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  <title>XML resources publication guidelines</title>
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<body bgcolor="#fffacd" text="#000000">
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XML resources publication guidelines

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The goal of this document is to provide a set of guidelines and tips

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helping the publication and deployment of 
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href="http://www.w3.org/XML/">XML resources for the 
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href="http://www.gnome.org/">GNOME project. However it is not tied to
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GNOME and might be helpful more generally. I welcome 
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href="mailto:veillard@redhat.com">feedback on this document.

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The intended audience is the software developers who started using XML

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for some of the resources of their project, as a storage format, for data
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exchange, checking or transformations. There have been an increasing number
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of new XML formats defined, but not all steps have been taken, possibly because of
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lack of documentation, to truly gain all the benefits of the use of XML.
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These guidelines hope to improve the matter and provide a better overview of
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the overall XML processing and associated steps needed to deploy it
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successfully:

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Table of contents:

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  1. Design guidelines
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  3. Canonical URL
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  5. Catalog setup
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  7. Package integration
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    Design guidelines

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    This part intends to focus on the format itself of XML. It may arrive

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    a bit too late since the structure of the document may already be cast in
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    existing and deployed code. Still, here are a few rules which might be helpful
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    when designing a new XML vocabulary or making the revision of an existing
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    format:

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    Reuse existing formats:

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    This may sounds a bit simplistic, but before designing your own format,

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    try to lookup existing XML vocabularies on similar data. Ideally this allows
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    you to reuse them, in which case a lot of the existing tools like DTD, schemas
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    and stylesheets may already be available. If you are looking at a
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    documentation format, DocBook should
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    handle your needs. If reuse is not possible because some semantic or use case
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    aspects are too different this will be helpful avoiding design errors like
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    targeting the vocabulary to the wrong abstraction level. In this format
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    design phase try to be synthetic and be sure to express the real content of
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    your data and use the XML structure to express the semantic and context of
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    those data.

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    DTD rules:

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    Building a DTD (Document Type Definition) or a Schema describing the

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    structure allowed by instances is the core of the design process of the
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    vocabulary. Here are a few tips:

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    • use significant words for the element and attributes names.
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    • do not use attributes for general textual content, attributes
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          will be modified by the parser before reaching the application,
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          spaces and line informations will be modified.
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    • use single elements for every string that might be subject to
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          localization. The canonical way to localize XML content is to use
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          siblings element carrying different xml:lang attributes like in the
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          following:
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      <welcome>
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        <msg xml:lang="en">hello</msg>
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        <msg xml:lang="fr">bonjour</msg>
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      </welcome>
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    • use attributes to refine the content of an element but avoid them for
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          more complex tasks, attribute parsing is not cheaper than an element and
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          it is far easier to make an element content more complex while attribute
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          will have to remain very simple.
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      Versioning:

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      As part of the design, make sure the structure you define will be usable

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      for future extension that you may not consider for the current version. There
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      are two parts to this:

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      • Make sure the instance contains a version number which will allow to
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            make backward compatibility easy. Something as simple as having a
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            version="1.0" on the root document of the instance is
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            sufficient.
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      • While designing the code doing the analysis of the data provided by the
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            XML parser, make sure you can work with unknown versions, generate a UI
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            warning and process only the tags recognized by your version but keep in
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            mind that you should not break on unknown elements if the version
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            attribute was not in the recognized set.
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        Other design parts:

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        While defining you vocabulary, try to think in term of other usage of your

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        data, for example how using XSLT stylesheets could be used to make an HTML
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        view of your data, or to convert it into a different format. Checking XML
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        Schemas and looking at defining an XML Schema with a more complete
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        validation and datatyping of your data structures is important, this helps
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        avoiding some mistakes in the design phase.

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        Namespace:

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        If you expect your XML vocabulary to be used or recognized outside of your

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        application (for example binding a specific processing from a graphic shell
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        like Nautilus to an instance of your data) then you should really define an 
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        href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/">XML namespace for your
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        vocabulary. A namespace name is an URL (absolute URI more precisely). It is
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        generally recommended to anchor it as an HTTP resource to a server associated
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        with the software project. See the next section about this. In practice this
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        will mean that XML parsers will not handle your element names as-is but as a
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        couple based on the namespace name and the element name. This allows it to
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        recognize and disambiguate processing. Unicity of the namespace name can be
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        for the most part guaranteed by the use of the DNS registry. Namespace can
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        also be used to carry versioning information like:

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        "http://www.gnome.org/project/projectname/1.0/"

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        An easy way to use them is to make them the default namespace on the

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        root element of the XML instance like:

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        <structure xmlns="http://www.gnome.org/project/projectname/1.0/">
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          <data>
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          ...
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          </data>
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        </structure>
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        In that document, structure and all descendant elements like data are in

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        the given namespace.

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        Canonical URL

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        As seen in the previous namespace section, while XML processing is not

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        tied to the Web there is a natural synergy between both. XML was designed to
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        be available on the Web, and keeping the infrastructure that way helps
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        deploying the XML resources. The core of this issue is the notion of
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        "Canonical URL" of an XML resource. The resource can be an XML document, a
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        DTD, a stylesheet, a schema, or even non-XML data associated with an XML
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        resource, the canonical URL is the URL where the "master" copy of that
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        resource is expected to be present on the Web. Usually when processing XML a
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        copy of the resource will be present on the local disk, maybe in
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        /usr/share/xml or /usr/share/sgml maybe in /opt or even on C:\projectname\
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        (horror !). The key point is that the way to name that resource should be
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        independent of the actual place where it resides on disk if it is available,
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        and the fact that the processing will still work if there is no local copy
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        (and that the machine where the processing is connected to the Internet).

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        What this really means is that one should never use the local name of a

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        resource to reference it but always use the canonical URL. For example in a
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        DocBook instance the following should not be used:

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        <!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
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                                 "/usr/share/xml/docbook/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
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        But always reference the canonical URL for the DTD:

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        <!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
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                                 "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">   
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        Similarly, the document instance may reference the

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        href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xslt">XSLT stylesheets needed to process it to
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        generate HTML, and the canonical URL should be used:

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        <?xml-stylesheet
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          href="http://docbook.sourceforge.net/release/xsl/current/html/docbook.xsl"
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          type="text/xsl"?>
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        Defining the canonical URL for the resources needed should obey a few

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        simple rules similar to those used to design namespace names:

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        • use a DNS name you know is associated to the project and will be
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              available on the long term
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        • within that server space, reserve the right to the subtree where you
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              intend to keep those data
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        • version the URL so that multiple concurrent versions of the resources
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              can be hosted simultaneously
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          Catalog setup

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          How catalogs work:

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          The catalogs are the technical mechanism which allow the XML processing

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          tools to use a local copy of the resources if it is available even if the
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          instance document references the canonical URL. 
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          href="http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/entity/">XML Catalogs are
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          anchored in the root catalog (usually /etc/xml/catalog or
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          defined by the user). They are a tree of XML documents defining the mappings
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          between the canonical naming space and the local installed ones, this can be
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          seen as a static cache structure.

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          When the XML processor is asked to process a resource it will

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          automatically test for a locally available version in the catalog, starting
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          from the root catalog, and possibly fetching sub-catalog resources until it
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          finds that the catalog has that resource or not. If not the default
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          processing of fetching the resource from the Web is done, allowing in most
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          case to recover from a catalog miss. The key point is that the document
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          instances are totally independent of the availability of a catalog or from
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          the actual place where the local resource they reference may be installed.
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          This greatly improves the management of the documents in the long run, making
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          them independent of the platform or toolchain used to process them. The
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          figure below tries to express that  mechanism:
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          alt="Picture describing the catalog ">

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          Usual catalog setup:

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          Usually catalogs for a project are setup as a 2 level hierarchical cache,

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          the root catalog containing only "delegates" indicating a separate subcatalog
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          dedicated to the project. The goal is to keep the root catalog clean and
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          simplify the maintenance of the catalog by using separate catalogs per
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          project. For example when creating a catalog for the 
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          href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1">XHTML1 DTDs, only 3 items are added to
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          the root catalog:

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            <delegatePublic publicIdStartString="-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0"
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                            catalog="file:///usr/share/sgml/xhtml1/xmlcatalog"/>
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            <delegateSystem systemIdStartString="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD"
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                            catalog="file:///usr/share/sgml/xhtml1/xmlcatalog"/>
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            <delegateURI uriStartString="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD"
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                            catalog="file:///usr/share/sgml/xhtml1/xmlcatalog"/>
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          They are all "delegates" meaning that if the catalog system is asked to

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          resolve a reference corresponding to them, it has to lookup a sub catalog.
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          Here the subcatalog was installed as
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          /usr/share/sgml/xhtml1/xmlcatalog in the local tree. That
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          decision is left to the sysadmin or the packager for that system and may
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          obey different rules, but the actual place on the filesystem (or on a
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          resource cache on the local network) will not influence the processing as
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          long as it is available. The first rule indicate that if the reference uses a
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          PUBLIC identifier beginning with the

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          "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0"

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          substring, then the catalog lookup should be limited to the specific given

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          lookup catalog. Similarly the second and third entries indicate those
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          delegation rules for SYSTEM, DOCTYPE or normal URI references when the URL
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          starts with the "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD" substring
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          which indicates the location on the W3C server where the XHTML1 resources are
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          stored. Those are the beginning of all Canonical URLs for XHTML1 resources.
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          Those three rules are sufficient in practice to capture all references to XHTML1
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          resources and direct the processing tools to the right subcatalog.

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          A subcatalog example:

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          Here is the complete subcatalog used for XHTML1:

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          <?xml version="1.0"?>
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          <!DOCTYPE catalog PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD Entity Resolution XML Catalog V1.0//EN"
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                    "http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/entity/release/1.0/catalog.dtd">
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          <catalog xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:entity:xmlns:xml:catalog">
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            <public publicId="-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
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                    uri="xhtml1-20020801/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"/>
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            <public publicId="-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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                    uri="xhtml1-20020801/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"/>
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            <public publicId="-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Frameset//EN"
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                    uri="xhtml1-20020801/DTD/xhtml1-frameset.dtd"/>
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            <rewriteSystem systemIdStartString="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD"
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                    rewritePrefix="xhtml1-20020801/DTD"/>
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            <rewriteURI uriStartString="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD"
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                    rewritePrefix="xhtml1-20020801/DTD"/>
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          </catalog>
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          There are a few things to notice:

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          • this is an XML resource, it points to the DTD using Canonical URLs, the
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                root element defines a namespace (but based on an URN not an HTTP
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              URL).
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          • it contains 5 rules, the 3 first ones are direct mapping for the 3
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                PUBLIC identifiers defined by the XHTML1 specification and associating
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                them with the local resource containing the DTD, the 2 last ones are
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                rewrite rules allowing to build the local filename for any URL based on
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                "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD", the local cache simplifies the rules by
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                keeping the same structure as the on-line server at the Canonical URL
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          • the local resources are designated using URI references (the uri or
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                rewritePrefix attributes), the base being the containing sub-catalog URL,
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                which means that in practice the copy of the XHTML1 strict DTD is stored
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                locally in
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                /usr/share/sgml/xhtml1/xmlcatalog/xhtml1-20020801/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd
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            Those 5 rules are sufficient to cover all references to the resources held

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            at the Canonical URL for the XHTML1 DTDs.

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            Package integration

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            Creating and removing catalogs should be handled as part of the process of

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            (un)installing the local copy of the resources. The catalog files being XML
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            resources should be processed with XML based tools to avoid problems with the
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            generated files, the xmlcatalog command coming with libxml2 allows you to create
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            catalogs, and add or remove rules at that time. Here is a complete example
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            coming from the RPM for the XHTML1 DTDs post install script. While this example
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            is platform and packaging specific, this can be useful as a an example in
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            other contexts:

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            %post
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            CATALOG=/usr/share/sgml/xhtml1/xmlcatalog
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            #
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            # Register it in the super catalog with the appropriate delegates
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            #
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            ROOTCATALOG=/etc/xml/catalog
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            if [ ! -r $ROOTCATALOG ]
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            then
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                /usr/bin/xmlcatalog --noout --create $ROOTCATALOG
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            fi
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            if [ -w $ROOTCATALOG ]
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            then
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                    /usr/bin/xmlcatalog --noout --add "delegatePublic" \
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                            "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0" \
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                            "file://$CATALOG" $ROOTCATALOG
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                    /usr/bin/xmlcatalog --noout --add "delegateSystem" \
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                            "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD" \
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                            "file://$CATALOG" $ROOTCATALOG
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                    /usr/bin/xmlcatalog --noout --add "delegateURI" \
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                            "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD" \
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                            "file://$CATALOG" $ROOTCATALOG
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            fi
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            The XHTML1 subcatalog is not created on-the-fly in that case, it is

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            installed as part of the files of the packages. So the only work needed is to
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            make sure the root catalog exists and register the delegate rules.

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            Similarly, the script for the post-uninstall just remove the rules from the

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            catalog:

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            %postun
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            #
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            # On removal, unregister the xmlcatalog from the supercatalog
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            #
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            if [ "$1" = 0 ]; then
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                CATALOG=/usr/share/sgml/xhtml1/xmlcatalog
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                ROOTCATALOG=/etc/xml/catalog
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                if [ -w $ROOTCATALOG ]
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                then
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                        /usr/bin/xmlcatalog --noout --del \
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                                "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0" $ROOTCATALOG
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                        /usr/bin/xmlcatalog --noout --del \
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                                "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD" $ROOTCATALOG
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                        /usr/bin/xmlcatalog --noout --del \
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                                "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD" $ROOTCATALOG
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                fi
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            fi
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            Note the test against $1, this is needed to not remove the delegate rules

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            in case of upgrade of the package.

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            Following the set of guidelines and tips provided in this document should

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            help deploy the XML resources in the GNOME framework without much pain and
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            ensure a smooth evolution of the resource and instances.

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            Daniel Veillard

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            $Id$

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            </body>
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            </html>