|
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NOTE: ALPHA AND BETA RELEASES OF TCL/TK ARE NOT SUPPORTED!
|
|
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|
|
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--------------------
|
|
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Introduction
|
|
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--------------------
|
|
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|
|
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This is the README file for Expect, a program that performs programmed
|
|
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dialogue with other interactive programs. It is briefly described by
|
|
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its man page, expect(1). This directory contains the source and man
|
|
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page for Expect.
|
|
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|
|
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This README file covers Expect 5.38 and up. These versions of Expect
|
|
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work with Tcl 8.2 and up and Tk 8.2 and up. Significant changes and
|
|
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other news can be found in the NEWS file.
|
|
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|
|
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The Expect home page is: http://expect.nist.gov
|
|
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The Expect FAQ is: http://expect.nist.gov/FAQ.html
|
|
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|
|
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--------------------
|
|
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Getting Started - The Preferable Way
|
|
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--------------------
|
|
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|
|
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A book on Expect is available from O'Reilly with the title "Exploring
|
|
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Expect: A Tcl-Based Toolkit for Automating Interactive Applications",
|
|
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ISBN 1-56592-090-2.
|
|
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a69f91 |
|
|
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The book is filled with detailed examples and explanations, and is a
|
|
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a69f91 |
comprehensive tutorial to Expect. The book also includes a tutorial
|
|
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on Tcl written specifically for Expect users (so you don't have to
|
|
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a69f91 |
read the Expect papers or the man pages). Exploring Expect is 602
|
|
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pages.
|
|
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|
|
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--------------------
|
|
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Getting Started - The Hacker Way
|
|
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--------------------
|
|
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|
|
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While the book is the best way to learn about Expect, it is not
|
|
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absolutely necessary. There are man pages after all and there are
|
|
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numerous articles and papers on Expect. All of my own papers are in
|
|
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the public domain and can be received free. If you are a hacker on a
|
|
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tight budget, this may appeal to you. Nonetheless, I think you will
|
|
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find the book pays for itself very quickly. It is much more readable
|
|
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than the man pages, it includes well-written and explained examples,
|
|
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and it describes everything in the papers as a coherent whole. The
|
|
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concepts in the papers actually only make up a small fraction of the
|
|
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book.
|
|
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|
|
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The 1990 USENIX paper (see "Readings" below) is probably the best one
|
|
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for understanding Expect conceptually. The 1991 Computing Systems and
|
|
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the LISA IV papers provide a nice mix of examples. The only downside
|
|
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is, the examples in these papers don't actually work anymore - some
|
|
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a69f91 |
aspects (e.g., syntax) of both Expect and Tcl have changed. The
|
|
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papers still make interesting reading - just don't study the examples
|
|
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too closely! Fortunately, most of the examples from the papers also
|
|
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accompany this distribution - and all of these are up to date.
|
|
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|
|
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For all the details, read the man page. It is long but you can get
|
|
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started just by skimming the sections on the following commands:
|
|
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|
|
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spawn (starts a process)
|
|
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send (sends to a process)
|
|
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expect (waits for output from a process)
|
|
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interact (lets you interact with a process)
|
|
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|
|
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To print out the Expect man page, invoke your local troff using the
|
|
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-man macros, such as either of:
|
|
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|
|
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ptroff -man expect.man
|
|
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a69f91 |
ditroff -man expect.man
|
|
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a69f91 |
|
|
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If Expect is installed, you can read the man pages using the "usual"
|
|
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man commands, such as "man expect". If not installed, view the man
|
|
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page on your screen by saying something like:
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
nroff -man expect.man | more
|
|
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a69f91 |
|
|
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a69f91 |
Expect uses Tcl as the underlying language for expressing things such
|
|
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as procedures, loops, file I/O, and arithmetic expressions. For many
|
|
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simple scripts, it is not necessary to learn about Tcl. Just by
|
|
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a69f91 |
studying the examples, you will learn enough Tcl to get by. But if
|
|
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you would like to learn more about Tcl or use it in your own
|
|
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a69f91 |
applications, read the Tcl README file which provides pointers to the
|
|
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a69f91 |
extensive Tcl documentation. Or read Exploring Expect. Chapter 2 of
|
|
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a69f91 |
Exploring Expect is a Tcl tutorial specifically designed for Expect
|
|
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users.
|
|
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a69f91 |
|
|
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a69f91 |
An interactive debugger is bundled with Expect. The debugger has its
|
|
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own documentation that comes separately. It is listed in the Readings
|
|
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a69f91 |
below. Again, it is slightly out of date. An up-to-date description
|
|
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a69f91 |
of the debugger appears in Chapter 18 of Exploring Expect. This
|
|
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a69f91 |
chapter also contains additional advice and tips for debugging.
|
|
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a69f91 |
|
|
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a69f91 |
You may get the feeling that the Expect documentation is somewhat
|
|
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scattered and disorganized. This was true prior to publication of
|
|
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a69f91 |
Exploring Expect. The book contains everything you need to know, all
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
up-to-date, and with examples of every concept. (The book contains no
|
|
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a69f91 |
references to any of the Expect papers because none are necessary.)
|
|
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a69f91 |
|
|
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----------------------
|
|
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a69f91 |
Examples
|
|
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----------------------
|
|
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a69f91 |
|
|
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This distribution contains many example scripts. (All of the
|
|
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substantive examples in the book are included.) They can be found in
|
|
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the example directory of this distribution. The README file in that
|
|
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a69f91 |
directory briefly describes all of the example scripts. Many of the
|
|
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a69f91 |
more sophisticated examples have man pages of their own.
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
|
|
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a69f91 |
Other interesting scripts are available separately in the directory
|
|
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a69f91 |
http://expect.nist.gov/scripts/ (ftpable as
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
ftp://ftp.nist.gov/mel/div826/subject/expect/scripts). (See below for
|
|
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a69f91 |
how to retrieve these.) You are welcome to send me scripts to add to
|
|
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this directory. A number of Expect scripts are also available in the
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
Tcl archive, available at ftp://ftp.neosoft.com/pub/tcl.
|
|
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a69f91 |
|
|
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--------------------
|
|
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a69f91 |
Readings on Expect
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
--------------------
|
|
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a69f91 |
|
|
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The implementation, philosophy, and design are discussed in "expect:
|
|
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a69f91 |
Curing Those Uncontrollable Fits of Interaction", Proceedings of the
|
|
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a69f91 |
Summer 1990 USENIX Conference, Anaheim, CA, June 11-15, 1990.
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
|
|
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Examples and discussion, specifically aimed at system administrators,
|
|
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a69f91 |
are in "Using expect to Automate System Administration Tasks",
|
|
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a69f91 |
Proceedings of the 1990 USENIX Large Systems Administration Conference
|
|
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a69f91 |
(LISA) IV, Colorado Springs, CO, October 17-19, 1990.
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
|
|
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A comprehensive paper of example scripts is "expect: Scripts for
|
|
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a69f91 |
Controlling Interactive Programs", Computing Systems, Vol. 4, No. 2,
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
University of California Press Journals, 1991.
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
|
|
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a69f91 |
Regression and conformance testing is discussed in "Regression Testing
|
|
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a69f91 |
and Conformance Testing Interactive Programs", Proceedings of the
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
Summer 1992 USENIX Conference, San Antonio, TX, June 8-12, 1992.
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
|
|
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a69f91 |
An explanation of some of the more interesting source code to an early
|
|
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a69f91 |
version of Expect is in Chapter 36 ("Expect") of "Obfuscated C and
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
Other Mysteries", John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-57805-3, January 1993.
|
|
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a69f91 |
|
|
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a69f91 |
A paper on connecting multiple interactive programs together using
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
Expect is "Kibitz - Connecting Multiple Interactive Programs
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
Together", Software - Practice & Experience, Vol. 23, No. 5, May 1993.
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
|
|
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a69f91 |
The debugger is discussed in "A Debugger for Tcl Applications",
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
Proceedings of the 1993 Tcl/Tk Workshop, Berkeley, CA, June 10-11,
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
1993.
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
|
|
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a69f91 |
Using Expect with Tk is described in the paper "X Wrappers for
|
|
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a69f91 |
Non-Graphic Interactive Programs", Proceedings of Xhibition '94, San
|
|
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a69f91 |
Jose, CA, June 20-24, 1994.
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
Simple techniques to allow secure handling of passwords in background
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
processes are covered in "Handling Passwords with Security and
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
Reliability in Background Processes", Proceedings of the 1994 USENIX
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
LISA VIII Conference, San Diego, CA, September 19-23, 1994.
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
More publications can be found in the Expect home page (see elsewhere).
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
|
|
Packit |
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--------------------
|
|
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a69f91 |
How to Get the Latest Version of Expect or the Readings
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
--------------------
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
Expect may be ftp'd as mel/div826/subject/expect/expect.tar.gz from
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
expect.nist.gov. (Yes, the URL is much shorter:
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
http://expect.nist.gov/expect.tar.Z) Request email delivery by mailing
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
to "library@cme.nist.gov". The contents of the message should be (no
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
subject line) "send pub/expect/expect.tar.Z".
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
Once you have retrieved the system, read the INSTALL file. The papers
|
|
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a69f91 |
mentioned above can be retrieved separately (from the same directories
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
listed above) as:
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
doc/seminal.ps.Z (USENIX '90 - Intro and Implementation)
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
doc/sysadm.ps.Z (LISA '90 - System Administration)
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
doc/scripts.ps.Z (Comp. Systems '91 - Overview of Scripts)
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
doc/regress.ps.Z (USENIX '92 - Testing)
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
doc/kibitz.ps.Z (SP&E '93 - Automating Multiple
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
Interactive Programs Simultaneously)
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
doc/tcl-debug.ps.Z (Tcl/Tk '93 - Tcl/Tk Debugger)
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
doc/expectk.ps.Z (Xhibition '94 - Using Expect with Tk)
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
doc/bgpasswd.ps.Z (LISA '94 - Passwds in Background Procs)
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
doc/chargraph.ps.Z (SP&E '96 - Testing and Automation
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
of Character Graphic Applications)
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
The book "Exploring Expect" is described in more detail earlier in
|
|
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a69f91 |
this file.
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
|
|
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a69f91 |
The book "Obfuscated C and Other Mysteries" is not on-line but is
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
available in bookstores or directly from the publisher (Wiley).
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
Overhead transparencies I've used at conferences are also available in
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
the same way as the papers themselves. The transparencies are sketchy
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
and not meant for personal education - however if you are familiar
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
with Expect and just want to give a short talk on it to your
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
colleagues, you may find the transparencies useful. They vary in
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
length from 15 to 20 minutes in length. These are:
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
doc/seminal-talk.ps.Z (USENIX '90 - Intro and Implementation)
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
doc/sysadm-talk.ps.Z (LISA '90 - System Administration)
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
doc/regress-talk.ps.Z (USENIX '92 - Testing)
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
doc/tcl-debug-talk.ps.Z (Tcl/Tk '93 - Tcl/Tk Debugger)
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
doc/expectk-talk.ps.Z (Xhibition '94 - Expect + Tk = Expectk)
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
doc/bgpasswd-talk.ps.Z (LISA '94 - Passwords in the Background)
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
All of the documents are compressed PostScript files and should be
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
uncompressed and sent to a PostScript printer. The documents are
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
intended for printing at 8.5"x11" and may fail on some ISO A4
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
printers. According to Hans Mayer <Hans.Mayer@gmd.de>, you can make
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
them A4-able by searching for "FMVERSION" and changing the next line
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
from:
|
|
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a69f91 |
|
|
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a69f91 |
1 1 0 0 612 792 0 1 13 FMDOCUMENT
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
to:
|
|
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a69f91 |
1 1 0 0 594 841 0 1 13 FMDOCUMENT
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
--------------------
|
|
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Using Expect with and without Tcl and/or Tk.
|
|
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a69f91 |
--------------------
|
|
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a69f91 |
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
The usual way of using Expect is as a standalone program with Tcl as
|
|
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a69f91 |
the control language. Since you may already have Tcl, it is available
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
separately. Tcl may be retrieved as tcl.tar.Z in the same way as
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
described above for Expect. When new releases of Tcl appear, I will
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
try to check them out for Expect as soon as possible. If you would
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
like to get the newest Tcl release without waiting, ftp it from
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
ftp.scriptics.com (directory pub/tcl).
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
Expect may also be built using the Tk library, a Tcl interface to the
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
X Window System. Tk is available in the same way as Tcl.
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
It is possible to embed the Expect/Tcl core and optionally Tk in your
|
|
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a69f91 |
own C programs. This is described in libexpect(3).
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
Expect can also be used from a C or C++ program without Tcl. This is
|
|
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a69f91 |
described in libexpect(3). While I consider this library to be easy
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
to use, the standalone Expect program is much, much easier to use than
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
working with the C compiler and its usual edit, compile, debug cycle.
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
Unlike typical programming, most of the debugging isn't getting the C
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
compiler to accept your programs - rather, it is getting the dialogue
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
correct. Also, translating scripts from Expect to C is usually not
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
necessary. For example, the speed of interactive dialogues is
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
virtually never an issue. So please try 'expect' first. It is a more
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
appropriate tool than the library for most people.
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
|
|
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a69f91 |
--------------------
|
|
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a69f91 |
Systems Supported
|
|
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a69f91 |
--------------------
|
|
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a69f91 |
|
|
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a69f91 |
I do not know of any UNIX systems on which Expect will not run.
|
|
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a69f91 |
Systems which do not support select or poll can use Expect, but
|
|
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a69f91 |
without the ability to run multiple processes simultaneously. I am
|
|
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a69f91 |
willing to work with you to complete a port.
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
|
|
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a69f91 |
Before sending me changes, please download or verify that you have the
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
latest version of Expect (see above). Then send me a "diff -c" along
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
with a suitable English explanation. If your diff involves something
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
specific to a machine, give me diffs for configure.in as well or give
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
me a hint about when the diffs should be done so I can write the
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
configure support myself. Also please include the version of the OS
|
|
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a69f91 |
and whether it is beta, current, recent, or totally out-of-date and
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
unsupported.
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
--------------------
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
Installing Expect
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
--------------------
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
Expect comes with a configure script that provides for an automated
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
installation. I believe you will find that Expect is very easy to
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
install. (Tcl and Tk, too.)
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
|
|
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a69f91 |
For more information, read the INSTALL file.
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
|
|
Packit |
a69f91 |
--------------------
|
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Support from Don Libes or NIST
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--------------------
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Although I can't promise anything in the way of support, I'd be
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interested to hear about your experiences using it (good or bad). I'm
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also interested in hearing bug reports and suggestions for improvement
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even though I can't promise to implement them.
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If you send me a bug, fix, or question, include the version of Expect
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(as reported by expect -d), version of Tcl, and name and version of
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the OS that you are using. Before sending mail, it may be helpful to
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verify that your problem still exists in the latest version. You can
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check on the current release and whether it addresses your problems by
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retrieving the latest HISTORY file (see "History" above).
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Awards, love letters, and bug reports may be sent to:
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Don Libes
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National Institute of Standards and Technology
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Bldg 220, Rm A-127
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Gaithersburg, MD 20899
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(301) 975-3535
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libes@nist.gov
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I hereby place this software in the public domain. NIST and I would
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appreciate credit if this program or parts of it are used.
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Design and implementation of this program was funded primarily by
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myself. Funding contributors include the NIST Automated Manufacturing
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Research Facility (funded by the Navy Manufacturing Technology
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Program), the NIST Scientific and Technical Research Services, the
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ARPA Persistent Object Bases project and the Computer-aided
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Acquisition and the Logistic Support (CALS) program of the Office of
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the Secretary of Defense.
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Especially signicant contributions were made by John Ousterhout, Henry
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Spencer, and Rob Savoye. See the HISTORY file for others.
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--------------------
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Commercial Support, Classes
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--------------------
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Several companies provide commercial support for Expect. If your
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company has a financial investment in Expect or you wish to be assured
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of continuing support for Expect, you can buy a support contract this
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way. These companies currently include:
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ActiveState
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#200 - 580 Granville St
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Vancouver, BC
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V6C 1W6 Canada
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+1 (604) 484-6800
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http://www.activestate.com/Company/contact.plex
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Cygnus Support
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1937 Landings Drive
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Mountain View, CA 94043
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+1 (415) 903-1400
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info@cygnus.com
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http://www.cygnus.com
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Computerized Processes Unlimited (CPU)
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4200 S. I-10 Service Rd., Suite 205
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Metairie, LA 70006
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+1 (504) 889-2784
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info@cpu.com
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http://www.cpu.com
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http://www.cpu.com/cpu/expect.htm (Expect class page)
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CPU provides Expect support and also Expect classes. Contact them for
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more information.
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Neither NIST nor I have any financial relationship with these
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companies. Please contact me to be added to this list.
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