# News

[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/KhronosGroup/glslang.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/KhronosGroup/glslang)

[![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/q6fi9cb0qnhkla68/branch/master?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/Khronoswebmaster/glslang/branch/master)

## Planned Deprecations/Removals

1. **SPIRV Folder, 1-May, 2020.** Glslang, when installed through CMake,

will install a `SPIRV` folder into `${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR}`.

This `SPIRV` folder is being moved to `glslang/SPIRV`.

During the transition the `SPIRV` folder will be installed into both locations.

The old install of `SPIRV/` will be removed as a CMake install target no sooner than May 1, 2020.

See issue #1964.

2. **Visual Studio 2013, 20-July, 2020.** Keeping code compiling for MS Visual Studio 2013 will no longer be

a goal as of July 20, 2020, the fifth anniversary of the release of Visual Studio 2015.

# Glslang Components and Status

There are several components:

### Reference Validator and GLSL/ESSL -> AST Front End

An OpenGL GLSL and OpenGL|ES GLSL (ESSL) front-end for reference validation and translation of GLSL/ESSL into an internal abstract syntax tree (AST).

**Status**: Virtually complete, with results carrying similar weight as the specifications.

### HLSL -> AST Front End

An HLSL front-end for translation of an approximation of HLSL to glslang's AST form.

**Status**: Partially complete. Semantics are not reference quality and input is not validated.

This is in contrast to the [DXC project](https://github.com/Microsoft/DirectXShaderCompiler), which receives a much larger investment and attempts to have definitive/reference-level semantics.

See [issue 362](https://github.com/KhronosGroup/glslang/issues/362) and [issue 701](https://github.com/KhronosGroup/glslang/issues/701) for current status.

### AST -> SPIR-V Back End

Translates glslang's AST to the Khronos-specified SPIR-V intermediate language.

**Status**: Virtually complete.

### Reflector

An API for getting reflection information from the AST, reflection types/variables/etc. from the HLL source (not the SPIR-V).

**Status**: There is a large amount of functionality present, but no specification/goal to measure completeness against.  It is accurate for the input HLL and AST, but only approximate for what would later be emitted for SPIR-V.

### Standalone Wrapper

`glslangValidator` is command-line tool for accessing the functionality above.

Status: Complete.

Tasks waiting to be done are documented as GitHub issues.

## Other References

Also see the Khronos landing page for glslang as a reference front end:

https://www.khronos.org/opengles/sdk/tools/Reference-Compiler/

The above page, while not kept up to date, includes additional information regarding glslang as a reference validator.

# How to Use Glslang

## Execution of Standalone Wrapper

To use the standalone binary form, execute `glslangValidator`, and it will print

a usage statement.  Basic operation is to give it a file containing a shader,

and it will print out warnings/errors and optionally an AST.

The applied stage-specific rules are based on the file extension:

* `.vert` for a vertex shader

* `.tesc` for a tessellation control shader

* `.tese` for a tessellation evaluation shader

* `.geom` for a geometry shader

* `.frag` for a fragment shader

* `.comp` for a compute shader

There is also a non-shader extension

* `.conf` for a configuration file of limits, see usage statement for example

## Building

Instead of building manually, you can also download the binaries for your

platform directly from the [master-tot release][master-tot-release] on GitHub.

Those binaries are automatically uploaded by the buildbots after successful

testing and they always reflect the current top of the tree of the master

branch.

### Dependencies

* A C++11 compiler.

  (For MSVS: 2015 is recommended, 2013 is fully supported/tested, and 2010 support is attempted, but not tested.)

* [CMake][cmake]: for generating compilation targets.

* make: _Linux_, ninja is an alternative, if configured.

* [Python 3.x][python]: for executing SPIRV-Tools scripts. (Optional if not using SPIRV-Tools and the 'External' subdirectory does not exist.)

* [bison][bison]: _optional_, but needed when changing the grammar (glslang.y).

* [googletest][googletest]: _optional_, but should use if making any changes to glslang.

### Build steps

The following steps assume a Bash shell. On Windows, that could be the Git Bash

shell or some other shell of your choosing.

#### 1) Check-Out this project

```bash

cd <parent of where you want glslang to be>

git clone https://github.com/KhronosGroup/glslang.git

```

#### 2) Check-Out External Projects

```bash

cd <the directory glslang was cloned to, "External" will be a subdirectory>

git clone https://github.com/google/googletest.git External/googletest

```

If you want to use googletest with Visual Studio 2013, you also need to check out an older version:

```bash

# to use googletest with Visual Studio 2013

cd External/googletest

git checkout 440527a61e1c91188195f7de212c63c77e8f0a45

cd ../..

```

If you wish to assure that SPIR-V generated from HLSL is legal for Vulkan,

wish to invoke -Os to reduce SPIR-V size from HLSL or GLSL, or wish to run the

integrated test suite, install spirv-tools with this:

```bash

./update_glslang_sources.py

```

#### 3) Configure

Assume the source directory is `$SOURCE_DIR` and the build directory is

`$BUILD_DIR`. First ensure the build directory exists, then navigate to it:

```bash

mkdir -p $BUILD_DIR

cd $BUILD_DIR

```

For building on Linux:

```bash

cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX="$(pwd)/install" $SOURCE_DIR

# "Release" (for CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE) could also be "Debug" or "RelWithDebInfo"

```

For building on Android:

```bash

cmake $SOURCE_DIR -G "Unix Makefiles" -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX="$(pwd)/install" -DANDROID_ABI=arm64-v8a -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DANDROID_STL=c++_static -DANDROID_PLATFORM=android-24 -DCMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME=Android -DANDROID_TOOLCHAIN=clang -DANDROID_ARM_MODE=arm -DCMAKE_MAKE_PROGRAM=$ANDROID_NDK_ROOT/prebuilt/linux-x86_64/bin/make -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=$ANDROID_NDK_ROOT/build/cmake/android.toolchain.cmake

# If on Windows will be -DCMAKE_MAKE_PROGRAM=%ANDROID_NDK_ROOT%\prebuilt\windows-x86_64\bin\make.exe

# -G is needed for building on Windows

# -DANDROID_ABI can also be armeabi-v7a for 32 bit

```

For building on Windows:

```bash

cmake $SOURCE_DIR -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX="$(pwd)/install"

# The CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX part is for testing (explained later).

```

The CMake GUI also works for Windows (version 3.4.1 tested).

Also, consider using `git config --global core.fileMode false` (or with `--local`) on Windows

to prevent the addition of execution permission on files.

#### 4) Build and Install

```bash

# for Linux:

make -j4 install

# for Windows:

cmake --build . --config Release --target install

# "Release" (for --config) could also be "Debug", "MinSizeRel", or "RelWithDebInfo"

```

If using MSVC, after running CMake to configure, use the

Configuration Manager to check the `INSTALL` project.

### If you need to change the GLSL grammar

The grammar in `glslang/MachineIndependent/glslang.y` has to be recompiled with

bison if it changes, the output files are committed to the repo to avoid every

developer needing to have bison configured to compile the project when grammar

changes are quite infrequent. For windows you can get binaries from

[GnuWin32][bison-gnu-win32].

The command to rebuild is:

```bash

m4 -P MachineIndependent/glslang.m4 > MachineIndependent/glslang.y

bison --defines=MachineIndependent/glslang_tab.cpp.h

      -t MachineIndependent/glslang.y

      -o MachineIndependent/glslang_tab.cpp

```

The above commands are also available in the bash script in `updateGrammar`,

when executed from the glslang subdirectory of the glslang repository.

With no arguments it builds the full grammar, and with a "web" argument,

the web grammar subset (see more about the web subset in the next section).

### Building to WASM for the Web and Node

### Building a standalone JS/WASM library for the Web and Node

Use the steps in [Build Steps](#build-steps), with the following notes/exceptions:

* `emsdk` needs to be present in your executable search path, *PATH* for

  Bash-like environments:

  + [Instructions located here](https://emscripten.org/docs/getting_started/downloads.html#sdk-download-and-install)

* Wrap cmake call: `emcmake cmake`

* Set `-DBUILD_TESTING=OFF -DENABLE_OPT=OFF -DINSTALL_GTEST=OFF`.

* Set `-DENABLE_HLSL=OFF` if HLSL is not needed.

* For a standalone JS/WASM library, turn on `-DENABLE_GLSLANG_JS=ON`.

* For building a minimum-size web subset of core glslang:

  + turn on `-DENABLE_GLSLANG_WEBMIN=ON` (disables HLSL)

  + execute `updateGrammar web` from the glslang subdirectory

    (or if using your own scripts, `m4` needs a `-DGLSLANG_WEB` argument)

  + optionally, for GLSL compilation error messages, turn on

    `-DENABLE_GLSLANG_WEBMIN_DEVEL=ON`

* To get a fully minimized build, make sure to use `brotli` to compress the .js

  and .wasm files

Example:

```sh

emcmake cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DENABLE_GLSLANG_JS=ON \

    -DENABLE_HLSL=OFF -DBUILD_TESTING=OFF -DENABLE_OPT=OFF -DINSTALL_GTEST=OFF ..

```

## Building glslang - Using vcpkg

You can download and install glslang using the [vcpkg](https://github.com/Microsoft/vcpkg) dependency manager:

    git clone https://github.com/Microsoft/vcpkg.git

    cd vcpkg

    ./bootstrap-vcpkg.sh

    ./vcpkg integrate install

    ./vcpkg install glslang

The glslang port in vcpkg is kept up to date by Microsoft team members and community contributors. If the version is out of date, please [create an issue or pull request](https://github.com/Microsoft/vcpkg) on the vcpkg repository.

## Testing

Right now, there are two test harnesses existing in glslang: one is [Google

Test](gtests/), one is the [`runtests` script](Test/runtests). The former

runs unit tests and single-shader single-threaded integration tests, while

the latter runs multiple-shader linking tests and multi-threaded tests.

### Running tests

The [`runtests` script](Test/runtests) requires compiled binaries to be

installed into `$BUILD_DIR/install`. Please make sure you have supplied the

correct configuration to CMake (using `-DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX`) when building;

otherwise, you may want to modify the path in the `runtests` script.

Running Google Test-backed tests:

```bash

cd $BUILD_DIR

# for Linux:

ctest

# for Windows:

ctest -C {Debug|Release|RelWithDebInfo|MinSizeRel}

# or, run the test binary directly

# (which gives more fine-grained control like filtering):

<dir-to-glslangtests-in-build-dir>/glslangtests

```

Running `runtests` script-backed tests:

```bash

cd $SOURCE_DIR/Test && ./runtests

```

If some tests fail with validation errors, there may be a mismatch between the

version of `spirv-val` on the system and the version of glslang.  In this

case, it is necessary to run `update_glslang_sources.py`.  See "Check-Out

External Projects" above for more details.

### Contributing tests

Test results should always be included with a pull request that modifies

functionality.

If you are writing unit tests, please use the Google Test framework and

place the tests under the `gtests/` directory.

Integration tests are placed in the `Test/` directory. It contains test input

and a subdirectory `baseResults/` that contains the expected results of the

tests.  Both the tests and `baseResults/` are under source-code control.

Google Test runs those integration tests by reading the test input, compiling

them, and then compare against the expected results in `baseResults/`. The

integration tests to run via Google Test is registered in various

`gtests/*.FromFile.cpp` source files. `glslangtests` provides a command-line

option `--update-mode`, which, if supplied, will overwrite the golden files

under the `baseResults/` directory with real output from that invocation.

For more information, please check `gtests/` directory's

[README](gtests/README.md).

For the `runtests` script, it will generate current results in the

`localResults/` directory and `diff` them against the `baseResults/`.

When you want to update the tracked test results, they need to be

copied from `localResults/` to `baseResults/`.  This can be done by

the `bump` shell script.

You can add your own private list of tests, not tracked publicly, by using

`localtestlist` to list non-tracked tests.  This is automatically read

by `runtests` and included in the `diff` and `bump` process.

## Programmatic Interfaces

Another piece of software can programmatically translate shaders to an AST

using one of two different interfaces:

* A new C++ class-oriented interface, or

* The original C functional interface

The `main()` in `StandAlone/StandAlone.cpp` shows examples using both styles.

### C++ Class Interface (new, preferred)

This interface is in roughly the last 1/3 of `ShaderLang.h`.  It is in the

glslang namespace and contains the following, here with suggested calls

for generating SPIR-V:

```cxx

const char* GetEsslVersionString();

const char* GetGlslVersionString();

bool InitializeProcess();

void FinalizeProcess();

class TShader

    setStrings(...);

    setEnvInput(EShSourceHlsl or EShSourceGlsl, stage,  EShClientVulkan or EShClientOpenGL, 100);

    setEnvClient(EShClientVulkan or EShClientOpenGL, EShTargetVulkan_1_0 or EShTargetVulkan_1_1 or EShTargetOpenGL_450);

    setEnvTarget(EShTargetSpv, EShTargetSpv_1_0 or EShTargetSpv_1_3);

    bool parse(...);

    const char* getInfoLog();

class TProgram

    void addShader(...);

    bool link(...);

    const char* getInfoLog();

    Reflection queries

```

For just validating (not generating code), substitute these calls:

```cxx

    setEnvInput(EShSourceHlsl or EShSourceGlsl, stage,  EShClientNone, 0);

    setEnvClient(EShClientNone, 0);

    setEnvTarget(EShTargetNone, 0);

```

See `ShaderLang.h` and the usage of it in `StandAlone/StandAlone.cpp` for more

details. There is a block comment giving more detail above the calls for

`setEnvInput, setEnvClient, and setEnvTarget`.

### C Functional Interface (original)

This interface is in roughly the first 2/3 of `ShaderLang.h`, and referred to

as the `Sh*()` interface, as all the entry points start `Sh`.

The `Sh*()` interface takes a "compiler" call-back object, which it calls after

building call back that is passed the AST and can then execute a back end on it.

The following is a simplified resulting run-time call stack:

```c

ShCompile(shader, compiler) -> compiler(AST) -> <back end>

```

In practice, `ShCompile()` takes shader strings, default version, and

warning/error and other options for controlling compilation.

## Basic Internal Operation

* Initial lexical analysis is done by the preprocessor in

  `MachineIndependent/Preprocessor`, and then refined by a GLSL scanner

  in `MachineIndependent/Scan.cpp`.  There is currently no use of flex.

* Code is parsed using bison on `MachineIndependent/glslang.y` with the

  aid of a symbol table and an AST.  The symbol table is not passed on to

  the back-end; the intermediate representation stands on its own.

  The tree is built by the grammar productions, many of which are

  offloaded into `ParseHelper.cpp`, and by `Intermediate.cpp`.

* The intermediate representation is very high-level, and represented

  as an in-memory tree.   This serves to lose no information from the

  original program, and to have efficient transfer of the result from

  parsing to the back-end.  In the AST, constants are propagated and

  folded, and a very small amount of dead code is eliminated.

  To aid linking and reflection, the last top-level branch in the AST

  lists all global symbols.

* The primary algorithm of the back-end compiler is to traverse the

  tree (high-level intermediate representation), and create an internal

  object code representation.  There is an example of how to do this

  in `MachineIndependent/intermOut.cpp`.

* Reduction of the tree to a linear byte-code style low-level intermediate

  representation is likely a good way to generate fully optimized code.

* There is currently some dead old-style linker-type code still lying around.

* Memory pool: parsing uses types derived from C++ `std` types, using a

  custom allocator that puts them in a memory pool.  This makes allocation

  of individual container/contents just few cycles and deallocation free.

  This pool is popped after the AST is made and processed.

  The use is simple: if you are going to call `new`, there are three cases:

  - the object comes from the pool (its base class has the macro

    `POOL_ALLOCATOR_NEW_DELETE` in it) and you do not have to call `delete`

  - it is a `TString`, in which case call `NewPoolTString()`, which gets

    it from the pool, and there is no corresponding `delete`

  - the object does not come from the pool, and you have to do normal

    C++ memory management of what you `new`

* Features can be protected by version/extension/stage/profile:

  See the comment in `glslang/MachineIndependent/Versions.cpp`.

[cmake]: https://cmake.org/

[python]: https://www.python.org/

[bison]: https://www.gnu.org/software/bison/

[googletest]: https://github.com/google/googletest

[bison-gnu-win32]: http://gnuwin32.sourceforge.net/packages/bison.htm

[master-tot-release]: https://github.com/KhronosGroup/glslang/releases/tag/master-tot