marks the end of the packet after that many

   additional bytes.  A packet of 255 bytes (or a multiple of 255 bytes)

   is terminated by a lacing value of 0.  Note also that a 'nil' (zero

   length) packet is not an error; it consists of nothing more than a

   lacing value of zero in the header.

   The encoding is optimized for speed and the expected case of the

   majority of packets being between 50 and 200 bytes large.  This is a

   design justification rather than a recommendation.  This encoding

   both avoids imposing a maximum packet size as well as imposing

   minimum overhead on small packets.  In contrast, e.g., simply using

   two bytes at the head of every packet and having a max packet size of

   32 kBytes would always penalize small packets (< 255 bytes, the

   typical case) with twice the segmentation overhead.  Using the lacing

   values as suggested, small packets see the minimum possible byte-

   aligned overhead (1 byte) and large packets (>512 bytes) see a fairly

   constant ~0.5% overhead on encoding space.

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   The following diagram shows a schematic example of a media mapping

   using Ogg and grouped logical bitstreams:

          logical bitstream with packet boundaries

 -----------------------------------------------------------------

 > |       packet_1             | packet_2         | packet_3 |  <

 -----------------------------------------------------------------

                     |segmentation (logically only)

                     v

      packet_1 (5 segments)          packet_2 (4 segs)    p_3 (2 segs)

     ------------------------------ -------------------- ------------

 ..  |seg_1|seg_2|seg_3|seg_4|s_5 | |seg_1|seg_2|seg_3|| |seg_1|s_2 | ..

     ------------------------------ -------------------- ------------

                     | page encapsulation

                     v

 page_1 (packet_1 data)   page_2 (pket_1 data)   page_3 (packet_2 data)

------------------------  ----------------  ------------------------

|H|------------------- |  |H|----------- |  |H|------------------- |

|D||seg_1|seg_2|seg_3| |  |D|seg_4|s_5 | |  |D||seg_1|seg_2|seg_3| | ...

|R|------------------- |  |R|----------- |  |R|------------------- |

------------------------  ----------------  ------------------------

                    |

pages of            |

other    --------|  |

logical         -------

bitstreams      | MUX |

                -------

                   |

                   v

              page_1  page_2          page_3

      ------  ------  -------  -----  -------

 ...  ||   |  ||   |  ||    |  ||  |  ||    |  ...

      ------  ------  -------  -----  -------

              physical Ogg bitstream

   In this example we take a snapshot of the encapsulation process of

   one logical bitstream.  We can see part of that bitstream's

   subdivision into packets as provided by the codec.  The Ogg

   encapsulation process chops up the packets into segments.  The

   packets in this example are rather large such that packet_1 is split

   into 5 segments - 4 segments with 255 bytes and a final smaller one.

   Packet_2 is split into 4 segments - 3 segments with 255 bytes and a

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   final very small one - and packet_3 is split into two segments.  The

   encapsulation process then creates pages, which are quite small in

   this example.  Page_1 consists of the first three segments of

   packet_1, page_2 contains the remaining 2 segments from packet_1, and

   page_3 contains the first three pages of packet_2.  Finally, this

   logical bitstream is multiplexed into a physical Ogg bitstream with

   pages of other logical bitstreams.

6. The Ogg page format

   A physical Ogg bitstream consists of a sequence of concatenated

   pages.  Pages are of variable size, usually 4-8 kB, maximum 65307

   bytes.  A page header contains all the information needed to

   demultiplex the logical bitstreams out of the physical bitstream and

   to perform basic error recovery and landmarks for seeking.  Each page

   is a self-contained entity such that the page decode mechanism can

   recognize, verify, and handle single pages at a time without

   requiring the overall bitstream.

   The Ogg page header has the following format:

 0                   1                   2                   3

 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1| Byte

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

| capture_pattern: Magic number for page start "OggS"           | 0-3

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

| version       | header_type   | granule_position              | 4-7

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

|                                                               | 8-11

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

|                               | bitstream_serial_number       | 12-15

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

|                               | page_sequence_number          | 16-19

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

|                               | CRC_checksum                  | 20-23

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

|                               |page_segments  | segment_table | 24-27

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

| ...                                                           | 28-

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

   The LSb (least significant bit) comes first in the Bytes.  Fields

   with more than one byte length are encoded LSB (least significant

   byte) first.

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   The fields in the page header have the following meaning:

   1. capture_pattern: a 4 Byte field that signifies the beginning of a

      page.  It contains the magic numbers:

            0x4f 'O'

            0x67 'g'

            0x67 'g'

            0x53 'S'

      It helps a decoder to find the page boundaries and regain

      synchronisation after parsing a corrupted stream.  Once the

      capture pattern is found, the decoder verifies page sync and

      integrity by computing and comparing the checksum.

   2. stream_structure_version: 1 Byte signifying the version number of

      the Ogg file format used in this stream (this document specifies

      version 0).

   3. header_type_flag: the bits in this 1 Byte field identify the

      specific type of this page.

      *  bit 0x01

         set: page contains data of a packet continued from the previous

            page

         unset: page contains a fresh packet

      *  bit 0x02

         set: this is the first page of a logical bitstream (bos)

         unset: this page is not a first page

      *  bit 0x04

         set: this is the last page of a logical bitstream (eos)

         unset: this page is not a last page

   4. granule_position: an 8 Byte field containing position information.

      For example, for an audio stream, it MAY contain the total number

      of PCM samples encoded after including all frames finished on this

      page.  For a video stream it MAY contain the total number of video

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      frames encoded after this page.  This is a hint for the decoder

      and gives it some timing and position information.  Its meaning is

      dependent on the codec for that logical bitstream and specified in

      a specific media mapping.  A special value of -1 (in two's

      complement) indicates that no packets finish on this page.

   5. bitstream_serial_number: a 4 Byte field containing the unique

      serial number by which the logical bitstream is identified.

   6. page_sequence_number: a 4 Byte field containing the sequence

      number of the page so the decoder can identify page loss.  This

      sequence number is increasing on each logical bitstream

      separately.

   7. CRC_checksum: a 4 Byte field containing a 32 bit CRC checksum of

      the page (including header with zero CRC field and page content).

      The generator polynomial is 0x04c11db7.

   8. number_page_segments: 1 Byte giving the number of segment entries

      encoded in the segment table.

   9. segment_table: number_page_segments Bytes containing the lacing

      values of all segments in this page.  Each Byte contains one

      lacing value.

   The total header size in bytes is given by:

   header_size = number_page_segments + 27 [Byte]

   The total page size in Bytes is given by:

   page_size = header_size + sum(lacing_values: 1..number_page_segments)

   [Byte]

7. Security Considerations

   The Ogg encapsulation format is a container format and only

   encapsulates content (such as Vorbis-encoded audio).  It does not

   provide for any generic encryption or signing of itself or its

   contained content bitstreams.  However, it encapsulates any kind of

   content bitstream as long as there is a codec for it, and is thus

   able to contain encrypted and signed content data.  It is also

   possible to add an external security mechanism that encrypts or signs

   an Ogg physical bitstream and thus provides content confidentiality

   and authenticity.

   As Ogg encapsulates binary data, it is possible to include executable

   content in an Ogg bitstream.  This can be an issue with applications

   that are implemented using the Ogg format, especially when Ogg is

   used for streaming or file transfer in a networking scenario.  As

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   such, Ogg does not pose a threat there.  However, an application

   decoding Ogg and its encapsulated content bitstreams has to ensure

   correct handling of manipulated bitstreams, of buffer overflows and

   the like.

8. References

   [1] Walleij, L., "The application/ogg Media Type", RFC 3534, May

       2003.

   [2] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement

       Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

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Appendix A. Glossary of terms and abbreviations

   bos page: The initial page (beginning of stream) of a logical

      bitstream which contains information to identify the codec type

      and other decoding-relevant information.

   chaining (or sequential multiplexing): Concatenation of two or more

      complete physical Ogg bitstreams.

   eos page: The final page (end of stream) of a logical bitstream.

   granule position: An increasing position number for a specific

      logical bitstream stored in the page header.  Its meaning is

      dependent on the codec for that logical bitstream and specified in

      a specific media mapping.

   grouping (or concurrent multiplexing): Interleaving of pages of

      several logical bitstreams into one complete physical Ogg

      bitstream under the restriction that all bos pages of all grouped

      logical bitstreams MUST appear before any data pages.

   lacing value: An entry in the segment table of a page header

      representing the size of the related segment.

   logical bitstream: A sequence of bits being the result of an encoded

      media stream.

   media mapping: A specific use of the Ogg encapsulation format

      together with a specific (set of) codec(s).

   (Ogg) packet: A subpart of a logical bitstream that is created by the

      encoder for that bitstream and represents a meaningful entity for

      the encoder, but only a sequence of bits to the Ogg encapsulation.

   (Ogg) page: A physical bitstream consists of a sequence of Ogg pages

      containing data of one logical bitstream only.  It usually

      contains a group of contiguous segments of one packet only, but

      sometimes packets are too large and need to be split over several

      pages.

   physical (Ogg) bitstream: The sequence of bits resulting from an Ogg

      encapsulation of one or several logical bitstreams.  It consists

      of a sequence of pages from the logical bitstreams with the

      restriction that the pages of one logical bitstream MUST come in

      their correct temporal order.

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RFC 3533                          OGG                           May 2003

   (Ogg) segment: The Ogg encapsulation process splits each packet into

      chunks of 255 bytes plus a last fractional chunk of less than 255

      bytes.  These chunks are called segments.

Appendix B. Acknowledgements

   The author gratefully acknowledges the work that Christopher

   Montgomery  and the Xiph.Org foundation have done in defining the Ogg

   multimedia project and as part of it the open file format described

   in this document.  The author hopes that providing this document to

   the Internet community will help in promoting the Ogg multimedia

   project at http://www.xiph.org/.  Many thanks also for the many

   technical and typo corrections that C. Montgomery and the Ogg

   community provided as feedback to this RFC.

Author's Address

   Silvia Pfeiffer

   CSIRO, Australia

   Locked Bag 17

   North Ryde, NSW  2113

   Australia

   Phone: +61 2 9325 3141

   EMail: Silvia.Pfeiffer@csiro.au

   URI:   http://www.cmis.csiro.au/Silvia.Pfeiffer/

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Full Copyright Statement

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Acknowledgement

   Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the

   Internet Society.

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