%%% ====================================================================

%%%  @BibTeX-style-file{

%%%     author          = "Glenn Paulley",

%%%     version         = "4",

%%%     date            = "28 August 1992",

%%%     time            = "10:23:39 199",

%%%     filename        = "chicago.bst",

%%%     address         = "Data Structuring Group

%%%                        Department of Computer Science

%%%                        University of Waterloo

%%%                        Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

%%%                        N2L 3G1",

%%%     telephone       = "(519) 885-1211",

%%%     FAX             = "(519) 885-1208",

%%%     checksum        = "26323 1654 5143 37417",

%%%     email           = "gnpaulle@bluebox.uwaterloo.ca",

%%%     codetable       = "ISO/ASCII",

%%%     keywords        = "",

%%%     supported       = "yes",

%%%     abstract        = "A BibTeX bibliography style that follows the

%%%                        `B' reference style of the 13th Edition of

%%%                        the Chicago Manual of Style. A detailed

%%%                        feature list is given below.",

%%%     docstring       = "The checksum field above contains a CRC-16

%%%                        checksum as the first value, followed by the

%%%                        equivalent of the standard UNIX wc (word

%%%                        count) utility output of lines, words, and

%%%                        characters.  This is produced by Robert

%%%                        Solovay's checksum utility.",

%%%  }

%%% ====================================================================

%

% "Chicago" BibTeX style, chicago.bst

% ===================================

%

% BibTeX `chicago' style file for BibTeX version 0.99c, LaTeX version 2.09

% Place it in a file called chicago.bst in the BibTeX search path.

% You need to include chicago.sty as a \documentstyle option.

% (Placing it in the same directory as the LaTeX document should also work.)

% This "chicago" style is based on newapa.bst (American Psych. Assoc.)

% found at ymir.claremont.edu.

%

%   Citation format: (author-last-name year)

%             (author-last-name and author-last-name year)

%             (author-last-name, author-last-name, and author-last-name year)

%             (author-last-name et al. year)

%             (author-last-name)

%             author-last-name (year)

%             (author-last-name and author-last-name)

%             (author-last-name et al.)

%             (year) or (year,year)

%             year or year,year

%

%   Reference list ordering: alphabetical by author or whatever passes

%    for author in the absence of one.

%

% This BibTeX style has support for abbreviated author lists and for

%    year-only citations.  This is done by having the citations

%    actually look like

%

%    \citeauthoryear{full-author-info}{abbrev-author-info}{year}

%

% The LaTeX style has to have the following (or similar)

%

%     \let\@internalcite\cite

%     \def\fullcite{\def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{##1, ##3}\@internalcite}

%     \def\fullciteA{\def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{##1}\@internalcite}

%     \def\shortcite{\def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{##2, ##3}\@internalcite}

%     \def\shortciteA{\def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{##2}\@internalcite}

%     \def\citeyear{\def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{##3}\@internalcite}

%

% These TeX macro definitions are found in chicago.sty. Additional

% commands to manipulate different components of a citation can be defined

% so that, for example, you can list author's names without parentheses

% if using a citation as a noun or object in a sentence.

%

% This file was originally copied from newapa.bst at ymir.claremont.edu.

%

% Features of chicago.bst:

% =======================

%

% - full names used in citations, but abbreviated citations are available

%   (see above)

% - if an entry has a "month", then the month and year are also printed

%   as part of that bibitem.

% - all conjunctions use "and" instead of "\&"

% - major modification from Chicago Manual of Style (13th ed.) is that

%   only the first author in a reference appears last name first-

%   additional authors appear as J. Q. Public.

% - pages are listed as "pp. xx-xx" in all entry types except

%   article entries.

% - book, inbook, and manual use "location: publisher" (or organization)

%   for address and publisher. All other types list publishers separately.

% - "pp." are used to identify page numbers for all entry types except

%   articles.

% - organization is used as a citation label if neither author nor editor

%   is present (for manuals).

% - "et al." is used for long author and editor lists, or when "others"

%   is used.

%

% Modifications and bug fixes from newapa.bst:

% ===========================================

%

%   - added month, year to bib entries if month is present

%   - fixed bug with In proceedings, added necessary comma after title

%   - all conjunctions changed to "and" from "\&"

%   - fixed bug with author labels in my.full.label: "et al." now is

%        generated when "others" is an author name

%   - major modification from Chicago Manual of Style (13th ed.) is that

%     only the first author in a reference appears last name first-

%     additional authors appear as J. Q. Public.

%   - pages are listed as "pp. xx-xx" in all entry types except

%     article entries. Unnecessary (IMHO) "()" around page numbers

%     were removed, and page numbers now don't end with a period.

%   - created chicago.sty for use with this bibstyle (required).

%   - fixed bugs in FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages} for missing volume,

%     number, and /or pages. Renamed to format.jour.vol.

%   - fixed bug in formatting booktitles: additional period an error if

%     book has a volume.

%   - fixed bug: editors usually given redundant period before next clause

%     (format.editors.dot) removed.

%   - added label support for organizations, if both author and editor

%     are missing (from alpha.bst). If organization is too long, then

%     the key field is used for abbreviated citations.

%   - In proceedings or books of several volumes, no comma was written

%     between the "Volume x" and the page numbers (this was intentional

%     in newapa.bst). Fixed.

%   - Some journals may not have volumes/numbers, only month/year (eg.

%     IEEE Computer). Fixed bug in article style that assumed volume/number

%     was always present.

%

% Original documentation for newapa.sty:

% =====================================

%

% This version was made by modifying the master file made by

% Oren Patashnik (PATASHNIK@SCORE.STANFORD.EDU), and the 'named' BibTeX

% style of Peter F. Patel-Schneider.

%

% Copyright (C) 1985, all rights reserved.

% Copying of this file is authorized only if either

% (1) you make absolutely no changes to your copy, including name, or

% (2) if you do make changes, you name it something other than 'newapa.bst'.

% There are undoubtably bugs in this style.  If you make bug fixes,

% improvements, etc.  please let me know.  My e-mail address is:

%    spencer@cgrg.ohio.state.edu or 71160.3141@compuserve.com

%

% This style was made from 'plain.bst', 'named.bst', and 'apalike.bst',

% with lots of tweaking to make it look like APA style, along with tips

% from Young Ryu and Brian Reiser's modifications of 'apalike.bst'.

ENTRY

  { address

    author

    booktitle

    chapter

    edition

    editor

    fjournal

    howpublished

    institution

    journal

    key

    month

    note

    number

    organization

    pages

    publisher

    school

    series

    title

    type

    volume

    year

  }

  {}

  { label.year extra.label sort.year sort.label }

INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block }

FUNCTION {init.state.consts}

{ #0 'before.all :=

  #1 'mid.sentence :=

  #2 'after.sentence :=

  #3 'after.block :=

}

STRINGS { s t u }

FUNCTION {output.nonnull}

{ 's :=

  output.state mid.sentence =

    { ", " * write$ }

    { output.state after.block =

    { add.period$ write$

      newline$

      "\newblock " write$

    }

    { output.state before.all =

        'write$

        { add.period$ " " * write$ }

      if$

    }

      if$

      mid.sentence 'output.state :=

    }

  if$

  s

}

% Use a colon to separate output. Used only for address/publisher

% combination in book/inbook types, address/institution for manuals,

% and organization:publisher for proceedings (inproceedings).

%

FUNCTION {output.nonnull.colon}

{ 's :=

  output.state mid.sentence =

    { ": " * write$ }

    { output.state after.block =

    { add.period$ write$

      newline$

      "\newblock " write$

    }

    { output.state before.all =

        'write$

        { add.period$ " " * write$ }

      if$

    }

      if$

      mid.sentence 'output.state :=

    }

  if$

  s

}

FUNCTION {output}

{ duplicate$ empty$

    'pop$

    'output.nonnull

  if$

}

FUNCTION {output.colon}

{ duplicate$ empty$

    'pop$

    'output.nonnull.colon

  if$

}

FUNCTION {output.check}

{ 't :=

  duplicate$ empty$

    { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }

    'output.nonnull

  if$

}

FUNCTION {output.check.colon}

{ 't :=

  duplicate$ empty$

    { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }

    'output.nonnull.colon

  if$

}

FUNCTION {output.year.check}

{ year empty$

     { "empty year in " cite$ * warning$ }

     { write$

        " (" year * extra.label *

       month empty$

          { ")" * }

          { ", " * month * ")" * }

       if$

       mid.sentence 'output.state :=

     }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {fin.entry}

{ add.period$

  write$

  newline$

}

FUNCTION {new.block}

{ output.state before.all =

    'skip$

    { after.block 'output.state := }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {new.sentence}

{ output.state after.block =

    'skip$

    { output.state before.all =

    'skip$

    { after.sentence 'output.state := }

      if$

    }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {not}

{   { #0 }

    { #1 }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {and}

{   'skip$

    { pop$ #0 }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {or}

{   { pop$ #1 }

    'skip$

  if$

}

FUNCTION {new.block.checka}

{ empty$

    'skip$

    'new.block

  if$

}

FUNCTION {new.block.checkb}

{ empty$

  swap$ empty$

  and

    'skip$

    'new.block

  if$

}

FUNCTION {new.sentence.checka}

{ empty$

    'skip$

    'new.sentence

  if$

}

FUNCTION {new.sentence.checkb}

{ empty$

  swap$ empty$

  and

    'skip$

    'new.sentence

  if$

}

FUNCTION {field.or.null}

{ duplicate$ empty$

    { pop$ "" }

    'skip$

  if$

}

%

% Emphasize the top string on the stack.

%

FUNCTION {emphasize}

{ duplicate$ empty$

    { pop$ "" }

    { "{\em " swap$ * "}" * }

  if$

}

%

% Emphasize the top string on the stack, but add a trailing space.

%

FUNCTION {emphasize.space}

{ duplicate$ empty$

    { pop$ "" }

    { "{\em " swap$ * "\/}" * }

  if$

}

INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames }

%

% Format bibliographical entries with the first author last name first,

% and subsequent authors with initials followed by last name.

% All names are formatted in this routine.

%

FUNCTION {format.names}

{ 's :=

  #1 'nameptr :=               % nameptr = 1;

  s num.names$ 'numnames :=    % numnames = num.name$(s);

  numnames 'namesleft :=

    { namesleft #0 > }

    { nameptr #1 =

        {s nameptr "{vv~}{ll}{, jj}{, f.}" format.name$ 't := }

        {s nameptr "{f.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ 't := }

      if$

      nameptr #1 >

        { namesleft #1 >

              { ", " * t * }

              { numnames #2 >

                  { "," * }

                  'skip$

                if$

                t "others" =

                    { " et~al." * }

                    { " and " * t * } % from Chicago Manual of Style

                  if$

               }

               if$

             }

            't

        if$

        s nameptr "{vv~}{ll}{, jj}{, f.}" format.name$ 't := 

	"\protect \index {" * t * "|hyperemph}" *

        nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=          % nameptr += 1;

        namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=      % namesleft =- 1;

    }

  while$

}

FUNCTION {my.full.label}

{ 's :=

  #1 'nameptr :=               % nameptr = 1;

  s num.names$ 'numnames :=    % numnames = num.name$(s);

  numnames 'namesleft :=

    { namesleft #0 > }

    { s nameptr "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ 't :=  % get the next name

      nameptr #1 >

        { namesleft #1 >

              { ", " * t * }

              { numnames #2 >

                  { "," * }

                  'skip$

                if$

                t "others" =

                    { " et~al." * }

                    { " and " * t * } % from Chicago Manual of Style

                  if$

               }

               if$

             }

            't

        if$

        s nameptr "{vv~}{ll}{, jj}{, f.}" format.name$ 't := 

	"\protect \index {" * t * "|bold}" *

        nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=          % nameptr += 1;

        namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=      % namesleft =- 1;

    }

  while$

}

FUNCTION {format.names.fml}

%

% Format names in "familiar" format, with first initial followed by

% last name. Like format.names, ALL names are formatted.

%

{ 's :=

  #1 'nameptr :=               % nameptr = 1;

  s num.names$ 'numnames :=    % numnames = num.name$(s);

  numnames 'namesleft :=

    { namesleft #0 > }

    { s nameptr "{f.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ 't :=

      nameptr #1 >

        { namesleft #1 >

              { ", " * t * }

               { numnames #2 >

                    { "," * }

                    'skip$

                  if$

                  t "others" =

                        { " et~al." * }

                        { " and " * t * }

%                       { " \& " * t * }

                      if$

                }

               if$

             }

            't

        if$

        nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=          % nameptr += 1;

        namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=      % namesleft =- 1;

    }

  while$

}

FUNCTION {format.authors}

{ author empty$

    { "" }

    { author format.names }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.key}

{ empty$

    { key field.or.null }

    { "" }

  if$

}

%

% Format editor names for use in the "in" types: inbook, incollection,

% inproceedings: first initial, then last names. When editors are the

% LABEL for an entry, then format.editor is used which lists editors

% by last name first.

%

FUNCTION {format.editors.fml}

{ editor empty$

    { "" }

    { editor format.names.fml

      editor num.names$ #1 >

    { " (Eds.)" * }

    { " (Ed.)" * }

      if$

    }

  if$

}

%

% Format editor names for use in labels, last names first.

%

FUNCTION {format.editors}

{ editor empty$

    { "" }

    { editor format.names

      editor num.names$ #1 >

    { " (Eds.)" * }

    { " (Ed.)" * }

      if$

    }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.title}

{ title empty$

    { "" }

    { title "t" change.case$ }

  if$

}

% Note that the APA style requres case changes

% in article titles. The following does not

% change cases. If you perfer it, uncomment the

% following and comment out the above.

%FUNCTION {format.title}

%{ title empty$

%    { "" }

%    { title }

%  if$

%}

FUNCTION {n.dashify}

{ 't :=

  ""

    { t empty$ not }

    { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" =

    { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not

        { "--" *

          t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=

        }

        {   { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = }

        { "-" *

          t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=

        }

          while$

        }

      if$

    }

    { t #1 #1 substring$ *

      t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=

    }

      if$

    }

  while$

}

FUNCTION {format.btitle}

{ edition empty$

  { title emphasize }

  { title empty$

    { title emphasize }

    { volume empty$     % gnp - check for volume, then don't need period

       { "{\em " title * "\/} (" * edition * " ed.)" * "." * }

       { "{\em " title * "\/} (" * edition * " ed.)" * }

      if$

    }

    if$

  }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.emphasize.booktitle}

{ edition empty$

  { booktitle emphasize }

  { booktitle empty$

    { booktitle emphasize }

    { volume empty$    % gnp - extra period an error if book has a volume

        { "{\em " booktitle * "\/} (" * edition * " ed.)" * "." *}

        { "{\em " booktitle * "\/} (" * edition * " ed.)" * }

      if$

      }

    if$

    }

  if$

  }

FUNCTION {tie.or.space.connect}

{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 <

    { "~" }

    { " " }

  if$

  swap$ * *

}

FUNCTION {either.or.check}

{ empty$

    'pop$

    { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.bvolume}

{ volume empty$

    { "" }

    { "Volume" volume tie.or.space.connect % gnp - changed to mixed case

      series empty$

        'skip$

        { " of " * series emphasize * }

      if$

      "volume and number" number either.or.check

    }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.number.series}

{ volume empty$

    { number empty$

    { series field.or.null }

    { output.state mid.sentence =

        { "Number" } % gnp - changed to mixed case always

        { "Number" }

      if$

      number tie.or.space.connect

      series empty$

        { "there's a number but no series in " cite$ * warning$ }

        { " in " * series * }

      if$

    }

      if$

    }

    { "" }

  if$

}

INTEGERS { multiresult }

FUNCTION {multi.page.check}

{ 't :=

  #0 'multiresult :=

    { multiresult not

      t empty$ not

      and

    }

    { t #1 #1 substring$

      duplicate$ "-" =

      swap$ duplicate$ "," =

      swap$ "+" =

      or or

    { #1 'multiresult := }

    { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := }

      if$

    }

  while$

  multiresult

}

FUNCTION {format.pages}

{ pages empty$

  { "" }

  { pages multi.page.check

	{ "pp.\ " pages n.dashify tie.or.space.connect } % gnp - removed ()

	{ "pp.\ " pages tie.or.space.connect }

    if$

  }

  if$

}

% By Young (and Spencer)

% GNP - fixed bugs with missing volume, number, and/or pages

%

% Format journal, volume, number, pages for article types.

%

FUNCTION {format.jour.vol}

{ fjournal empty$

    { journal empty$

	{ "no journal in " cite$ * warning$

	  "" }

	{ journal emphasize.space }

	if$

    } 

    { fjournal emphasize.space }

    if$

  number empty$

    { volume empty$

       { "no number and no volume in " cite$ * warning$

         "" * }

       { "~{\em " * Volume * "}" * }

      if$

    }

    { volume empty$

      {"no volume for " cite$ * warning$

       "~(" * number * ")" * }

      { "~" *

        volume emphasize.space

        "(" * number * ")" * * }

      if$

    }

  if$

  pages empty$

    {"page numbers missing in " cite$ * warning$

     "" * } % gnp - place a null string on the stack for output

    { duplicate$ empty$

      { pop$ format.pages }

      { ", " *  pages n.dashify * } % gnp - removed pp. for articles

      if$

    }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages}

{ chapter empty$

    'format.pages

    { type empty$

        { "Chapter" } % gnp - changed to mixed case

        { type "t" change.case$ }

      if$

      chapter tie.or.space.connect

      pages empty$

        {"page numbers missing in " cite$ * warning$} % gnp - added check

        { ", " * format.pages * }

      if$

    }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle}

{ booktitle empty$

  { "" }

  { editor empty$

    { "In " format.emphasize.booktitle * }

    { "In " format.editors.fml * ", " * format.emphasize.booktitle * }

    if$

  }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.thesis.type}

{ type empty$

    'skip$

    { pop$

      type "t" change.case$

    }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.tr.number}

{ type empty$

    { "Technical Report" }

    'type

  if$

  number empty$

    { "t" change.case$ }

    { number tie.or.space.connect }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.article.crossref}

{ "See"

  "\citeN{" * crossref * "}" *

}

FUNCTION {format.crossref.editor}

{ editor #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$

  editor num.names$ duplicate$

  #2 >

    { pop$ " et~al." * }

    { #2 <

    'skip$

    { editor #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" =

        { " et~al." * }

        { " and " * editor #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ * }

      if$

    }

      if$

    }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.book.crossref}

{ volume empty$

    { "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$

      "In "

    }

    { "Volume" volume tie.or.space.connect % gnp - changed to mixed case

      " of " *

    }

  if$

  editor empty$

  editor field.or.null author field.or.null =

  or

    { key empty$

    { series empty$

        { "need editor, key, or series for " cite$ * " to crossref " *

          crossref * warning$

          "" *

        }

        { "{\em " * series * "\/}" * }

      if$

    }

    { key * }

      if$

    }

    { format.crossref.editor * }

  if$

  " \citeN{" * crossref * "}" *

}

FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref}

{ "See"

  " \citeN{" * crossref * "}" *

}

% format.lab.names:

%

% determines "short" names for the abbreviated author information.

% "Long" labels are created in calc.label, using the routine my.full.label

% to format author and editor fields.

%

% There are 4 cases for labels.   (n=3 in the example)

% a) one author             Foo

% b) one to n               Foo, Bar and Baz

% c) use of "and others"    Foo, Bar et al.

% d) more than n            Foo et al.

%

FUNCTION {format.lab.names}

{ 's :=

  s num.names$ 'numnames :=

  numnames #2 >    % change number to number of others allowed before

		   % forcing "et al".

    { s #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ 

      "\protect \index {" * 

      s #1 "{vv~}{ll}{, jj}{, f.}" format.name$ *

      "}" *

	"\protect\chicagoetal/" * }

    {

      numnames #1 - 'namesleft :=

      #2 'nameptr :=

      s #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$

      "\protect \index {" * 

      s #1 "{vv~}{ll}{, jj}{, f.}" format.name$ *

      "}" *

	{ namesleft #0 > }

	{ nameptr numnames =

	    { s nameptr "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" =

		{ "\protect\chicagoetal/" * }

		{ "\protect\chicagoand/" * s nameptr "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ * 

		  "\protect \index {" * 

		  s nameptr "{vv~}{ll}{, jj}{, f.}" format.name$ *

		  "}" *

                }

	      if$

	    }

	    { ", " * s nameptr "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ * }