|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Thomas Schmitt has made significant contributions to this glossary.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
See also @uref{http://www.dvdrhelp.com/glossary}.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@table @dfn
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item @anchor{ASPI}ASPI
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex ASPI
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
See @acronym{Win32 ASPI}
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item ATA
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA). The same thing as IDE.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item ATAPI
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) Packet Interface. The interface
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
provides a mechanism for transferring and executing SCSI CDBs on IDE
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
CD Drives and DVD Drives.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
IDE (also called ATA) was originally designed for hard drives only,
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
but with help of ATAPI it is possible to connect other devices, in
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
particular CD-ROMS to the IDE/EIDE connections.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
The ATAPI CD-ROM drives understand a subset of SCSI commands. In
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
particular multi-initiator commands are neither needed nor defined for
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
ATAPI devices.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item BIN/CUE
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
A CD-image format developed by Jeff Arnold for CDRWIN software on
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Microsoft Windows. Many other programs subsequently support using this
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
format. The @code{.CUE} file is a text file which contains CD format
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
and track layout information, while the @code{.BIN} file holds the
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
actual data of each track.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item Blu-ray Disc (BD)
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex Blu-ray Disc (BD)
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Optical media with capacity of 25 GB as single layer and 50 GB as
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
double layer. See also @pxref{models-profiles,,"Media models and
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
profiles"}.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item CD
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex CD
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Compact Disc. Capacity up to 900 MB. See also
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@pxref{models-profiles,,"Media models and profiles"}.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item CD-DA
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex CD-DA
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Compact Disc Digital Audio, described in the ``Red Book'' or IEC 60908
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
(formerly IEC 908). This commonly referred to as an audio @acronym{CD}
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
and what most people think of when you play a @acronym{CD} as it was
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
the first to use the @acronym{CD} medium.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
See @url{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Book_(audio_CD_standard)}
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item CD+G
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex CD+G
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Compact Disc + Graphics. An extension of the CD audio format contains
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
a limited amount of graphics in subcode channels. This disc works in
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
all audio players but the graphics portion is only available in a
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
special CD+G or Karaoke player.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item CD-i
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex CD-i
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Compact Disc Interactive. An extension of the CD format designed
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
around a set-top computer that connects to a TV to provide interactive
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
home entertainment, including digital audio and video, video games,
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
and software applications. Defined by the ``Green Book'' standard.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@uref{http://www.icdia.org/}. CD-i for video and video music has
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
largely (if not totally) been superseded by VCDs.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item CD-i Bridge
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex CD-i Bridge
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
A standard allowing CD-ROM XA discs to play on CD-i. Kodak PhotoCDs
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
are CD-XA Bridge discs.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item CD-ROM
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex CD-ROM
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Compact Disc Read Only Memory or ``Yellow Book'' describe in Standards
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
ISO/IEC 10149. The data stored on it can be either in the form of
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
audio, computer or video files.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item CD-ROM Mode 1 and Mode2
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
The Yellow Book specifies two types of tracks, Mode 1 and Mode 2. Mode
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
1 is used for computer data and text and has an extra error correction
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
layer. Mode 2 is for audio and video data and has no extra correction
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
layer. CD-ROM/XA An expansion of the CD-ROM Mode 2 format that allows
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
both computer and audio/video to be mixed in the same track.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item CD Text
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex CD Text
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
CD Text is a technology developed by Sony Corporation and Philips
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Electronics in 1996 that allows storing in an audio CD and its tracks
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
information such as artist name, title, songwriter, composer, or
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
arranger. Commercially available audio CDs sometimes contain CD Text
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
information.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Information on how CD Text is stored can be found in in older MMC
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
standards. Specifically, try ``Annex J'' of ``mmc3r10g.pdf''.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
An ``Unofficial CD Text FAQ'' is at
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@url{http://web.ncf.ca/aa571/cdtext.htm}
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item @anchor{XA}CD XA
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex CD XA
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
CD-ROM EXtended Architecture. A modification to the CD-ROM
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
specification that defines two new types of sectors. CD-ROM XA was
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
developed jointly by Sony, Philips, and Microsoft, and announced in
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
August 1988. Its specifications were published in an extension to the
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Yellow Book. CD-i, Photo CD, Video CD and CD-EXTRA have all
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
subsequently been based on CD-ROM XA.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
CD-XA defines another way of formatting sectors on a CD-ROM, including
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
headers in the sectors that describe the type (audio, video, data) and
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
some additional info (markers, resolution in case of a video or audio
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
sector, file numbers, etc).
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
The data written on a CD-XA is consistent with and can be in ISO-9660
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
file system format and therefore be readable by ISO-9660 file system
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
translators. But also a CD-I player can read CD-XA discs even if
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
its own `Green Book' file system only resembles ISO 9660 and isn't
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
fully compatible.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item DVD
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex DVD
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Digital Versatile Disc. Capacity up to 4.5 GB as single layer and 8.5
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
GB as double layer media. See also @pxref{models-profiles,,"Media
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
models and profiles"}.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item Defect management
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex Defect management
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
A method to compensate small amounts of bad spots on media by replacing
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
them out of a pool of reserve blocks and performing address translation.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
The necessary checkreading slows down write performance by a factor of 2 or 3.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Defect management applies by default to DVD-RAM and BD-RE. Optionally it
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
can be formatted onto CD-RW and DVD+RW, where it has the name "Mount Rainier".
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Sequential BD-R can be formatted for defect management too.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item Command Packet
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex Command Packet
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
The data structure that is used to issue an ATAPI command. It contains
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
a SCSI Command Descriptor Block (CDB).
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item ECMA-119 (ISO-9660)
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex ECMA-119
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
(@uref{http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-119.htm}
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
is a freely available specification which is technically identical to ISO 9660.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item ECMA-167 (UDF)
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex ECMA-167
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
(@uref{http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-167.htm}
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
is a freely available specification which is also approved as ISO 13346.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
It serves as base for UDF.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item ECMA-168
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex ECMA-168
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
(@uref{http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-168.htm}
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
is a freely available specification which is also approved as ISO 13490.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item FSF
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex FSF
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Free Software Foundation, @uref{http://www.fsf.org/}
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item GNU
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex GNU
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@acronym{GNU} is not @acronym{UNIX}, @uref{http://www.gnu.org/}
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item IDE
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Integrated Drive Electronics. This is a commonly used interface for
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
hard disk drives and CD-ROM drives. It is less expensive than SCSI,
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
but offers slightly less in terms of performance.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item ISO
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex ISO
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
International Standards Organization.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item ISO 13346
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex ISO 13346
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
ISO 13346 / ECMA-167 is a filesystem framework for data exchange on
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
overwriteable or pseudo-overwriteable media. It serves as base of UDF.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item ISO 13490
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex ISO 13490
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
ISO 13490 / ECMA-168 is an attempt to replace ISO 9660 by a format that
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
allows finer write granularity and representation of typical disk file
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
properties. It resembles ECMA-167 which led to UDF.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item ISO 9660
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex ISO 9660
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
ISO 9660 / ECMA-119 is an operating-system independent filesystem format
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
originally intended for CD-ROM media. It was standardized in 1988 and
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
replaced the High Sierra standard for the logical format on CD-ROM media
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
(ISO 9660 and High Sierra are identical in content, but the exact format is
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
different). ISO 9660 and ECMA-119 are technically identical meanwhile.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
There are several specification levels. In Level 1, file names must be
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
in the 8.3 format (no more than eight characters in the name, no more
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
than three characters in the suffix) and in capital letters. Directory
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
names can be no longer than eight characters. There can be no more
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
than eight nested directory levels. Level 2 and 3 specifications allow
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
file names up to 32 characters long. Level 3 allows data file sizes to be
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
4 GB or larger. File data content is stored in extents, i.e. contiguous
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
sequences of blocks. A single extent can hold only up to 2 exp 32 - 1 bytes.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
So files of 4 GB or larger need more than one extent to be stored.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Older operating systems might have trouble with multi-extent files.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item Joliet extensions
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex Joliet extensions
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
This ISO-9660 upward-compatible standard was developed for Windows 95
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
and Windows NT by Microsoft as an extension of ISO 9600 which allows
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
the use of Unicode characters and supports file names up to 64
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
characters.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
See @uref{http://bmrc.berkeley.edu/people/chaffee/jolspec.html} for
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
the Joliet Specification.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
The name Joliet comes from the city in Illinois (U.S) that the
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
standard was defined.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item LBA
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex LBA
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Logical Block Addressing. Mapped integer numbers from CD Red Book
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Addressing MSF. The starting sector is -150 and ending sector is
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
449849, which correlates directly to MSF: 00:00:00 to 99:59:74.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Because an LBA is a single number it is often easier to work with in
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
programming than an MSF.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item Lead in
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex lead in
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
The area of a CD where the Table Of Contents (TOC) and CD Text are
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
stored. I think it is supposed to be around 4500 (1 min) or more
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
sectors in length. On a CDR(W) the lead-in length is variable,
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
because manufacturers have a different starting position
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
indicated by the ATIP start of lead-in position that is recorded in
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
the ATIP groove on the disk. For example:
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@table @dfn
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item Ricoh Company Limited
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
97:27:00, 97:27:06, 97:27:66
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item Mitsubishi Chemical (Verbatim)
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
97:34:21 to 97:34:25
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@end table
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item LSN
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex LSN
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Logical Sector Number. Mapped integer numbers from CD Red Book
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Addressing MSF. The starting sector is 0 and ending sector is 449699,
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
which correlates to MSF: 00:00:00 to 99:59:74. Because an LSN is a
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
single number it is often easier to work with in programming than an
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
MSF. Because it starts at 0 rather than -150 as is the case of an LBA
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
it can be represented as an unsigned value.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item MCN
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex MCN
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Media Catalog Number. A identification number on an audio CD. Also
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
called a UPC. Another identification number is ISRC.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item @anchor{MMC}MMC
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex MMC (Multimedia Commands)
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
MMC (Multimedia Commands).
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
MMC are raw commands for communicating with CDROM drives,
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
CD-Rewriters, DVD-Rewriters, etc. The are subset of the larger SCSI
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
command set. See also @pxref{SCSI,,@acronym{SCSI}}.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Many manufacturers have adopted this standard and it also applies to
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
ATAPI versions of their drives.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
The documents @code{libcdio} makes use of are described in the
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Multi-Media Commands standard (MMC). This document generally has a
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
numeric level number appended. For example MMC-5 refers to
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
``Multi-Media Commands - 5.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item @anchor{models-profiles}Media models and profiles
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex Media models and profiles
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
MMC classifies media as models, which describe their logical structure,
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
and as profiles, which describe the capabilities of the drive with the
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
particular media. So both are closely related but not identical.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
There are three model families: CD, DVD, Blu-ray.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
CD allows special sector formats like audio as well as data
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
sectors of 2048 bytes. DVD and Blu-ray only record data sectors.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@table @dfn
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item Non-writable media: CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, BD-ROM.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item Write-once media: CD-R, DVD-R, DVD+R, BD-R.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item Reusable media: CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM, BD-RE.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@end table
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Profiles depend on drive type and media state. They are expressed as
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
numbers. It is unfortunate that formatted CD-RW have the same
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
profile number as unformatted ones.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
ROM drives often announce all media as ROM profiles.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Some writer drives show closed sequential media as ROM profile.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@table @dfn
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item CD-ROM 0x08
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item DVD-ROM 0x10
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item BD-ROM 0x40
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@end table
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Sequentially recordable profiles allow multisession in most cases.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Special burn programs are needed for writing to them.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@table @dfn
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item CD-R 0x09
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item CD-RW 0x0a (unformatted)
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item DVD-R 0x11
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item DVD-RW 0x14 (unformatted)
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item DVD-R DL 0x15 (double layer)
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item DVD-R DL 0x16 (double layer, jump recording)
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item DVD+R 0x1a
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item DVD+RW DL 0x2a (double layer)
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item DVD+R DL 0x2b (double layer)
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item BD-R 0x41 (single or double layer, formatted or not)
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item HD DVD-ROM 0x50
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item HD DVD-R 0x51
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item HD DVD-RAM 0x52
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@end table
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
They can assume three states:
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@table @dfn
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item "Blank" is not readable but writeable from scratch
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item "Appendable" is readable and after the readable part still writeable
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item "Closed" is only readable
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@end table
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
CD-RW and DVD-RW can be brought back to blank state,
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
or they can be formatted to become overwriteable.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Overwriteable profiles allow random read-write access with a
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
granularity of 2 kB or 32 kB.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
One can hope for having read-write access via the normal
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
POSIX operations lseek(), read(), write() of the operating system.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@table @dfn
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item CD-RW 0x0a (formatted)
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item DVD-RAM 0x12
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item DVD-RW 0x13 (formatted, 32 kB write granularity)
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item DVD+RW 0x1a
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item BD-R 0x42 (formatted for pseudo-random recording)
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item BD-RE 0x43 (single or double layer)
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@end table
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
BD-R profile 0x42 is defined by MMC but not implemented by the consumer
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
priced Blu-ray burners as of year 2010.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item Mixed Mode CD
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex Mixed Mode CD
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
A Mixed Mode is a CD that contains tracks of differing CD-ROM Mode
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
formats. In particular the first track may contain both computer data
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
(Yellow Book) CD ROM data while the remaining tracks are audio or
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
video data. Video CD's can be Mixed Mode CDs.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item Multisession
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex Multisession
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
A way of writing to a CD , DVD or Blu-ray Disc that allows more data to be
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
added to readable discs at a later time. The media must not have been closed
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
by the previous write session. This applies originally to unformatted CD-R,
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
CD-RW, DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD+R, and sequential BD-R which all can record more
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
than one session. They hold a table-of-content with sessions and tracks.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Formatted CD-RW, DVD-RAM, DVD+RW, DVD-RW, and BD-RE have only one track.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Multisession on these media needs help by the recorded data formats.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Multisession can be used to add a changeset to an existing ISO 9660
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
filesystem. Typically the add-on session contains a whole new filesystem tree
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
with old and new files. It also contains the data blocks of the newly
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
introduced or freshly overwritten files.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
The convention for mounting multisession ISO 9660 images is to load the
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
superblock from the start of the first track in the last session as listed
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
in the media table-of-content. Formatted media are assumed to have a single
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
track starting at block 0. So ISO 9660 multisession on formatted media has
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
to overwrite the volume descriptors at block 16 ff. with every new session.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
A chain of recognizable sessions can be achieved by starting the first
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
ISO 9660 image at block 32 so that its descriptors get not overwritten later.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item Nero NRG format file
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex Nero NRG, CD-Image format
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
A proprietary CD image file format use by a popular program for
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Microsoft Windows, Ahead Nero. The specification of this format is
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
not to our knowledge published.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item Rock Ridge Extensions
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex Rock Ridge extensions
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
An extension to the ISO-9660 standard which adds POSIX information to files.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
It allows long file names, owner, group, access permissions @code{ugo+-rwx},
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
inode numbers, hard-link count, file types other than directory or regular
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
file. Rock Ridge is described by unapproved standard IEEE P1282 / RRIP-1.12
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
and based on unapproved IEEE P1281 / SUSP-1.10. It has become a de-facto
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
standard on X/Open systems like GNU/Linux, FreeBSD, Solaris, et.\ al.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item @anchor{SCSI}SCSI
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex SCSI
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Small Computer System Interface. A set of ANSI standard electronic
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
interfaces (originally developed at Apple Computer) that allow
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
personal computers to communicate with peripheral hardware such as
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
CD-ROM drives, disk drives, printers, etc.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Although the original hardware is outdated since years, the SCSI command
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
set nowadays controls most storage devices including all optical disc drives.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
The contemporary electronic technologies which transport SCSI commands
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
to optical drives are P-ATA, SATA, and USB.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
A SCSI programming specification made by the SCSI committee T10
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
organization @url{http://www.t10.org/}.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
The documents @code{libcdio} makes use of are described in SCSI
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
standards documents SCSI Primary Commands (SPC), SCSI Block Commands
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
(SBC), and Multi-Media Commands (MMC). These documents generally have
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
a numeric level number appended. For example SPC-3 refers to
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
``SCSI Primary Commands - 3'.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
In year 2010 the current versions were SPC-3, SBC-2, MMC-5.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item SCSI CDB
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex SCSI CDB
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
SCSI Command Descriptor Block. The data structure that is used to
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
issue a SCSI command.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item SCSI Pass Through Interface.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex SCSI Pass Through Interface.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Yet another way of issuing MMC commands for accessing a CD-ROM. As
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
with MMC or ASPI, the CD-ROM doesn't necessarily have to be a
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
SCSI-attached drive. See also @pxref{MMC,,@acronym{MMC}} and
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@pxref{MMC,,@acronym{ASPI}}.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item Session
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
A fully readable complete recording that contains one or more tracks
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
of computer data or audio on a CD. On a DVD or Blu-ray Disc, there are only
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
data sessions.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item SVCD
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex Super VCD (SVCD)
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Super @acronym{VCD}
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
An improvement of Video CD 2.0 specification which includes most
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
notably a switch from @acronym{MPEG}-1 (constant bit rate encoding) to
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@acronym{MPEG}-2 (variable bit rate encoding) for the video stream.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Also added was higher video-stream resolution, up to 4 overlay
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
graphics and text (@dfn{OGT}) sub-channels for user switchable
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
subtitle displaying, closed caption text, and command lists for
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
controlling the @acronym{SVCD} virtual machine.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
See @uref{http://www.dvdrhelp.com/svcd}
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item TOC
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex TOC (CD Table of Contents)
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
(Compact Disc) Table of Contents. The TOC contains a list of sessions
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
and their tracks. For sessions, it records the starting track
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
number and the last track number. For tracks it records starting time
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
block address, size, copy protection, linear audio preemphasis, track format
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
(CDDA or data) in that order.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Session and track information is also available on sequential DVD and
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Blu-ray Discs. Several track properties are fixed to equivalents of CD data.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item Track
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex track
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
A unit of data of a CD. The size of a track can vary; it can occupy
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
the entire contents of the CD. Most CD standards however require that
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
tracks have a 150 frame (or ``2 second'') lead-in gap.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
An abstraction of tracks for CD, DVD and Blu-ray Discs is the Logical Track
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
as of MMC specs. Overwriteable media have a single logical track, sequential
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
media can have one or more logical tracks which they describe in their TOC.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item UDF
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex UDF
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Universal Disc Format was designed as successor of ISO 9660. It allows
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
to record long file names and advanced file properties. Although intended
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
as format for data exchange its main importance is with DVD video players.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Video DVDs have to bear a simple UDF filesystem with a prescribed set
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
of files.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item VCD
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex Video CD (VCD)
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
The Video Compact Disc (@dfn{Video CD} or @dfn{VCD}) is a standardized
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
digital video storage format. It is based on the commonly available
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Compact Disc technology, which allows for low-cost video authoring.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Video CD's can be played in most @acronym{DVD} standalone player,
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
dedicated VCD players and finally, modern Personal Computers with
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
multimedia support.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
A Video CD is made up of @acronym{CD-ROM XA} sectors,
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
i.e. @acronym{CD-ROM} mode 2 form 1 & 2 sectors. Non-@acronym{MPEG} data
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
is stored in mode 2 form 1 sectors with a user data area of 2048 byte,
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
which have a similar L2 error correction and detection
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
(@acronym{ECC}/@acronym{EDC}) to @acronym{CD-ROM} mode 1 sectors. While
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
real-time @acronym{MPEG} streams is stored in @acronym{CD-ROM} mode 2
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
form 2 sectors, which by have no L2 @acronym{ECC}, yield a ~14% greater
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
user data area consisting of 2324 bytes@footnote{actually raw mode 2
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
sectors have a 2336 byte user data area, but parts of it are used for
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
error codes and headers when using the mode 2 form 1 or form 2
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
configurations.}
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@uref{http://www.dvdrhelp.com/vcd}
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item Win32 ASPI
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex ASPI
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
The ASPI interface specification was developed by Adaptec for
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
sending commands to a SCSI host adapter (such as those controlling CD
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
and DVD drives) and used on Window 9x/NT and later. Emulation for
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
ATAPI drives was added so that the same sets of commands worked those
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
even though the drives might not be SCSI nor might there even be a
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
SCSI controller attached.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
However in Windows NT/2K/XP, Microsoft provides their Win32 ioctl
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
interface, and has take steps to make using ASPI more inaccessible
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
(e.g. requiring administrative access to use ASPI).
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
See also @pxref{MMC,,@acronym{MMC}}.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item Win32 ioctl driver
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Ioctl (Input Output ConTroLs). A Win32 function, implemented in all
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
Microsoft Windows. It is used for sending commands to devices using
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
defined codes and structures.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@item XA
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@cindex XA
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@xref{XA,,@acronym{CD-ROM XA}}.
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
|
|
Packit |
dd8086 |
@end table
|