.. _design:
Design overview
===============
libuv is cross-platform support library which was originally written for `Node.js`_. It's designed
around the event-driven asynchronous I/O model.
.. _Node.js: https://nodejs.org
The library provides much more than a simple abstraction over different I/O polling mechanisms:
'handles' and 'streams' provide a high level abstraction for sockets and other entities;
cross-platform file I/O and threading functionality is also provided, amongst other things.
Here is a diagram illustrating the different parts that compose libuv and what subsystem they
relate to:
.. image:: static/architecture.png
:scale: 75%
:align: center
Handles and requests
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
libuv provides users with 2 abstractions to work with, in combination with the event loop:
handles and requests.
Handles represent long-lived objects capable of performing certain operations while active. Some examples:
- A prepare handle gets its callback called once every loop iteration when active.
- A TCP server handle that gets its connection callback called every time there is a new connection.
Requests represent (typically) short-lived operations. These operations can be performed over a
handle: write requests are used to write data on a handle; or standalone: getaddrinfo requests
don't need a handle they run directly on the loop.
The I/O loop
^^^^^^^^^^^^
The I/O (or event) loop is the central part of libuv. It establishes the content for all I/O
operations, and it's meant to be tied to a single thread. One can run multiple event loops
as long as each runs in a different thread. The libuv event loop (or any other API involving
the loop or handles, for that matter) **is not thread-safe** except where stated otherwise.
The event loop follows the rather usual single threaded asynchronous I/O approach: all (network)
I/O is performed on non-blocking sockets which are polled using the best mechanism available
on the given platform: epoll on Linux, kqueue on OSX and other BSDs, event ports on SunOS and IOCP
on Windows. As part of a loop iteration the loop will block waiting for I/O activity on sockets
which have been added to the poller and callbacks will be fired indicating socket conditions
(readable, writable hangup) so handles can read, write or perform the desired I/O operation.
In order to better understand how the event loop operates, the following diagram illustrates all
stages of a loop iteration:
.. image:: static/loop_iteration.png
:scale: 75%
:align: center
#. The loop concept of 'now' is updated. The event loop caches the current time at the start of
the event loop tick in order to reduce the number of time-related system calls.
#. If the loop is *alive* an iteration is started, otherwise the loop will exit immediately. So,
when is a loop considered to be *alive*? If a loop has active and ref'd handles, active
requests or closing handles it's considered to be *alive*.
#. Due timers are run. All active timers scheduled for a time before the loop's concept of *now*
get their callbacks called.
#. Pending callbacks are called. All I/O callbacks are called right after polling for I/O, for the
most part. There are cases, however, in which calling such a callback is deferred for the next
loop iteration. If the previous iteration deferred any I/O callback it will be run at this point.
#. Idle handle callbacks are called. Despite the unfortunate name, idle handles are run on every
loop iteration, if they are active.
#. Prepare handle callbacks are called. Prepare handles get their callbacks called right before
the loop will block for I/O.
#. Poll timeout is calculated. Before blocking for I/O the loop calculates for how long it should
block. These are the rules when calculating the timeout:
* If the loop was run with the ``UV_RUN_NOWAIT`` flag, the timeout is 0.
* If the loop is going to be stopped (:c:func:`uv_stop` was called), the timeout is 0.
* If there are no active handles or requests, the timeout is 0.
* If there are any idle handles active, the timeout is 0.
* If there are any handles pending to be closed, the timeout is 0.
* If none of the above cases matches, the timeout of the closest timer is taken, or
if there are no active timers, infinity.
#. The loop blocks for I/O. At this point the loop will block for I/O for the duration calculated
in the previous step. All I/O related handles that were monitoring a given file descriptor
for a read or write operation get their callbacks called at this point.
#. Check handle callbacks are called. Check handles get their callbacks called right after the
loop has blocked for I/O. Check handles are essentially the counterpart of prepare handles.
#. Close callbacks are called. If a handle was closed by calling :c:func:`uv_close` it will
get the close callback called.
#. Special case in case the loop was run with ``UV_RUN_ONCE``, as it implies forward progress.
It's possible that no I/O callbacks were fired after blocking for I/O, but some time has passed
so there might be timers which are due, those timers get their callbacks called.
#. Iteration ends. If the loop was run with ``UV_RUN_NOWAIT`` or ``UV_RUN_ONCE`` modes the
iteration ends and :c:func:`uv_run` will return. If the loop was run with ``UV_RUN_DEFAULT``
it will continue from the start if it's still *alive*, otherwise it will also end.
.. important::
libuv uses a thread pool to make asynchronous file I/O operations possible, but
network I/O is **always** performed in a single thread, each loop's thread.
.. note::
While the polling mechanism is different, libuv makes the execution model consistent
across Unix systems and Windows.
File I/O
^^^^^^^^
Unlike network I/O, there are no platform-specific file I/O primitives libuv could rely on,
so the current approach is to run blocking file I/O operations in a thread pool.
For a thorough explanation of the cross-platform file I/O landscape, checkout
`this post <https://blog.libtorrent.org/2012/10/asynchronous-disk-io/>`_.
libuv currently uses a global thread pool on which all loops can queue work. 3 types of
operations are currently run on this pool:
* File system operations
* DNS functions (getaddrinfo and getnameinfo)
* User specified code via :c:func:`uv_queue_work`
.. warning::
See the :c:ref:`threadpool` section for more details, but keep in mind the thread pool size
is quite limited.