/* This file is part of libmicrohttpd Copyright (C) 2007 Christian Grothoff libmicrohttpd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later version. libmicrohttpd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with libmicrohttpd; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. */ /** * @file test_post.c * @brief Testcase for libmicrohttpd POST operations using URL-encoding * @author Christian Grothoff */ #include "MHD_config.h" #include "platform.h" #include #include #include #include #include #ifndef WINDOWS #include #endif #ifdef _WIN32 #ifndef WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN #define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN 1 #endif /* !WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN */ #include #endif #if defined(CPU_COUNT) && (CPU_COUNT+0) < 2 #undef CPU_COUNT #endif #if !defined(CPU_COUNT) #define CPU_COUNT 2 #endif #define POST_DATA "name=daniel&project=curl" static int oneone; struct CBC { char *buf; size_t pos; size_t size; }; static void completed_cb (void *cls, struct MHD_Connection *connection, void **con_cls, enum MHD_RequestTerminationCode toe) { struct MHD_PostProcessor *pp = *con_cls; (void)cls;(void)connection;(void)toe; /* Unused. Silent compiler warning. */ if (NULL != pp) MHD_destroy_post_processor (pp); *con_cls = NULL; } static size_t copyBuffer (void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, void *ctx) { struct CBC *cbc = ctx; if (cbc->pos + size * nmemb > cbc->size) return 0; /* overflow */ memcpy (&cbc->buf[cbc->pos], ptr, size * nmemb); cbc->pos += size * nmemb; return size * nmemb; } /** * Note that this post_iterator is not perfect * in that it fails to support incremental processing. * (to be fixed in the future) */ static int post_iterator (void *cls, enum MHD_ValueKind kind, const char *key, const char *filename, const char *content_type, const char *transfer_encoding, const char *value, uint64_t off, size_t size) { int *eok = cls; (void)kind;(void)filename;(void)content_type; /* Unused. Silent compiler warning. */ (void)transfer_encoding;(void)off; /* Unused. Silent compiler warning. */ if ((0 == strcasecmp (key, "name")) && (size == strlen ("daniel")) && (0 == strncmp (value, "daniel", size))) (*eok) |= 1; if ((0 == strcasecmp (key, "project")) && (size == strlen ("curl")) && (0 == strncmp (value, "curl", size))) (*eok) |= 2; return MHD_YES; } static int ahc_echo (void *cls, struct MHD_Connection *connection, const char *url, const char *method, const char *version, const char *upload_data, size_t *upload_data_size, void **unused) { static int eok; struct MHD_Response *response; struct MHD_PostProcessor *pp; int ret; (void)cls;(void)version; /* Unused. Silent compiler warning. */ if (0 != strcasecmp ("POST", method)) { printf ("METHOD: %s\n", method); return MHD_NO; /* unexpected method */ } pp = *unused; if (pp == NULL) { eok = 0; pp = MHD_create_post_processor (connection, 1024, &post_iterator, &eok); *unused = pp; } MHD_post_process (pp, upload_data, *upload_data_size); if ((eok == 3) && (0 == *upload_data_size)) { response = MHD_create_response_from_buffer (strlen (url), (void *) url, MHD_RESPMEM_MUST_COPY); ret = MHD_queue_response (connection, MHD_HTTP_OK, response); MHD_destroy_response (response); MHD_destroy_post_processor (pp); *unused = NULL; return ret; } *upload_data_size = 0; return MHD_YES; } static int testInternalPost () { struct MHD_Daemon *d; CURL *c; char buf[2048]; struct CBC cbc; CURLcode errornum; int port; if (MHD_NO != MHD_is_feature_supported (MHD_FEATURE_AUTODETECT_BIND_PORT)) port = 0; else { port = 1370; if (oneone) port += 10; } cbc.buf = buf; cbc.size = 2048; cbc.pos = 0; d = MHD_start_daemon (MHD_USE_INTERNAL_POLLING_THREAD | MHD_USE_ERROR_LOG, port, NULL, NULL, &ahc_echo, NULL, MHD_OPTION_NOTIFY_COMPLETED, &completed_cb, NULL, MHD_OPTION_END); if (d == NULL) return 1; if (0 == port) { const union MHD_DaemonInfo *dinfo; dinfo = MHD_get_daemon_info (d, MHD_DAEMON_INFO_BIND_PORT); if (NULL == dinfo || 0 == dinfo->port) { MHD_stop_daemon (d); return 32; } port = (int)dinfo->port; } c = curl_easy_init (); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_URL, "http://127.0.0.1/hello_world"); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_PORT, (long)port); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, ©Buffer); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_WRITEDATA, &cbc); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, POST_DATA); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDSIZE, strlen (POST_DATA)); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_POST, 1L); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_FAILONERROR, 1); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_TIMEOUT, 150L); if (oneone) curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_HTTP_VERSION, CURL_HTTP_VERSION_1_1); else curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_HTTP_VERSION, CURL_HTTP_VERSION_1_0); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_CONNECTTIMEOUT, 150L); /* NOTE: use of CONNECTTIMEOUT without also * setting NOSIGNAL results in really weird * crashes on my system! */ curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_NOSIGNAL, 1); if (CURLE_OK != (errornum = curl_easy_perform (c))) { fprintf (stderr, "curl_easy_perform failed: `%s'\n", curl_easy_strerror (errornum)); curl_easy_cleanup (c); MHD_stop_daemon (d); return 2; } curl_easy_cleanup (c); MHD_stop_daemon (d); if (cbc.pos != strlen ("/hello_world")) return 4; if (0 != strncmp ("/hello_world", cbc.buf, strlen ("/hello_world"))) return 8; return 0; } static int testMultithreadedPost () { struct MHD_Daemon *d; CURL *c; char buf[2048]; struct CBC cbc; CURLcode errornum; int port; if (MHD_NO != MHD_is_feature_supported (MHD_FEATURE_AUTODETECT_BIND_PORT)) port = 0; else { port = 1371; if (oneone) port += 10; } cbc.buf = buf; cbc.size = 2048; cbc.pos = 0; d = MHD_start_daemon (MHD_USE_THREAD_PER_CONNECTION | MHD_USE_INTERNAL_POLLING_THREAD | MHD_USE_ERROR_LOG, port, NULL, NULL, &ahc_echo, NULL, MHD_OPTION_NOTIFY_COMPLETED, &completed_cb, NULL, MHD_OPTION_END); if (d == NULL) return 16; if (0 == port) { const union MHD_DaemonInfo *dinfo; dinfo = MHD_get_daemon_info (d, MHD_DAEMON_INFO_BIND_PORT); if (NULL == dinfo || 0 == dinfo->port) { MHD_stop_daemon (d); return 32; } port = (int)dinfo->port; } c = curl_easy_init (); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_URL, "http://127.0.0.1/hello_world"); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_PORT, (long)port); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, ©Buffer); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_WRITEDATA, &cbc); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, POST_DATA); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDSIZE, strlen (POST_DATA)); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_POST, 1L); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_FAILONERROR, 1); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_TIMEOUT, 150L); if (oneone) curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_HTTP_VERSION, CURL_HTTP_VERSION_1_1); else curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_HTTP_VERSION, CURL_HTTP_VERSION_1_0); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_CONNECTTIMEOUT, 150L); /* NOTE: use of CONNECTTIMEOUT without also * setting NOSIGNAL results in really weird * crashes on my system! */ curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_NOSIGNAL, 1); if (CURLE_OK != (errornum = curl_easy_perform (c))) { fprintf (stderr, "curl_easy_perform failed: `%s'\n", curl_easy_strerror (errornum)); curl_easy_cleanup (c); MHD_stop_daemon (d); return 32; } curl_easy_cleanup (c); MHD_stop_daemon (d); if (cbc.pos != strlen ("/hello_world")) return 64; if (0 != strncmp ("/hello_world", cbc.buf, strlen ("/hello_world"))) return 128; return 0; } static int testMultithreadedPoolPost () { struct MHD_Daemon *d; CURL *c; char buf[2048]; struct CBC cbc; CURLcode errornum; int port; if (MHD_NO != MHD_is_feature_supported (MHD_FEATURE_AUTODETECT_BIND_PORT)) port = 0; else { port = 1372; if (oneone) port += 10; } cbc.buf = buf; cbc.size = 2048; cbc.pos = 0; d = MHD_start_daemon (MHD_USE_INTERNAL_POLLING_THREAD | MHD_USE_ERROR_LOG, port, NULL, NULL, &ahc_echo, NULL, MHD_OPTION_THREAD_POOL_SIZE, CPU_COUNT, MHD_OPTION_NOTIFY_COMPLETED, &completed_cb, NULL, MHD_OPTION_END); if (d == NULL) return 16; if (0 == port) { const union MHD_DaemonInfo *dinfo; dinfo = MHD_get_daemon_info (d, MHD_DAEMON_INFO_BIND_PORT); if (NULL == dinfo || 0 == dinfo->port) { MHD_stop_daemon (d); return 32; } port = (int)dinfo->port; } c = curl_easy_init (); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_URL, "http://127.0.0.1/hello_world"); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_PORT, (long)port); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, ©Buffer); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_WRITEDATA, &cbc); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, POST_DATA); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDSIZE, strlen (POST_DATA)); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_POST, 1L); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_FAILONERROR, 1); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_TIMEOUT, 150L); if (oneone) curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_HTTP_VERSION, CURL_HTTP_VERSION_1_1); else curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_HTTP_VERSION, CURL_HTTP_VERSION_1_0); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_CONNECTTIMEOUT, 150L); /* NOTE: use of CONNECTTIMEOUT without also * setting NOSIGNAL results in really weird * crashes on my system! */ curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_NOSIGNAL, 1); if (CURLE_OK != (errornum = curl_easy_perform (c))) { fprintf (stderr, "curl_easy_perform failed: `%s'\n", curl_easy_strerror (errornum)); curl_easy_cleanup (c); MHD_stop_daemon (d); return 32; } curl_easy_cleanup (c); MHD_stop_daemon (d); if (cbc.pos != strlen ("/hello_world")) return 64; if (0 != strncmp ("/hello_world", cbc.buf, strlen ("/hello_world"))) return 128; return 0; } static int testExternalPost () { struct MHD_Daemon *d; CURL *c; char buf[2048]; struct CBC cbc; CURLM *multi; CURLMcode mret; fd_set rs; fd_set ws; fd_set es; MHD_socket maxsock; #ifdef MHD_WINSOCK_SOCKETS int maxposixs; /* Max socket number unused on W32 */ #else /* MHD_POSIX_SOCKETS */ #define maxposixs maxsock #endif /* MHD_POSIX_SOCKETS */ int running; struct CURLMsg *msg; time_t start; struct timeval tv; int port; if (MHD_NO != MHD_is_feature_supported (MHD_FEATURE_AUTODETECT_BIND_PORT)) port = 0; else { port = 1373; if (oneone) port += 10; } multi = NULL; cbc.buf = buf; cbc.size = 2048; cbc.pos = 0; d = MHD_start_daemon (MHD_USE_ERROR_LOG, port, NULL, NULL, &ahc_echo, NULL, MHD_OPTION_NOTIFY_COMPLETED, &completed_cb, NULL, MHD_OPTION_END); if (d == NULL) return 256; if (0 == port) { const union MHD_DaemonInfo *dinfo; dinfo = MHD_get_daemon_info (d, MHD_DAEMON_INFO_BIND_PORT); if (NULL == dinfo || 0 == dinfo->port) { MHD_stop_daemon (d); return 32; } port = (int)dinfo->port; } c = curl_easy_init (); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_URL, "http://127.0.0.1/hello_world"); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_PORT, (long)port); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, ©Buffer); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_WRITEDATA, &cbc); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, POST_DATA); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDSIZE, strlen (POST_DATA)); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_POST, 1L); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_FAILONERROR, 1); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_TIMEOUT, 150L); if (oneone) curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_HTTP_VERSION, CURL_HTTP_VERSION_1_1); else curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_HTTP_VERSION, CURL_HTTP_VERSION_1_0); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_CONNECTTIMEOUT, 150L); /* NOTE: use of CONNECTTIMEOUT without also * setting NOSIGNAL results in really weird * crashes on my system! */ curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_NOSIGNAL, 1); multi = curl_multi_init (); if (multi == NULL) { curl_easy_cleanup (c); MHD_stop_daemon (d); return 512; } mret = curl_multi_add_handle (multi, c); if (mret != CURLM_OK) { curl_multi_cleanup (multi); curl_easy_cleanup (c); MHD_stop_daemon (d); return 1024; } start = time (NULL); while ((time (NULL) - start < 5) && (multi != NULL)) { maxsock = MHD_INVALID_SOCKET; maxposixs = -1; FD_ZERO (&rs); FD_ZERO (&ws); FD_ZERO (&es); curl_multi_perform (multi, &running); mret = curl_multi_fdset (multi, &rs, &ws, &es, &maxposixs); if (mret != CURLM_OK) { curl_multi_remove_handle (multi, c); curl_multi_cleanup (multi); curl_easy_cleanup (c); MHD_stop_daemon (d); return 2048; } if (MHD_YES != MHD_get_fdset (d, &rs, &ws, &es, &maxsock)) { curl_multi_remove_handle (multi, c); curl_multi_cleanup (multi); curl_easy_cleanup (c); MHD_stop_daemon (d); return 4096; } tv.tv_sec = 0; tv.tv_usec = 1000; if (-1 == select (maxposixs + 1, &rs, &ws, &es, &tv)) { #ifdef MHD_POSIX_SOCKETS if (EINTR != errno) abort (); #else if (WSAEINVAL != WSAGetLastError() || 0 != rs.fd_count || 0 != ws.fd_count || 0 != es.fd_count) abort (); Sleep (1000); #endif } curl_multi_perform (multi, &running); if (running == 0) { msg = curl_multi_info_read (multi, &running); if (msg == NULL) break; if (msg->msg == CURLMSG_DONE) { if (msg->data.result != CURLE_OK) printf ("%s failed at %s:%d: `%s'\n", "curl_multi_perform", __FILE__, __LINE__, curl_easy_strerror (msg->data.result)); curl_multi_remove_handle (multi, c); curl_multi_cleanup (multi); curl_easy_cleanup (c); c = NULL; multi = NULL; } } MHD_run (d); } if (multi != NULL) { curl_multi_remove_handle (multi, c); curl_easy_cleanup (c); curl_multi_cleanup (multi); } MHD_stop_daemon (d); if (cbc.pos != strlen ("/hello_world")) return 8192; if (0 != strncmp ("/hello_world", cbc.buf, strlen ("/hello_world"))) return 16384; return 0; } static int ahc_cancel (void *cls, struct MHD_Connection *connection, const char *url, const char *method, const char *version, const char *upload_data, size_t *upload_data_size, void **unused) { struct MHD_Response *response; int ret; (void)cls;(void)url;(void)version; /* Unused. Silent compiler warning. */ (void)upload_data;(void)upload_data_size; /* Unused. Silent compiler warning. */ if (0 != strcasecmp ("POST", method)) { fprintf (stderr, "Unexpected method `%s'\n", method); return MHD_NO; } if (*unused == NULL) { *unused = "wibble"; /* We don't want the body. Send a 500. */ response = MHD_create_response_from_buffer (0, NULL, MHD_RESPMEM_PERSISTENT); ret = MHD_queue_response(connection, 500, response); if (ret != MHD_YES) fprintf(stderr, "Failed to queue response\n"); MHD_destroy_response(response); return ret; } else { fprintf(stderr, "In ahc_cancel again. This should not happen.\n"); return MHD_NO; } } struct CRBC { const char *buffer; size_t size; size_t pos; }; static size_t readBuffer(void *p, size_t size, size_t nmemb, void *opaque) { struct CRBC *data = opaque; size_t required = size * nmemb; size_t left = data->size - data->pos; if (required > left) required = left; memcpy(p, data->buffer + data->pos, required); data->pos += required; return required/size; } static size_t slowReadBuffer(void *p, size_t size, size_t nmemb, void *opaque) { (void)sleep(1); return readBuffer(p, size, nmemb, opaque); } #define FLAG_EXPECT_CONTINUE 1 #define FLAG_CHUNKED 2 #define FLAG_FORM_DATA 4 #define FLAG_SLOW_READ 8 #define FLAG_COUNT 16 static int testMultithreadedPostCancelPart(int flags) { struct MHD_Daemon *d; CURL *c; char buf[2048]; struct CBC cbc; CURLcode errornum; struct curl_slist *headers = NULL; long response_code; CURLcode cc; int result = 0; struct CRBC crbc; int port; if (MHD_NO != MHD_is_feature_supported (MHD_FEATURE_AUTODETECT_BIND_PORT)) port = 0; else { port = 1374; if (oneone) port += 10; } /* Don't test features that aren't available with HTTP/1.0 in * HTTP/1.0 mode. */ if (!oneone && (flags & (FLAG_EXPECT_CONTINUE | FLAG_CHUNKED))) return 0; cbc.buf = buf; cbc.size = 2048; cbc.pos = 0; d = MHD_start_daemon (MHD_USE_THREAD_PER_CONNECTION | MHD_USE_INTERNAL_POLLING_THREAD | MHD_USE_ERROR_LOG, port, NULL, NULL, &ahc_cancel, NULL, MHD_OPTION_END); if (d == NULL) return 32768; if (0 == port) { const union MHD_DaemonInfo *dinfo; dinfo = MHD_get_daemon_info (d, MHD_DAEMON_INFO_BIND_PORT); if (NULL == dinfo || 0 == dinfo->port) { MHD_stop_daemon (d); return 32; } port = (int)dinfo->port; } crbc.buffer = "Test content"; crbc.size = strlen(crbc.buffer); crbc.pos = 0; c = curl_easy_init (); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_URL, "http://127.0.0.1/hello_world"); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_PORT, (long)port); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, ©Buffer); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_WRITEDATA, &cbc); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_READFUNCTION, (flags & FLAG_SLOW_READ) ? &slowReadBuffer : &readBuffer); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_READDATA, &crbc); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, NULL); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDSIZE, crbc.size); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_POST, 1L); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_FAILONERROR, 1); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_TIMEOUT, 150L); if (oneone) curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_HTTP_VERSION, CURL_HTTP_VERSION_1_1); else curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_HTTP_VERSION, CURL_HTTP_VERSION_1_0); curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_CONNECTTIMEOUT, 150L); /* NOTE: use of CONNECTTIMEOUT without also * setting NOSIGNAL results in really weird * crashes on my system! */ curl_easy_setopt (c, CURLOPT_NOSIGNAL, 1); if (flags & FLAG_CHUNKED) headers = curl_slist_append(headers, "Transfer-Encoding: chunked"); if (!(flags & FLAG_FORM_DATA)) headers = curl_slist_append(headers, "Content-Type: application/octet-stream"); if (flags & FLAG_EXPECT_CONTINUE) headers = curl_slist_append(headers, "Expect: 100-Continue"); curl_easy_setopt(c, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, headers); if (CURLE_HTTP_RETURNED_ERROR != (errornum = curl_easy_perform (c))) { #ifdef _WIN32 curl_version_info_data *curlverd = curl_version_info(CURLVERSION_NOW); if (0 != (flags & FLAG_SLOW_READ) && CURLE_RECV_ERROR == errornum && (curlverd == NULL || curlverd->ares_num < 0x073100) ) { /* libcurl up to version 7.49.0 didn't have workaround for WinSock bug */ fprintf (stderr, "Ignored curl_easy_perform expected failure on W32 with \"slow read\".\n"); result = 0; } else #else /* ! _WIN32 */ if(1) #endif /* ! _WIN32 */ { fprintf (stderr, "flibbet curl_easy_perform didn't fail as expected: `%s' %d\n", curl_easy_strerror (errornum), errornum); result = 65536; } curl_easy_cleanup (c); MHD_stop_daemon (d); curl_slist_free_all(headers); return result; } if (CURLE_OK != (cc = curl_easy_getinfo(c, CURLINFO_RESPONSE_CODE, &response_code))) { fprintf(stderr, "curl_easy_getinfo failed: '%s'\n", curl_easy_strerror(errornum)); result = 65536; } if (!result && (response_code != 500)) { fprintf(stderr, "Unexpected response code: %ld\n", response_code); result = 131072; } if (!result && (cbc.pos != 0)) result = 262144; curl_easy_cleanup (c); MHD_stop_daemon (d); curl_slist_free_all(headers); return result; } static int testMultithreadedPostCancel() { int result = 0; int flags; for(flags = 0; flags < FLAG_COUNT; ++flags) result |= testMultithreadedPostCancelPart(flags); return result; } int main (int argc, char *const *argv) { unsigned int errorCount = 0; (void)argc; /* Unused. Silent compiler warning. */ oneone = (NULL != strrchr (argv[0], (int) '/')) ? (NULL != strstr (strrchr (argv[0], (int) '/'), "11")) : 0; if (0 != curl_global_init (CURL_GLOBAL_WIN32)) return 2; errorCount += testMultithreadedPostCancel (); errorCount += testInternalPost (); errorCount += testMultithreadedPost (); errorCount += testMultithreadedPoolPost (); errorCount += testExternalPost (); if (errorCount != 0) fprintf (stderr, "Error (code: %u)\n", errorCount); curl_global_cleanup (); return errorCount != 0; /* 0 == pass */ }