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<TITLE>The Linux keyboard and console HOWTO: Examples of use of loadkeys and xmodmap</TITLE>
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Contents
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loadkeys!example using
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-->
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xmodmap!example using
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-->
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Switching Caps Lock and Control on the keyboard (assuming you use
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keymaps 0-15; check with dumpkeys | head -1)
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% loadkeys
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keymaps 0-15
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keycode 58 = Control
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keycode 29 = Caps_Lock
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%
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Switching them under X only:
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% xmodmap .xmodmaprc
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where .xmodmaprc contains lines
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remove Lock = Caps_Lock
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remove Control = Control_L
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keysym Control_L = Caps_Lock
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keysym Caps_Lock = Control_L
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add Lock = Caps_Lock
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add Control = Control_L
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What is this about the key numbering? Backspace is 14 under Linux,
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22 under X? Well, the numbering can best be regarded as arbitrary;
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the Linux number of a key can be found using showkey(1), and the
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X number using xev(1). Often the X number will be 8 more than the
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Linux number.
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Something else people like to change are the bindings of the function keys.
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Suppose that you want to make F12 produce the string "emacs ".
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Then
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% loadkeys
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keycode 88 = F12
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string F12 = "emacs "
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%
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will do this. More explicitly, the procedure is like this:
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(i) find the keycodes of the keys to be remapped, using showkey(1).
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(ii) save the current keymap, make a copy and edit that:
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% dumpkeys > my_keymap
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% cp my_keymap trial_keymap
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% emacs trial_keymap
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% loadkeys trial_keymap
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%
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The format of the table can be guessed by looking at the output
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of dumpkeys, and is documented in keymaps(5).
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When the new keymap functions as desired, you can put an invocation
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loadkeys my_new_keymap
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in /etc/rc.local or so, to execute it automatically at boot-up.
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Note that changing modifier keys is tricky, and a newbie can easily
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get into a situation only an expert can get out of.
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The default directory for keymaps is /usr/lib/kbd/keymaps.
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The default extension for keymaps is .map.
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For example, loadkeys uk would probably load
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/usr/lib/kbd/keymaps/i386/qwerty/uk.map.
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(With kbd-0.95 and older this would be /usr/lib/kbd/keytables
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and /usr/lib/kbd/keytables/uk.map.)
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(On my machine) /dev/console is a symbolic link to /dev/tty0,
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and the kernel regards /dev/tty0 as a synonym for the current VT.
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XFree86 1.3 changes the owner of /dev/tty0, but does not reset this
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after finishing. Thus, loadkeys or dumpkeys might fail because
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someone else owns /dev/tty0;
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in such a case you might run X first.
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Note that you cannot change keyboard mappings when not at the console
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(and not superuser).
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keyboard!making modifier keys toggle
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-->
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"Can the Shift, Ctrl and Alt keys be made to behave as toggles?"
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Yes, after saying
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% loadkeys
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keymaps 0-15
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keycode 29 = Control_Lock
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keycode 42 = Shift_Lock
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keycode 56 = Alt_Lock
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%
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the left Control, Shift and Alt keys will act as toggles.
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The numbers involved are revealed by showkey
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(and usually are 29, 97, 42, 54, 56, 100 for left and right control,
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shift and alt, respectively), and the functions are
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Control_Lock, Shift_Lock, Alt_Lock, ALtGr_Lock.
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"What about `sticky' modifier keys?"
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Since version 1.3.33, the kernel knows about `sticky' modifier keys.
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These act on the next key pressed. So, where one earlier needed
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the 3-symbol sequence Shift_Lock a Shift_Lock to type `A', one
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can now use the 2-symbol sequence SShift_Lock a.
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You can say
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% loadkeys
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keymaps 0-15
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keycode 54 = SShift
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keycode 97 = SCtrl
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keycode 100 = SAlt
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%
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to make the right Shift, Ctrl, Alt sticky versions of the left ones.
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This will allow you to type Ctrl-Alt-Del in three keystrokes with one hand.
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The keymaps line in these examples should cover all keymaps you have in use.
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You find what keymaps you have in use by
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% dumpkeys | head -1
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The following text was contributed by Piotr Mitros.
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XFree86 supports an accessibility option which allows disabled users
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to type single-handed. With sticky keys enabled, the user can hit a
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modifier key (ctrl, alt, shift) followed by another key, rather than
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having to hold the modifier key while hitting the letter.
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To enable sticky keys, first make sure the xkb extension is enabled
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(this is done during initial X server configuration and is usually
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enabled by default). Next, run the X server with the +accessx
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option. If you use startx, either run startx -- +accessx or
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add +accessx to the serverargs line in the startx script.
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If you use xdm, add +accessx to the appropriate server line
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in /etc/X11/xdm/Xservers.
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It is also possible to enable X accessibility with some end-user
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utilities with a running X server.
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Once X accessibility is enabled, press the shift key five times in a
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row to enable sticky keys. To disable sticky keys, either press the
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shift key five times again, or press a key while holding a modifier
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key.
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XFree86 also supports Slow Keys, Repeat Keys, Bounce Keys and an
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audible bell. xkbcomp can be used to generate a .xkm file
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to enable these. The appropriate xkbcomp commands are listed in
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/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xkb/compat/accessx.
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Unfortunately, the exact process is still undocumented.
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