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<TITLE>The Linux keyboard and console HOWTO: Delete and Backspace</TITLE>
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Next
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Previous
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Contents
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delete key!problems with
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backspace key!problems with
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Getting Delete and Backspace to work just right is nontrivial,
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especially in a mixed environment, where you talk to console,
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to X, to bash, to emacs, login remotely, etc.
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You may have to edit several configuration files to tell all
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of the programs involved precisely what you want.
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On the one hand, there is the matter of which keys generate
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which codes (and how these codes are remapped by e.g. kermit
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or emacs), and on the other hand the question of what functions
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are bound to what codes.
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People often complain `my backspace key does not work', as if this
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key had a built-in function `delete previous character'.
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Unfortunately, all this key, or any key, does is producing a code,
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and one only can hope that the kernel tty driver and
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all application programs can be configured such that
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the backspace key indeed does function as a `delete previous character'
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key.
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Most Unix programs get their tty input via the kernel tty driver
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in `cooked' mode, and a simple stty command determines the
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erase character. However, programs like bash and emacs
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and X do their own input handling, and have to be convinced
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one-by-one to do the right thing.
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stty!using to set erase character
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% stty erase ^?
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If the character is erased, but in a funny way, then something is
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wrong with your tty settings. If echoprt is set, then erased characters
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are enclosed between \ and /.
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If echoe is not set, then the erase char is echoed
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(which is reasonable when it is a printing character, like #).
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Most people will want stty echoe -echoprt. Saying stty sane
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will do this and more. Saying stty -a shows your current settings.
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How come this is not right by default? It is, if you use the right
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getty.
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Note that many programs (like bash, emacs etc.) have their own
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keybindings (defined in ~/.inputrc,
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~/.emacs etc.) and are unaffected by the setting
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of the erase character.
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The standard Unix tty driver does not recognize a cursor, or keys
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(like the arrow keys) to move the current position, and hence does not
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have a command `delete current character' either. But for example
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you can get bash on the console to recognize the Delete key by putting
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set editing-mode emacs
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"\e[3~":delete-char
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into ~/.inputrc.
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`Getty used to do the right thing with DEL and BS but is broken now?'
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getty!problems with BS and DEL
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Earlier, the console driver would do BS Space BS
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(\010\040\010)
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when it got a DEL (\177).
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Nowadays, DEL's are ignored (as they should be,
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since the driver emulates a vt100). Get a better getty, i.e.,
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one that does not output DEL.
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`Login behaves differently at the first and second login attempts?'
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login!problems with BS and DEL
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At the first attempt, you are talking to getty. At the second attempt,
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you are talking to login, a different program.
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keyboard!keycode remapping
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keycode remapping
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On the console, or, more precisely, when not in (MEDIUM)RAW mode, use
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% loadkeys mykeys.map
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and under X use
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% xmodmap mykeys.xmap
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Note that (since XFree86-2.1) X reads the Linux settings of the keymaps
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when initialising the X keymap. Although the two systems are not
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100% compatible, this should mean that in many cases the use of
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xmodmap has become superfluous.
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For example, suppose that you would like the Backspace key
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to send a BackSpace (Ctrl-H, octal 010) and the grey Delete key
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a DEL (octal 0177). Add the following to /etc/rc.local
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(or wherever you keep your local boot-time stuff):
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/usr/bin/loadkeys << EOF
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keycode 14 = BackSpace
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keycode 111 = Delete
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EOF
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Note that this will only change the function of these keys
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when no modifiers are used. (You need to specify a keymaps line
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to tell which keymaps should be affected if you want to change
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bindings on more keymaps.)
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The Linux kernel default lets
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Ctrl-Backspace generate BackSpace - this is sometimes useful
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as emergency escape, when you find you can only generate DELs.
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The left Alt key is sometimes called the Meta key, and by
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default the combinations AltL-X are bound to the symbol MetaX.
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But what character sequence is MetaX?
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That is determined (per-tty) by the Meta flag, set by the command
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setmetamode. The two choices are: ESC X or X or-ed with 0200.
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Many distributions have a loadkeys command somewhere in the
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bootup sequence. For example, one may have the name of the desired
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keymap in /etc/sysconfig/keyboard and the loadkeys
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command that loads it in /etc/rc.d/init.d/keytable.
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Or one may have the actual default keymap in /etc/default.keytab
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and the loadkeys command that loads it in /etc/rc.d/boot.
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Etc. Instead of adding a local modification to the default, one can
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of course change the default by editing the default keymap or changing
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the name of the keymap to be loaded at boot time. Note that loadkeys
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itself has default keymap defkeymap.map located somewhere under
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/usr/lib/kbd or /usr/share/kbd (just like all other
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keymaps) and this may not yet be available in single user boot before
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/usr has been mounted.
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`How do I get a dvorak keyboard?'
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dvorak keyboard
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The command
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% loadkeys dvorak
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will give you a dvorak layout, probably by loading
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something like /usr/lib/kbd/keymaps/i386/dvorak/dvorak.map.gz.
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Under X, put
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XkbLayout "dvorak"
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in XF86Config.
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`Why doesn't the Backspace key generate BackSpace by default?'
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backspace key!not generating correct keycode
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(i) Because the VT100 had a Delete key above the Enter key.
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(ii) Because Linus decided so.
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X!swapping DEL, BS
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xmodmap!using to swap DEL, BS
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% xmodmap -e "keysym BackSpace = Delete" -e "keysym Delete = BackSpace"
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Or, if you just want the Backspace key to generate a BackSpace:
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% xmodmap -e "keycode 22 = BackSpace"
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Or, if you just want the Delete key to generate a Delete:
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% xmodmap -e "keycode 107 = Delete"
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(but usually this is the default binding already).
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emacs!binding DEL, BS
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Put in your .emacs file lines like
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(global-set-key "\?" 'help-command)
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(global-set-key "\C-h" 'delete-backward-char)
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Of course you can bind other commands to other keys in the same way.
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Note that various major and minor modes redefine keybindings.
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For example, in incremental search mode one finds the code
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(define-key map "\177" 'isearch-delete-char)
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(define-key map "\C-h" 'isearch-mode-help)
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This means that it may be a bad idea to use the above two
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global-set-key commands. There are too many places where
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there are built-in assumptions about Ctrl-H = help and DEL = delete.
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That doesn't mean that you have to setup keys so that Backspace
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generates DEL. But if it doesn't then it is easiest to remap
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them at the lowest possible level in emacs.
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emacs!swapping DEL, BS
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Put in your .emacs file lines
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(setq keyboard-translate-table (make-string 128 0))
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(let ((i 0))
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(while (< i 128)
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(aset keyboard-translate-table i i)
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(setq i (1+ i))))
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(aset keyboard-translate-table ?\b ?\^?)
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(aset keyboard-translate-table ?\^? ?\b)
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Recent versions of emacs have a function keyboard-translate
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and one may simplify the above to
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(keyboard-translate ?\C-h ?\C-?)
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(keyboard-translate ?\C-? ?\C-h)
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Note that under X emacs can distinguish between Ctrl-h and the
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Backspace key (regardless of what codes these produce on the console),
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and by default emacs will view the Backspace key as DEL
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(and do deletion things, as bound to that character, rather than
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help things, bound to Ctrl-H). One can distinguish Backspace and Delete,
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e.g. by
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(global-unset-key [backspace] )
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(global-set-key [backspace] 'delete-backward-char)
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(global-unset-key [delete] )
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(global-set-key [delete] 'delete-char)
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kermit!swapping DEL, BS
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-->
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Put in your .kermrc file the lines
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set key \127 \8
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set key \8 \127
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xterm!swapping DEL, BS
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-->
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XTerm*VT100.Translations: #override\n\
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<KeyPress> BackSpace : string(0x7f)\n\
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<KeyPress> Delete : string(0x08)\n
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xterm!setting tty modes for
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-->
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Normally xterm will inherit the tty modes from its invoker.
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Under xdm, the default erase and kill characters are # and @,
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as in good old Unix Version 6.
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If you don't like that, you might put something like
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XTerm*ttymodes: erase ^? kill ^U intr ^C quit ^\ eof ^D \
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susp ^Z start ^Q stop ^S eol ^@
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in /usr/lib/X11/app-defaults/XTerm or in
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$HOME/.Xresources, assuming that you have a line
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xrdb -merge $HOME/.Xresources
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in your $HOME/.xinitrc or $HOME/.xsession.
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Put
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*Text.translations: #override \
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~Shift ~Meta <Key>Delete: delete-next-character()
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into .Xresources to make non-Motif X applications such as
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xfig, xedit, etc., work correctly. (Daniel T. Cobra)
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xmosaic!remapping BS key
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-->
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Netscape!remapping BS
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-->
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Putting
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*XmText.translations: #override\n\
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<Key>osfDelete: delete-previous-character()
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*XmTextField.translations: #override\n\
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<Key>osfDelete: delete-previous-character()
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in your $HOME/.Xdefaults or
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$HOME/.Xresources helps.
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(What file? The file that is fed to xrdb, for example
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in .xinitrc.)
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The netscape FAQ, however, says:
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Why doesn't my Backspace key work in text fields?
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By default, Linux and XFree86 come with the Backspace and Delete keys
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misconfigured. All Motif programs (including, of course, Netscape
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Navigator) will malfunction in the same way.
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The Motif spec says that Backspace is supposed to delete the previous
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character and Delete is supposed to delete the following character.
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Linux and XFree86 come configured with both the Backspace and Delete
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keys generating Delete.
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You can fix this by using any one of the xmodmap, xkeycaps, or
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loadkeys programs to make the key in question generate the BackSpace
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keysym instead of Delete.
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You can also fix it by having a .motifbind file; see the man page
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for VirtualBindings(3).
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Note: Don't use the *XmText.translations or *XmTextField.translations
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resources to attempt to fix this problem. If you do, you will blow
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away Netscape Navigator's other text-field key bindings.
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Netscape!remapping BS
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-->
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Motif!remapping BS
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-->
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Ted Kandell (ted@tcg.net) suggests the following:
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Somewhere in your .profile add the following:
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stty erase ^H
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If you are using bash, add the following lines to your .inputrc:
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"\C-?": delete-char
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"\C-h": backward-delete-char
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Add the following lines to your .xinitrc file:
|
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|
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xmodmap <<-EOF
|
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keycode 22 = BackSpace osfBackSpace
|
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keycode 107 = Delete
|
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EOF
|
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# start your window manager here, for example:
|
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#(fvwm) 2>&1 | tee /dev/tty /dev/console
|
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|
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stty sane
|
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stty erase ^H
|
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loadmap <<-EOF
|
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keycode 14 = BackSpace
|
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keycode 111 = Delete
|
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EOF
|
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|
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This will definitely work for a PC 101 or 102 key keyboard
|
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with any Linux/XFree86 layout.
|
|
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The important part to making Motif apps like Netscape work properly
|
|
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is adding osfBackSpace to keycode 22 in addition to BackSpace.
|
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Note that there must be spaces on either side of the = sign.
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|
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termcap!remapping BS with
|
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-->
|
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|
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terminfo!remapping BS with
|
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-->
|
|
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When people have problems with backspace, they tend to look at their termcap
|
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(or terminfo) entry for the terminal, and indeed, there does exist a kb
|
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(or kbs) capability describing the code generated by the Backspace key.
|
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However, not many programs use it, so unless you are having problems with one
|
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particular program only, probably the fault is elsewhere.
|
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Of course it is a good idea anyway to correct your termcap (terminfo) entry.
|
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See also below under "The TERM variable".
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There are many possibilities to get a functioning system.
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Can't you give one complete set of settings that works?
|
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delete key!a solution
|
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-->
|
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|
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backspace key!a solution
|
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-->
|
|
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One way of getting a setup that works in all contexts
|
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is to have the Backspace key generate DEL when on the
|
|
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console (or xterm), and BackSpace when under X.
|
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Maybe that is most convenient - there are too many X utilities
|
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that expect BackSpace, and emacs on the console or xterm
|
|
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expects DEL, while emacs under X can distinguish [BackSpace]
|
|
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from Ctrl-H and does the right thing.
|
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What is needed?
|
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No loadkeys changes, since the Backspace key already generates
|
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DEL by default. No stty settings, they are OK by default.
|
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No X settings, they are OK by default.
|
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One just has to tell xterm that the Backspace key should generate DEL:
|
|
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put
|
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|
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|
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XTerm*VT100.Translations: #override\n\
|
|
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<KeyPress> BackSpace : string(0x7f)\n\
|
|
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|
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|
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in .Xresources, and
|
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|
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|
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xrdb -merge .Xresources
|
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in .xinitrc, and you are settled.
|
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For a much more extensive discussion of these things, and
|
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alternative solutions, see
|
|
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Anne Baretta's page.
|
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Next
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Previous
|
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Contents
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</BODY>
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</HTML>
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