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.\" Created   Sat Aug 21 1995     Thomas K. Dyas <tdyas@eden.rutgers.edu>

.\" Modified Tue Oct 22 22:09:03 1996 by Eric S. Raymond <esr@thyrsus.com>

.\" 2008-06-26, mtk, added some more detail on the work done by sigreturn()

.\" 2014-12-05, mtk, rewrote all of the rest of the original page

.\"

.TH SIGRETURN 2 2017-09-15 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"

.SH NAME

sigreturn, rt_sigreturn \- return from signal handler and cleanup stack frame

.SH SYNOPSIS

.BI "int sigreturn(...);"

.SH DESCRIPTION

If the Linux kernel determines that an unblocked

signal is pending for a process, then,

at the next transition back to user mode in that process

(e.g., upon return from a system call or

when the process is rescheduled onto the CPU),

it creates a new frame on the user-space stack where it

saves various pieces of process context

(processor status word, registers, signal mask, and signal stack settings).

.\" See arch/x86/kernel/signal.c::__setup_frame() [in 3.17 source code]

.PP

The kernel also arranges that, during the transition back to user mode,

the signal handler is called, and that, upon return from the handler,

control passes to a piece of user-space code commonly called

the "signal trampoline".

The signal trampoline code in turn calls

.BR sigreturn ().

.PP

This

.BR sigreturn ()

call undoes everything that was

done\(emchanging the process's signal mask, switching signal stacks (see

.BR sigaltstack "(2))\(emin "

order to invoke the signal handler.

Using the information that was earlier saved on the user-space stack

.BR sigreturn ()

restores the process's signal mask, switches stacks,

and restores the process's context

(processor flags and registers,

including the stack pointer and instruction pointer),

so that the process resumes execution

at the point where it was interrupted by the signal.

.SH RETURN VALUE

.BR sigreturn ()

never returns.

.SH CONFORMING TO

Many UNIX-type systems have a

.BR sigreturn ()

system call or near equivalent.

However, this call is not specified in POSIX,

and details of its behavior vary across systems.

.SH NOTES

.BR sigreturn ()

exists only to allow the implementation of signal handlers.

It should

.B never

be called directly.

(Indeed, a simple

.BR sigreturn ()

.\" See sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/sigreturn.c and

.\" signal/sigreturn.c in the glibc source

wrapper in the GNU C library simply returns -1, with

.I errno

set to

.BR ENOSYS .)

Details of the arguments (if any) passed to

.BR sigreturn ()

vary depending on the architecture.

(On some architectures, such as x86-64,

.BR sigreturn ()

takes no arguments, since all of the information that it requires

is available in the stack frame that was previously created by the

kernel on the user-space stack.)

.PP

Once upon a time, UNIX systems placed the signal trampoline code

onto the user stack.

Nowadays, pages of the user stack are protected so as to

disallow code execution.

Thus, on contemporary Linux systems, depending on the architecture,

the signal trampoline code lives either in the

.BR vdso (7)

or in the C library.

In the latter case,

.\" See, for example, sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/i386/sigaction.c and

.\" sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/x86_64/sigaction.c in the glibc (2.20) source.

the C library's

.BR sigaction (2)

wrapper function informs the kernel of the location of the trampoline code

by placing its address in the

.I sa_restorer

field of the

.I sigaction

structure,

and sets the

.BR SA_RESTORER

flag in the

.IR sa_flags

field.

.PP

The saved process context information is placed in a

.I ucontext_t

structure (see

.IR <sys/ucontext.h> ).

That structure is visible within the signal handler

as the third argument of a handler established via

.BR sigaction (2)

with the

.BR SA_SIGINFO

flag.

.PP

On some other UNIX systems,

the operation of the signal trampoline differs a little.

In particular, on some systems, upon transitioning back to user mode,

the kernel passes control to the trampoline (rather than the signal handler),

and the trampoline code calls the signal handler (and then calls

.BR sigreturn ()

once the handler returns).

.\"

.SS C library/kernel differences

The original Linux system call was named

.BR sigreturn ().

However, with the addition of real-time signals in Linux 2.2,

a new system call,

.BR rt_sigreturn ()

was added to support an enlarged

.IR sigset_t

type.

The GNU C library

hides these details from us, transparently employing

.BR rt_sigreturn ()

when the kernel provides it.

.\"

.SH SEE ALSO

.BR kill (2),

.BR restart_syscall (2),

.BR sigaltstack (2),

.BR signal (2),

.BR getcontext (3),

.BR signal (7),

.BR vdso (7)

.SH COLOPHON

This page is part of release 4.15 of the Linux

.I man-pages

project.

A description of the project,

information about reporting bugs,

and the latest version of this page,

can be found at

\%https://www.kernel.org/doc/man\-pages/.