.\" This manpage is Copyright (C) 1996 Austin Donnelly <and1000@cam.ac.uk>,

.\" with additional material Copyright (c) 1995 Martin Schulze

.\"     <joey@infodrom.north.de>

.\"

.\" %%%LICENSE_START(VERBATIM)

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.\" manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are

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.\"

.\"   This manpage was made by merging two independently written manpages,

.\"   one written by Martin Schulze (18 Oct 95), the other written by

.\"   Austin Donnelly, (9 Jan 96).

.\"

.\" Thu Jan 11 12:14:41 1996 Austin Donnelly  <and1000@cam.ac.uk>

.\"   * Merged two services(5) manpages

.\"

.TH SERVICES 5 2010-05-22 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"

.SH NAME

services \- Internet network services list

.SH DESCRIPTION

.B services

is a plain ASCII file providing a mapping between human-friendly textual

names for internet services, and their underlying assigned port

numbers and protocol types.

Every networking program should look into

this file to get the port number (and protocol) for its service.

The C library routines

.BR getservent (3),

.BR getservbyname (3),

.BR getservbyport (3),

.BR setservent (3),

and

.BR endservent (3)

support querying this file from programs.

.PP

Port numbers are assigned by the IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers

Authority), and their current policy is to assign both TCP and UDP

protocols when assigning a port number.

Therefore, most entries will

have two entries, even for TCP-only services.

.PP

Port numbers below 1024 (so-called "low numbered" ports) can be

bound to only by root (see

.BR bind (2),

.BR tcp (7),

and

.BR udp (7)).

This is so clients connecting to low numbered ports can trust

that the service running on the port is the standard implementation,

and not a rogue service run by a user of the machine.

Well-known port numbers specified by the IANA are normally

located in this root-only space.

.PP

The presence of an entry for a service in the

.B services

file does not necessarily mean that the service is currently running

on the machine.

See

.BR inetd.conf (5)

for the configuration of Internet services offered.

Note that not all

networking services are started by

.BR inetd (8),

and so won't appear in

.BR inetd.conf (5).

In particular, news (NNTP) and mail (SMTP) servers are often

initialized from the system boot scripts.

.PP

The location of the

.B services

file is defined by

.B _PATH_SERVICES

in

.IR <netdb.h> "."

This is usually set to

.IR /etc/services "."

.PP

Each line describes one service, and is of the form:

.IP

\f2service-name\ \ \ port\f3/\f2protocol\ \ \ \f1[\f2aliases ...\f1]

.TP

where:

.TP 10

.I service-name

is the friendly name the service is known by and looked up under.

It is case sensitive.

Often, the client program is named after the

.IR service-name "."

.TP

.I port

is the port number (in decimal) to use for this service.

.TP

.I protocol

is the type of protocol to be used.

This field should match an entry

in the

.BR protocols (5)

file.

Typical values include

.B tcp

and

.BR udp .

.TP

.I aliases

is an optional space or tab separated list of other names for this

service.

Again, the names are case

sensitive.

.PP

Either spaces or tabs may be used to separate the fields.

.PP

Comments are started by the hash sign (#) and continue until the end

of the line.

Blank lines are skipped.

.PP

The

.I service-name

should begin in the first column of the file, since leading spaces are

not stripped.

.I service-names

can be any printable characters excluding space and tab.

However, a conservative choice of characters should be used to minimize

compatibility problems.

For example, a\-z, 0\-9, and hyphen (\-) would seem a

sensible choice.

.PP

Lines not matching this format should not be present in the

file.

(Currently, they are silently skipped by

.BR getservent (3),

.BR getservbyname (3),

and

.BR getservbyport (3).

However, this behavior should not be relied on.)

.PP

.\" The following is not true as at glibc 2.8 (a line with a comma is

.\" ignored by getservent()); it's not clear if/when it was ever true.

.\"   As a backward compatibility feature, the slash (/) between the

.\"   .I port

.\"   number and

.\"   .I protocol

.\"   name can in fact be either a slash or a comma (,).

.\"   Use of the comma in

.\"   modern installations is deprecated.

.\"

This file might be distributed over a network using a network-wide

naming service like Yellow Pages/NIS or BIND/Hesiod.

.PP

A sample

.B services

file might look like this:

.PP

.in +4n

.EX

netstat         15/tcp

qotd            17/tcp          quote

msp             18/tcp          # message send protocol

msp             18/udp          # message send protocol

chargen         19/tcp          ttytst source

chargen         19/udp          ttytst source

ftp             21/tcp

# 22 \- unassigned

telnet          23/tcp

.EE

.in

.SH FILES

.TP

.I /etc/services

The Internet network services list

.TP

.I <netdb.h>

Definition of

.B _PATH_SERVICES

.\" .SH BUGS

.\" It's not clear when/if the following was ever true;

.\" it isn't true for glibc 2.8:

.\"    There is a maximum of 35 aliases, due to the way the

.\"    .BR getservent (3)

.\"    code is written.

.\"

.\" It's not clear when/if the following was ever true;

.\" it isn't true for glibc 2.8:

.\"    Lines longer than

.\"    .B BUFSIZ

.\"    (currently 1024) characters will be ignored by

.\"    .BR getservent (3),

.\"    .BR getservbyname (3),

.\"    and

.\"    .BR getservbyport (3).

.\"    However, this will also cause the next line to be mis-parsed.

.SH SEE ALSO

.BR listen (2),

.BR endservent (3),

.BR getservbyname (3),

.BR getservbyport (3),

.BR getservent (3),

.BR setservent (3),

.BR inetd.conf (5),

.BR protocols (5),

.BR inetd (8)

.PP

Assigned Numbers RFC, most recently RFC\ 1700, (AKA STD0002).

.SH COLOPHON

This page is part of release 4.15 of the Linux

.I man-pages

project.

A description of the project,

information about reporting bugs,

and the latest version of this page,

can be found at

\%https://www.kernel.org/doc/man\-pages/.