@node Character Handling, String and Array Utilities, Memory, Top

@c %MENU% Character testing and conversion functions

@chapter Character Handling

Programs that work with characters and strings often need to classify a

character---is it alphabetic, is it a digit, is it whitespace, and so

on---and perform case conversion operations on characters.  The

functions in the header file @file{ctype.h} are provided for this

purpose.

@pindex ctype.h

Since the choice of locale and character set can alter the

classifications of particular character codes, all of these functions

are affected by the current locale.  (More precisely, they are affected

by the locale currently selected for character classification---the

@code{LC_CTYPE} category; see @ref{Locale Categories}.)

The @w{ISO C} standard specifies two different sets of functions.  The

one set works on @code{char} type characters, the other one on

@code{wchar_t} wide characters (@pxref{Extended Char Intro}).

@menu

* Classification of Characters::       Testing whether characters are

			                letters, digits, punctuation, etc.

* Case Conversion::                    Case mapping, and the like.

* Classification of Wide Characters::  Character class determination for

                                        wide characters.

* Using Wide Char Classes::            Notes on using the wide character

                                        classes.

* Wide Character Case Conversion::     Mapping of wide characters.

@end menu

@node Classification of Characters, Case Conversion,  , Character Handling

@section Classification of Characters

@cindex character testing

@cindex classification of characters

@cindex predicates on characters

@cindex character predicates

This section explains the library functions for classifying characters.

For example, @code{isalpha} is the function to test for an alphabetic

character.  It takes one argument, the character to test, and returns a

nonzero integer if the character is alphabetic, and zero otherwise.  You

would use it like this:

@smallexample

if (isalpha (c))

  printf ("The character `%c' is alphabetic.\n", c);

@end smallexample

Each of the functions in this section tests for membership in a

particular class of characters; each has a name starting with @samp{is}.

Each of them takes one argument, which is a character to test, and

returns an @code{int} which is treated as a boolean value.  The

character argument is passed as an @code{int}, and it may be the

constant value @code{EOF} instead of a real character.

The attributes of any given character can vary between locales.

@xref{Locales}, for more information on locales.@refill

These functions are declared in the header file @file{ctype.h}.

@pindex ctype.h

@cindex lower-case character

@deftypefun int islower (int @var{c})

@standards{ISO, ctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

@c The is* macros call __ctype_b_loc to get the ctype array from the

@c current locale, and then index it by c.  __ctype_b_loc reads from

@c thread-local memory the (indirect) pointer to the ctype array, which

@c may involve one word access to the global locale object, if that's

@c the active locale for the thread, and the array, being part of the

@c locale data, is undeletable, so there's no thread-safety issue.  We

@c might want to mark these with @mtslocale to flag to callers that

@c changing locales might affect them, even if not these simpler

@c functions.

Returns true if @var{c} is a lower-case letter.  The letter need not be

from the Latin alphabet, any alphabet representable is valid.

@end deftypefun

@cindex upper-case character

@deftypefun int isupper (int @var{c})

@standards{ISO, ctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

Returns true if @var{c} is an upper-case letter.  The letter need not be

from the Latin alphabet, any alphabet representable is valid.

@end deftypefun

@cindex alphabetic character

@deftypefun int isalpha (int @var{c})

@standards{ISO, ctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

Returns true if @var{c} is an alphabetic character (a letter).  If

@code{islower} or @code{isupper} is true of a character, then

@code{isalpha} is also true.

In some locales, there may be additional characters for which

@code{isalpha} is true---letters which are neither upper case nor lower

case.  But in the standard @code{"C"} locale, there are no such

additional characters.

@end deftypefun

@cindex digit character

@cindex decimal digit character

@deftypefun int isdigit (int @var{c})

@standards{ISO, ctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

Returns true if @var{c} is a decimal digit (@samp{0} through @samp{9}).

@end deftypefun

@cindex alphanumeric character

@deftypefun int isalnum (int @var{c})

@standards{ISO, ctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

Returns true if @var{c} is an alphanumeric character (a letter or

number); in other words, if either @code{isalpha} or @code{isdigit} is

true of a character, then @code{isalnum} is also true.

@end deftypefun

@cindex hexadecimal digit character

@deftypefun int isxdigit (int @var{c})

@standards{ISO, ctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

Returns true if @var{c} is a hexadecimal digit.

Hexadecimal digits include the normal decimal digits @samp{0} through

@samp{9} and the letters @samp{A} through @samp{F} and

@samp{a} through @samp{f}.

@end deftypefun

@cindex punctuation character

@deftypefun int ispunct (int @var{c})

@standards{ISO, ctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

Returns true if @var{c} is a punctuation character.

This means any printing character that is not alphanumeric or a space

character.

@end deftypefun

@cindex whitespace character

@deftypefun int isspace (int @var{c})

@standards{ISO, ctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

Returns true if @var{c} is a @dfn{whitespace} character.  In the standard

@code{"C"} locale, @code{isspace} returns true for only the standard

whitespace characters:

@table @code

@item ' '

space

@item '\f'

formfeed

@item '\n'

newline

@item '\r'

carriage return

@item '\t'

horizontal tab

@item '\v'

vertical tab

@end table

@end deftypefun

@cindex blank character

@deftypefun int isblank (int @var{c})

@standards{ISO, ctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

Returns true if @var{c} is a blank character; that is, a space or a tab.

This function was originally a GNU extension, but was added in @w{ISO C99}.

@end deftypefun

@cindex graphic character

@deftypefun int isgraph (int @var{c})

@standards{ISO, ctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

Returns true if @var{c} is a graphic character; that is, a character

that has a glyph associated with it.  The whitespace characters are not

considered graphic.

@end deftypefun

@cindex printing character

@deftypefun int isprint (int @var{c})

@standards{ISO, ctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

Returns true if @var{c} is a printing character.  Printing characters

include all the graphic characters, plus the space (@samp{ }) character.

@end deftypefun

@cindex control character

@deftypefun int iscntrl (int @var{c})

@standards{ISO, ctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

Returns true if @var{c} is a control character (that is, a character that

is not a printing character).

@end deftypefun

@cindex ASCII character

@deftypefun int isascii (int @var{c})

@standards{SVID, ctype.h}

@standards{BSD, ctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

Returns true if @var{c} is a 7-bit @code{unsigned char} value that fits

into the US/UK ASCII character set.  This function is a BSD extension

and is also an SVID extension.

@end deftypefun

@node Case Conversion, Classification of Wide Characters, Classification of Characters, Character Handling

@section Case Conversion

@cindex character case conversion

@cindex case conversion of characters

@cindex converting case of characters

This section explains the library functions for performing conversions

such as case mappings on characters.  For example, @code{toupper}

converts any character to upper case if possible.  If the character

can't be converted, @code{toupper} returns it unchanged.

These functions take one argument of type @code{int}, which is the

character to convert, and return the converted character as an

@code{int}.  If the conversion is not applicable to the argument given,

the argument is returned unchanged.

@strong{Compatibility Note:} In pre-@w{ISO C} dialects, instead of

returning the argument unchanged, these functions may fail when the

argument is not suitable for the conversion.  Thus for portability, you

may need to write @code{islower(c) ? toupper(c) : c} rather than just

@code{toupper(c)}.

These functions are declared in the header file @file{ctype.h}.

@pindex ctype.h

@deftypefun int tolower (int @var{c})

@standards{ISO, ctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

@c The to* macros/functions call different functions that use different

@c arrays than those of__ctype_b_loc, but the access patterns and

@c thus safety guarantees are the same.

If @var{c} is an upper-case letter, @code{tolower} returns the corresponding

lower-case letter.  If @var{c} is not an upper-case letter,

@var{c} is returned unchanged.

@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int toupper (int @var{c})

@standards{ISO, ctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

If @var{c} is a lower-case letter, @code{toupper} returns the corresponding

upper-case letter.  Otherwise @var{c} is returned unchanged.

@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int toascii (int @var{c})

@standards{SVID, ctype.h}

@standards{BSD, ctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

This function converts @var{c} to a 7-bit @code{unsigned char} value

that fits into the US/UK ASCII character set, by clearing the high-order

bits.  This function is a BSD extension and is also an SVID extension.

@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int _tolower (int @var{c})

@standards{SVID, ctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

This is identical to @code{tolower}, and is provided for compatibility

with the SVID.  @xref{SVID}.@refill

@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int _toupper (int @var{c})

@standards{SVID, ctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

This is identical to @code{toupper}, and is provided for compatibility

with the SVID.

@end deftypefun

@node Classification of Wide Characters, Using Wide Char Classes, Case Conversion, Character Handling

@section Character class determination for wide characters

@w{Amendment 1} to @w{ISO C90} defines functions to classify wide

characters.  Although the original @w{ISO C90} standard already defined

the type @code{wchar_t}, no functions operating on them were defined.

The general design of the classification functions for wide characters

is more general.  It allows extensions to the set of available

classifications, beyond those which are always available.  The POSIX

standard specifies how extensions can be made, and this is already

implemented in the @glibcadj{} implementation of the @code{localedef}

program.

The character class functions are normally implemented with bitsets,

with a bitset per character.  For a given character, the appropriate

bitset is read from a table and a test is performed as to whether a

certain bit is set.  Which bit is tested for is determined by the

class.

For the wide character classification functions this is made visible.

There is a type classification type defined, a function to retrieve this

value for a given class, and a function to test whether a given

character is in this class, using the classification value.  On top of

this the normal character classification functions as used for

@code{char} objects can be defined.

@deftp {Data type} wctype_t

@standards{ISO, wctype.h}

The @code{wctype_t} can hold a value which represents a character class.

The only defined way to generate such a value is by using the

@code{wctype} function.

@pindex wctype.h

This type is defined in @file{wctype.h}.

@end deftp

@deftypefun wctype_t wctype (const char *@var{property})

@standards{ISO, wctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

@c Although the source code of wctype contains multiple references to

@c the locale, that could each reference different locale_data objects

@c should the global locale object change while active, the compiler can

@c and does combine them all into a single dereference that resolves

@c once to the LCTYPE locale object used throughout the function, so it

@c is safe in (optimized) practice, if not in theory, even when the

@c locale changes.  Ideally we'd explicitly save the resolved

@c locale_data object to make it visibly safe instead of safe only under

@c compiler optimizations, but given the decision that setlocale is

@c MT-Unsafe, all this would afford us would be the ability to not mark

@c this function with @mtslocale.

@code{wctype} returns a value representing a class of wide

characters which is identified by the string @var{property}.  Besides

some standard properties each locale can define its own ones.  In case

no property with the given name is known for the current locale

selected for the @code{LC_CTYPE} category, the function returns zero.

@noindent

The properties known in every locale are:

@multitable @columnfractions .25 .25 .25 .25

@item

@code{"alnum"} @tab @code{"alpha"} @tab @code{"cntrl"} @tab @code{"digit"}

@item

@code{"graph"} @tab @code{"lower"} @tab @code{"print"} @tab @code{"punct"}

@item

@code{"space"} @tab @code{"upper"} @tab @code{"xdigit"}

@end multitable

@pindex wctype.h

This function is declared in @file{wctype.h}.

@end deftypefun

To test the membership of a character to one of the non-standard classes

the @w{ISO C} standard defines a completely new function.

@deftypefun int iswctype (wint_t @var{wc}, wctype_t @var{desc})

@standards{ISO, wctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

@c The compressed lookup table returned by wctype is read-only.

This function returns a nonzero value if @var{wc} is in the character

class specified by @var{desc}.  @var{desc} must previously be returned

by a successful call to @code{wctype}.

@pindex wctype.h

This function is declared in @file{wctype.h}.

@end deftypefun

To make it easier to use the commonly-used classification functions,

they are defined in the C library.  There is no need to use

@code{wctype} if the property string is one of the known character

classes.  In some situations it is desirable to construct the property

strings, and then it is important that @code{wctype} can also handle the

standard classes.

@cindex alphanumeric character

@deftypefun int iswalnum (wint_t @var{wc})

@standards{ISO, wctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

@c The implicit wctype call in the isw* functions is actually an

@c optimized version because the category has a known offset, but the

@c wctype is equally safe when optimized, unsafe with changing locales

@c if not optimized (thus @mtslocale).  Since it's not a macro, we

@c always optimize, and the locale can't change in any MT-Safe way, it's

@c fine.  The test whether wc is ASCII to use the non-wide is*

@c macro/function doesn't bring any other safety issues: the test does

@c not depend on the locale, and each path after the decision resolves

@c the locale object only once.

This function returns a nonzero value if @var{wc} is an alphanumeric

character (a letter or number); in other words, if either @code{iswalpha}

or @code{iswdigit} is true of a character, then @code{iswalnum} is also

true.

@noindent

This function can be implemented using

@smallexample

iswctype (wc, wctype ("alnum"))

@end smallexample

@pindex wctype.h

It is declared in @file{wctype.h}.

@end deftypefun

@cindex alphabetic character

@deftypefun int iswalpha (wint_t @var{wc})

@standards{ISO, wctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

Returns true if @var{wc} is an alphabetic character (a letter).  If

@code{iswlower} or @code{iswupper} is true of a character, then

@code{iswalpha} is also true.

In some locales, there may be additional characters for which

@code{iswalpha} is true---letters which are neither upper case nor lower

case.  But in the standard @code{"C"} locale, there are no such

additional characters.

@noindent

This function can be implemented using

@smallexample

iswctype (wc, wctype ("alpha"))

@end smallexample

@pindex wctype.h

It is declared in @file{wctype.h}.

@end deftypefun

@cindex control character

@deftypefun int iswcntrl (wint_t @var{wc})

@standards{ISO, wctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

Returns true if @var{wc} is a control character (that is, a character that

is not a printing character).

@noindent

This function can be implemented using

@smallexample

iswctype (wc, wctype ("cntrl"))

@end smallexample

@pindex wctype.h

It is declared in @file{wctype.h}.

@end deftypefun

@cindex digit character

@deftypefun int iswdigit (wint_t @var{wc})

@standards{ISO, wctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

Returns true if @var{wc} is a digit (e.g., @samp{0} through @samp{9}).

Please note that this function does not only return a nonzero value for

@emph{decimal} digits, but for all kinds of digits.  A consequence is

that code like the following will @strong{not} work unconditionally for

wide characters:

@smallexample

n = 0;

while (iswdigit (*wc))

  @{

    n *= 10;

    n += *wc++ - L'0';

  @}

@end smallexample

@noindent

This function can be implemented using

@smallexample

iswctype (wc, wctype ("digit"))

@end smallexample

@pindex wctype.h

It is declared in @file{wctype.h}.

@end deftypefun

@cindex graphic character

@deftypefun int iswgraph (wint_t @var{wc})

@standards{ISO, wctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

Returns true if @var{wc} is a graphic character; that is, a character

that has a glyph associated with it.  The whitespace characters are not

considered graphic.

@noindent

This function can be implemented using

@smallexample

iswctype (wc, wctype ("graph"))

@end smallexample

@pindex wctype.h

It is declared in @file{wctype.h}.

@end deftypefun

@cindex lower-case character

@deftypefun int iswlower (wint_t @var{wc})

@standards{ISO, ctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

Returns true if @var{wc} is a lower-case letter.  The letter need not be

from the Latin alphabet, any alphabet representable is valid.

@noindent

This function can be implemented using

@smallexample

iswctype (wc, wctype ("lower"))

@end smallexample

@pindex wctype.h

It is declared in @file{wctype.h}.

@end deftypefun

@cindex printing character

@deftypefun int iswprint (wint_t @var{wc})

@standards{ISO, wctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

Returns true if @var{wc} is a printing character.  Printing characters

include all the graphic characters, plus the space (@samp{ }) character.

@noindent

This function can be implemented using

@smallexample

iswctype (wc, wctype ("print"))

@end smallexample

@pindex wctype.h

It is declared in @file{wctype.h}.

@end deftypefun

@cindex punctuation character

@deftypefun int iswpunct (wint_t @var{wc})

@standards{ISO, wctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

Returns true if @var{wc} is a punctuation character.

This means any printing character that is not alphanumeric or a space

character.

@noindent

This function can be implemented using

@smallexample

iswctype (wc, wctype ("punct"))

@end smallexample

@pindex wctype.h

It is declared in @file{wctype.h}.

@end deftypefun

@cindex whitespace character

@deftypefun int iswspace (wint_t @var{wc})

@standards{ISO, wctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

Returns true if @var{wc} is a @dfn{whitespace} character.  In the standard

@code{"C"} locale, @code{iswspace} returns true for only the standard

whitespace characters:

@table @code

@item L' '

space

@item L'\f'

formfeed

@item L'\n'

newline

@item L'\r'

carriage return

@item L'\t'

horizontal tab

@item L'\v'

vertical tab

@end table

@noindent

This function can be implemented using

@smallexample

iswctype (wc, wctype ("space"))

@end smallexample

@pindex wctype.h

It is declared in @file{wctype.h}.

@end deftypefun

@cindex upper-case character

@deftypefun int iswupper (wint_t @var{wc})

@standards{ISO, wctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

Returns true if @var{wc} is an upper-case letter.  The letter need not be

from the Latin alphabet, any alphabet representable is valid.

@noindent

This function can be implemented using

@smallexample

iswctype (wc, wctype ("upper"))

@end smallexample

@pindex wctype.h

It is declared in @file{wctype.h}.

@end deftypefun

@cindex hexadecimal digit character

@deftypefun int iswxdigit (wint_t @var{wc})

@standards{ISO, wctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

Returns true if @var{wc} is a hexadecimal digit.

Hexadecimal digits include the normal decimal digits @samp{0} through

@samp{9} and the letters @samp{A} through @samp{F} and

@samp{a} through @samp{f}.

@noindent

This function can be implemented using

@smallexample

iswctype (wc, wctype ("xdigit"))

@end smallexample

@pindex wctype.h

It is declared in @file{wctype.h}.

@end deftypefun

@Theglibc{} also provides a function which is not defined in the

@w{ISO C} standard but which is available as a version for single byte

characters as well.

@cindex blank character

@deftypefun int iswblank (wint_t @var{wc})

@standards{ISO, wctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

Returns true if @var{wc} is a blank character; that is, a space or a tab.

This function was originally a GNU extension, but was added in @w{ISO C99}.

It is declared in @file{wchar.h}.

@end deftypefun

@node Using Wide Char Classes, Wide Character Case Conversion, Classification of Wide Characters, Character Handling

@section Notes on using the wide character classes

The first note is probably not astonishing but still occasionally a

cause of problems.  The @code{isw@var{XXX}} functions can be implemented

using macros and in fact, @theglibc{} does this.  They are still

available as real functions but when the @file{wctype.h} header is

included the macros will be used.  This is the same as the

@code{char} type versions of these functions.

The second note covers something new.  It can be best illustrated by a

(real-world) example.  The first piece of code is an excerpt from the

original code.  It is truncated a bit but the intention should be clear.

@smallexample

int

is_in_class (int c, const char *class)

@{

  if (strcmp (class, "alnum") == 0)

    return isalnum (c);

  if (strcmp (class, "alpha") == 0)

    return isalpha (c);

  if (strcmp (class, "cntrl") == 0)

    return iscntrl (c);

  @dots{}

  return 0;

@}

@end smallexample

Now, with the @code{wctype} and @code{iswctype} you can avoid the

@code{if} cascades, but rewriting the code as follows is wrong:

@smallexample

int

is_in_class (int c, const char *class)

@{

  wctype_t desc = wctype (class);

  return desc ? iswctype ((wint_t) c, desc) : 0;

@}

@end smallexample

The problem is that it is not guaranteed that the wide character

representation of a single-byte character can be found using casting.

In fact, usually this fails miserably.  The correct solution to this

problem is to write the code as follows:

@smallexample

int

is_in_class (int c, const char *class)

@{

  wctype_t desc = wctype (class);

  return desc ? iswctype (btowc (c), desc) : 0;

@}

@end smallexample

@xref{Converting a Character}, for more information on @code{btowc}.

Note that this change probably does not improve the performance

of the program a lot since the @code{wctype} function still has to make

the string comparisons.  It gets really interesting if the

@code{is_in_class} function is called more than once for the

same class name.  In this case the variable @var{desc} could be computed

once and reused for all the calls.  Therefore the above form of the

function is probably not the final one.

@node Wide Character Case Conversion, , Using Wide Char Classes, Character Handling

@section Mapping of wide characters.

The classification functions are also generalized by the @w{ISO C}

standard.  Instead of just allowing the two standard mappings, a

locale can contain others.  Again, the @code{localedef} program

already supports generating such locale data files.

@deftp {Data Type} wctrans_t

@standards{ISO, wctype.h}

This data type is defined as a scalar type which can hold a value

representing the locale-dependent character mapping.  There is no way to

construct such a value apart from using the return value of the

@code{wctrans} function.

@pindex wctype.h

@noindent

This type is defined in @file{wctype.h}.

@end deftp

@deftypefun wctrans_t wctrans (const char *@var{property})

@standards{ISO, wctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

@c Similar implementation, same caveats as wctype.

The @code{wctrans} function has to be used to find out whether a named

mapping is defined in the current locale selected for the

@code{LC_CTYPE} category.  If the returned value is non-zero, you can use

it afterwards in calls to @code{towctrans}.  If the return value is

zero no such mapping is known in the current locale.

Beside locale-specific mappings there are two mappings which are

guaranteed to be available in every locale:

@multitable @columnfractions .5 .5

@item

@code{"tolower"} @tab @code{"toupper"}

@end multitable

@pindex wctype.h

@noindent

These functions are declared in @file{wctype.h}.

@end deftypefun

@deftypefun wint_t towctrans (wint_t @var{wc}, wctrans_t @var{desc})

@standards{ISO, wctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

@c Same caveats as iswctype.

@code{towctrans} maps the input character @var{wc}

according to the rules of the mapping for which @var{desc} is a

descriptor, and returns the value it finds.  @var{desc} must be

obtained by a successful call to @code{wctrans}.

@pindex wctype.h

@noindent

This function is declared in @file{wctype.h}.

@end deftypefun

For the generally available mappings, the @w{ISO C} standard defines

convenient shortcuts so that it is not necessary to call @code{wctrans}

for them.

@deftypefun wint_t towlower (wint_t @var{wc})

@standards{ISO, wctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

@c Same caveats as iswalnum, just using a wctrans rather than a wctype

@c table.

If @var{wc} is an upper-case letter, @code{towlower} returns the corresponding

lower-case letter.  If @var{wc} is not an upper-case letter,

@var{wc} is returned unchanged.

@noindent

@code{towlower} can be implemented using

@smallexample

towctrans (wc, wctrans ("tolower"))

@end smallexample

@pindex wctype.h

@noindent

This function is declared in @file{wctype.h}.

@end deftypefun

@deftypefun wint_t towupper (wint_t @var{wc})

@standards{ISO, wctype.h}

@safety{@prelim{}@mtsafe{@mtslocale{}}@assafe{}@acsafe{}}

If @var{wc} is a lower-case letter, @code{towupper} returns the corresponding

upper-case letter.  Otherwise @var{wc} is returned unchanged.

@noindent

@code{towupper} can be implemented using

@smallexample

towctrans (wc, wctrans ("toupper"))

@end smallexample

@pindex wctype.h

@noindent

This function is declared in @file{wctype.h}.

@end deftypefun

The same warnings given in the last section for the use of the wide

character classification functions apply here.  It is not possible to

simply cast a @code{char} type value to a @code{wint_t} and use it as an

argument to @code{towctrans} calls.