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<TITLE>The Linux keyboard and console HOWTO: How to make other programs work with non-ASCII chars</TITLE>
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non-ASCII characters, using
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-->
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In the bad old days this used to be quite a hassle. Every separate
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program had to be convinced individually to leave your bits alone.
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Not that all is easy now, but recently a lot of gnu utilities have
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learned to react to LC_CTYPE=iso_8859_1 or LC_CTYPE=iso-8859-1.
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Try this first, and if it doesn't help look at the hints below.
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Note that in recent versions of libc the routine setlocale() only
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works if you have installed the locale files (e.g. in
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/usr/lib/locale).
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NOTE! The above was written years ago. Today locale stuff is a bit different.
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Try the command locale -a to see which locales are available.
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Then use one of these locale names instead of the iso_8859-1
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mentioned above. For example, LC_CTYPE=fr_FR.ISO-8859-1 or
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LC_CTYPE=fr_FR@euro.
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NOTE! Some of the below may still be true. Most of it is outdated.
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(Please report on what is incorrect today, so that it can be deleted.)
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First of all, the 8-th bit should survive the kernel input processing,
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so make sure to have stty cs8 -istrip -parenb set.
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A. For emacs the details strongly depend on the version.
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The information below is for version 19.34. Put lines
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(set-input-mode nil nil 1)
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(standard-display-european t)
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(require 'iso-syntax)
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into your $HOME/.emacs.
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The first line (to be precise: the final 1)
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tells emacs not to discard the 8-th bit from input characters.
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The second line tells emacs not to display non-ASCII characters
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as octal escapes.
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The third line specifies the syntactic properties
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and case conversion table for the Latin-1 character set
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These last two lines are superfluous if you have something like
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LC_CTYPE=ISO-8859-1 in your environment.
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(The variable may also be LC_ALL or even LANG.
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The value may be anything with a substring `88591' or `8859-1'
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or `8859_1'.)
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This is a good start.
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On a terminal that cannot display non-ASCII ISO 8859-1 symbols,
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the command
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(load-library "iso-ascii")
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will cause accented characters to be displayed comme {,c}a.
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If your keymap does not make it easy to produce non-ASCII characters,
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then
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(load-library "iso-transl")
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will make the 2-character sequence Ctrl-X 8 a compose character,
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so that the 4-character sequence Ctrl-X 8 , c produces c-cedilla.
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Very inconvenient.
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The command
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(iso-accents-mode)
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will toggle ISO-8859-1 accent mode, in which the six
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characters ', `, ", ^, ~, / are dead keys
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modifying the following symbol.
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Special combinations: ~c gives a c with cedilla,
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~d gives an Icelandic eth, ~t gives an Icelandic thorn,
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"s gives German sharp s, /a gives a with ring,
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/e gives an a-e ligature, ~< and ~> give guillemots,
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~! gives an inverted exclamation mark,
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~? gives an inverted question mark, and '' gives an acute accent.
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This is the default mapping of accents.
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The variable iso-languages is a list of pairs (language name,
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accent mapping), and a non-default mapping can be selected using
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(iso-accents-customize LANGUAGE)
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Here LANGUAGE can be one of "portuguese", "irish",
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"french", "latin-2", "latin-1".
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Since the Linux default compose character is Ctrl-.
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it might be convenient to use that everywhere. Try
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(load-library "iso-insert.el")
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(define-key global-map [?\C-.] 8859-1-map)
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The latter line will not work under xterm, if you use emacs -nw,
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but in that case you can put
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XTerm*VT100.Translations: #override\n\
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Ctrl <KeyPress> . : string("\0308")
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in your .Xresources.)
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B. For less, put LESSCHARSET=latin1 in the environment.
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This is also what you need if you see \255 or <AD>
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in man output: some versions of less will render the soft hyphen
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(octal 0255, hex 0xAD) this way when not given permission to output Latin-1.
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C. For ls, give the option -N. (Probably you want to make an alias.)
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D. For bash (version 1.13.*), put
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set meta-flag on
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set convert-meta off
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set output-meta on
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into your $HOME/.inputrc.
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E. For tcsh, use
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setenv LANG en_US
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setenv LC_CTYPE iso_8859_1
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If you have nls on your system, then the corresponding routines are used.
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Otherwise tcsh will assume iso_8859_1, regardless of the values given to
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LANG and LC_CTYPE. See the section NATIVE LANGUAGE SYSTEM in tcsh(1).
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(The Danish HOWTO says: setenv LC_CTYPE ISO-8859-1; stty pass8)
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F. For flex, give the option -8 if the parser it generates must be
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able to handle 8-bit input. (Of course it must.)
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G. For elm, set displaycharset to ISO-8859-1.
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(Danish HOWTO: LANG=C and LC_CTYPE=ISO-8859-1)
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H. For programs using curses (such as lynx) David Sibley reports:
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The regular curses package uses the high-order bit for reverse video mode
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(see flag _STANDOUT defined in /usr/include/curses.h). However,
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ncurses seems to be 8-bit clean and does display iso-latin-8859-1
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correctly.
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I. For programs using groff (such as man), make sure to use
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-Tlatin1 instead of -Tascii. Old versions of the program man
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also use col, and the next point also applies.
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K. For rlogin, use option -8.
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L. For joe,
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metalab.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/apps/editors/joe-1.0.8-linux.tar.gz
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is said to work after editing the configuration file. Someone else said:
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joe: Put the -asis option in /isr/lib/joerc in the
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first column.
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M. For LaTeX: \documentstyle[isolatin]{article}.
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For LaTeX2e: \documentclass{article}\usepackage{isolatin}
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where isolatin.sty is available from
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ftp.vlsivie.tuwien.ac.at/pub/8bit.
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A nice discussion on the topic of ISO-8859-1 and how to manage 8-bit
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characters is contained in the file grasp.insa-lyon.fr:/pub/faq/fr/accents
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(in French). Another fine discussion (in English) can be found in
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rtfm.mit.edu:pub/usenet-by-group/comp.answers/internationalization/iso-8859-1-charset.
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If you need to fix a program that behaves badly with 8-bit characters,
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one thing to keep in mind is that if you have a signed char type then
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characters may be negative, and using them as an array index will fail.
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Several programs can be fixed by judiciously adding (unsigned char) casts.
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