# Copyright (C) 2003-2006 Red Hat Inc. <http://www.redhat.com/>

# Copyright (C) 2003 David Zeuthen

# Copyright (C) 2004 Rob Taylor

# Copyright (C) 2005-2006 Collabora Ltd. <http://www.collabora.co.uk/>

#

# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person

# obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation

# files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without

# restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy,

# modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies

# of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is

# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

#

# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be

# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

#

# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,

# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF

# MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND

# NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT

# HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,

# WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,

# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER

# DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

__all__ = ('BusName', 'Object', 'FallbackObject', 'method', 'signal')

__docformat__ = 'restructuredtext'

import sys

import logging

import threading

import traceback

from collections import Sequence

import _dbus_bindings

from dbus import (

    INTROSPECTABLE_IFACE, ObjectPath, SessionBus, Signature, Struct,

    validate_bus_name, validate_object_path)

from dbus.decorators import method, signal

from dbus.exceptions import (

    DBusException, NameExistsException, UnknownMethodException)

from dbus.lowlevel import ErrorMessage, MethodReturnMessage, MethodCallMessage

from dbus.proxies import LOCAL_PATH

from dbus._compat import is_py2

_logger = logging.getLogger('dbus.service')

class _VariantSignature(object):

    """A fake method signature which, when iterated, yields an endless stream

    of 'v' characters representing variants (handy with zip()).

    It has no string representation.

    """

    def __iter__(self):

        """Return self."""

        return self

    def __next__(self):

        """Return 'v' whenever called."""

        return 'v'

    if is_py2:

        next = __next__

class BusName(object):

    """A base class for exporting your own Named Services across the Bus.

    When instantiated, objects of this class attempt to claim the given

    well-known name on the given bus for the current process. The name is

    released when the BusName object becomes unreferenced.

    If a well-known name is requested multiple times, multiple references

    to the same BusName object will be returned.

    Caveats

    -------

    - Assumes that named services are only ever requested using this class -

      if you request names from the bus directly, confusion may occur.

    - Does not handle queueing.

    """

    def __new__(cls, name, bus=None, allow_replacement=False , replace_existing=False, do_not_queue=False):

        """Constructor, which may either return an existing cached object

        or a new object.

        :Parameters:

            `name` : str

                The well-known name to be advertised

            `bus` : dbus.Bus

                A Bus on which this service will be advertised.

                Omitting this parameter or setting it to None has been

                deprecated since version 0.82.1. For backwards compatibility,

                if this is done, the global shared connection to the session

                bus will be used.

            `allow_replacement` : bool

                If True, other processes trying to claim the same well-known

                name will take precedence over this one.

            `replace_existing` : bool

                If True, this process can take over the well-known name

                from other processes already holding it.

            `do_not_queue` : bool

                If True, this service will not be placed in the queue of

                services waiting for the requested name if another service

                already holds it.

        """

        validate_bus_name(name, allow_well_known=True, allow_unique=False)

        # if necessary, get default bus (deprecated)

        if bus is None:

            import warnings

            warnings.warn('Omitting the "bus" parameter to '

                          'dbus.service.BusName.__init__ is deprecated',

                          DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)

            bus = SessionBus()

        # see if this name is already defined, return it if so

        # FIXME: accessing internals of Bus

        if name in bus._bus_names:

            return bus._bus_names[name]

        # otherwise register the name

        name_flags = (

            (allow_replacement and _dbus_bindings.NAME_FLAG_ALLOW_REPLACEMENT or 0) |

            (replace_existing and _dbus_bindings.NAME_FLAG_REPLACE_EXISTING or 0) |

            (do_not_queue and _dbus_bindings.NAME_FLAG_DO_NOT_QUEUE or 0))

        retval = bus.request_name(name, name_flags)

        # TODO: more intelligent tracking of bus name states?

        if retval == _dbus_bindings.REQUEST_NAME_REPLY_PRIMARY_OWNER:

            pass

        elif retval == _dbus_bindings.REQUEST_NAME_REPLY_IN_QUEUE:

            # queueing can happen by default, maybe we should

            # track this better or let the user know if they're

            # queued or not?

            pass

        elif retval == _dbus_bindings.REQUEST_NAME_REPLY_EXISTS:

            raise NameExistsException(name)

        elif retval == _dbus_bindings.REQUEST_NAME_REPLY_ALREADY_OWNER:

            # if this is a shared bus which is being used by someone

            # else in this process, this can happen legitimately

            pass

        else:

            raise RuntimeError('requesting bus name %s returned unexpected value %s' % (name, retval))

        # and create the object

        bus_name = object.__new__(cls)

        bus_name._bus = bus

        bus_name._name = name

        # cache instance (weak ref only)

        # FIXME: accessing Bus internals again

        bus._bus_names[name] = bus_name

        return bus_name

    # do nothing because this is called whether or not the bus name

    # object was retrieved from the cache or created new

    def __init__(self, *args, **keywords):

        pass

    # we can delete the low-level name here because these objects

    # are guaranteed to exist only once for each bus name

    def __del__(self):

        self._bus.release_name(self._name)

        pass

    def get_bus(self):

        """Get the Bus this Service is on"""

        return self._bus

    def get_name(self):

        """Get the name of this service"""

        return self._name

    def __repr__(self):

        return '<dbus.service.BusName %s on %r at %#x>' % (self._name, self._bus, id(self))

    __str__ = __repr__

def _method_lookup(self, method_name, dbus_interface):

    """Walks the Python MRO of the given class to find the method to invoke.

    Returns two methods, the one to call, and the one it inherits from which

    defines its D-Bus interface name, signature, and attributes.

    """

    parent_method = None

    candidate_class = None

    successful = False

    # split up the cases when we do and don't have an interface because the

    # latter is much simpler

    if dbus_interface:

        # search through the class hierarchy in python MRO order

        for cls in self.__class__.__mro__:

            # if we haven't got a candidate class yet, and we find a class with a

            # suitably named member, save this as a candidate class

            if (not candidate_class and method_name in cls.__dict__):

                if ("_dbus_is_method" in cls.__dict__[method_name].__dict__

                    and "_dbus_interface" in cls.__dict__[method_name].__dict__):

                    # however if it is annotated for a different interface

                    # than we are looking for, it cannot be a candidate

                    if cls.__dict__[method_name]._dbus_interface == dbus_interface:

                        candidate_class = cls

                        parent_method = cls.__dict__[method_name]

                        successful = True

                        break

                    else:

                        pass

                else:

                    candidate_class = cls

            # if we have a candidate class, carry on checking this and all

            # superclasses for a method annoated as a dbus method

            # on the correct interface

            if (candidate_class and method_name in cls.__dict__

                and "_dbus_is_method" in cls.__dict__[method_name].__dict__

                and "_dbus_interface" in cls.__dict__[method_name].__dict__

                and cls.__dict__[method_name]._dbus_interface == dbus_interface):

                # the candidate class has a dbus method on the correct interface,

                # or overrides a method that is, success!

                parent_method = cls.__dict__[method_name]

                successful = True

                break

    else:

        # simpler version of above

        for cls in self.__class__.__mro__:

            if (not candidate_class and method_name in cls.__dict__):

                candidate_class = cls

            if (candidate_class and method_name in cls.__dict__

                and "_dbus_is_method" in cls.__dict__[method_name].__dict__):

                parent_method = cls.__dict__[method_name]

                successful = True

                break

    if successful:

        return (candidate_class.__dict__[method_name], parent_method)

    else:

        if dbus_interface:

            raise UnknownMethodException('%s is not a valid method of interface %s' % (method_name, dbus_interface))

        else:

            raise UnknownMethodException('%s is not a valid method' % method_name)

def _method_reply_return(connection, message, method_name, signature, *retval):

    reply = MethodReturnMessage(message)

    try:

        reply.append(signature=signature, *retval)

    except Exception as e:

        logging.basicConfig()

        if signature is None:

            try:

                signature = reply.guess_signature(retval) + ' (guessed)'

            except Exception as e:

                _logger.error('Unable to guess signature for arguments %r: '

                              '%s: %s', retval, e.__class__, e)

                raise

        _logger.error('Unable to append %r to message with signature %s: '

                      '%s: %s', retval, signature, e.__class__, e)

        raise

    connection.send_message(reply)

def _method_reply_error(connection, message, exception):

    name = getattr(exception, '_dbus_error_name', None)

    if name is not None:

        pass

    elif getattr(exception, '__module__', '') in ('', '__main__'):

        name = 'org.freedesktop.DBus.Python.%s' % exception.__class__.__name__

    else:

        name = 'org.freedesktop.DBus.Python.%s.%s' % (exception.__module__, exception.__class__.__name__)

    et, ev, etb = sys.exc_info()

    if isinstance(exception, DBusException) and not exception.include_traceback:

        # We don't actually want the traceback anyway

        contents = exception.get_dbus_message()

    elif ev is exception:

        # The exception was actually thrown, so we can get a traceback

        contents = ''.join(traceback.format_exception(et, ev, etb))

    else:

        # We don't have any traceback for it, e.g.

        #   async_err_cb(MyException('Failed to badger the mushroom'))

        # see also https://bugs.freedesktop.org/show_bug.cgi?id=12403

        contents = ''.join(traceback.format_exception_only(exception.__class__,

            exception))

    reply = ErrorMessage(message, name, contents)

    connection.send_message(reply)

class InterfaceType(type):

    def __init__(cls, name, bases, dct):

        # these attributes are shared between all instances of the Interface

        # object, so this has to be a dictionary that maps class names to

        # the per-class introspection/interface data

        class_table = getattr(cls, '_dbus_class_table', {})

        cls._dbus_class_table = class_table

        interface_table = class_table[cls.__module__ + '.' + name] = {}

        # merge all the name -> method tables for all the interfaces

        # implemented by our base classes into our own

        for b in bases:

            base_name = b.__module__ + '.' + b.__name__

            if getattr(b, '_dbus_class_table', False):

                for (interface, method_table) in class_table[base_name].items():

                    our_method_table = interface_table.setdefault(interface, {})

                    our_method_table.update(method_table)

        # add in all the name -> method entries for our own methods/signals

        for func in dct.values():

            if getattr(func, '_dbus_interface', False):

                method_table = interface_table.setdefault(func._dbus_interface, {})

                method_table[func.__name__] = func

        super(InterfaceType, cls).__init__(name, bases, dct)

    # methods are different to signals, so we have two functions... :)

    def _reflect_on_method(cls, func):

        args = func._dbus_args

        if func._dbus_in_signature:

            # convert signature into a tuple so length refers to number of

            # types, not number of characters. the length is checked by

            # the decorator to make sure it matches the length of args.

            in_sig = tuple(Signature(func._dbus_in_signature))

        else:

            # magic iterator which returns as many v's as we need

            in_sig = _VariantSignature()

        if func._dbus_out_signature:

            out_sig = Signature(func._dbus_out_signature)

        else:

            # its tempting to default to Signature('v'), but

            # for methods that return nothing, providing incorrect

            # introspection data is worse than providing none at all

            out_sig = []

        reflection_data = '    <method name="%s">\n' % (func.__name__)

        for pair in zip(in_sig, args):

            reflection_data += '      <arg direction="in"  type="%s" name="%s" />\n' % pair

        for type in out_sig:

            reflection_data += '      <arg direction="out" type="%s" />\n' % type

        reflection_data += '    </method>\n'

        return reflection_data

    def _reflect_on_signal(cls, func):

        args = func._dbus_args

        if func._dbus_signature:

            # convert signature into a tuple so length refers to number of

            # types, not number of characters

            sig = tuple(Signature(func._dbus_signature))

        else:

            # magic iterator which returns as many v's as we need

            sig = _VariantSignature()

        reflection_data = '    <signal name="%s">\n' % (func.__name__)

        for pair in zip(sig, args):

            reflection_data = reflection_data + '      <arg type="%s" name="%s" />\n' % pair

        reflection_data = reflection_data + '    </signal>\n'

        return reflection_data

# Define Interface as an instance of the metaclass InterfaceType, in a way

# that is compatible across both Python 2 and Python 3.

Interface = InterfaceType('Interface', (object,), {})

#: A unique object used as the value of Object._object_path and

#: Object._connection if it's actually in more than one place

_MANY = object()

class Object(Interface):

    r"""A base class for exporting your own Objects across the Bus.

    Just inherit from Object and mark exported methods with the

    @\ `dbus.service.method` or @\ `dbus.service.signal` decorator.

    Example::

        class Example(dbus.service.object):

            def __init__(self, object_path):

                dbus.service.Object.__init__(self, dbus.SessionBus(), path)

                self._last_input = None

            @dbus.service.method(interface='com.example.Sample',

                                 in_signature='v', out_signature='s')

            def StringifyVariant(self, var):

                self.LastInputChanged(var)      # emits the signal

                return str(var)

            @dbus.service.signal(interface='com.example.Sample',

                                 signature='v')

            def LastInputChanged(self, var):

                # run just before the signal is actually emitted

                # just put "pass" if nothing should happen

                self._last_input = var

            @dbus.service.method(interface='com.example.Sample',

                                 in_signature='', out_signature='v')

            def GetLastInput(self):

                return self._last_input

    """

    #: If True, this object can be made available at more than one object path.

    #: If True but `SUPPORTS_MULTIPLE_CONNECTIONS` is False, the object may

    #: handle more than one object path, but they must all be on the same

    #: connection.

    SUPPORTS_MULTIPLE_OBJECT_PATHS = False

    #: If True, this object can be made available on more than one connection.

    #: If True but `SUPPORTS_MULTIPLE_OBJECT_PATHS` is False, the object must

    #: have the same object path on all its connections.

    SUPPORTS_MULTIPLE_CONNECTIONS = False

    def __init__(self, conn=None, object_path=None, bus_name=None):

        """Constructor. Either conn or bus_name is required; object_path

        is also required.

        :Parameters:

            `conn` : dbus.connection.Connection or None

                The connection on which to export this object.

                If None, use the Bus associated with the given ``bus_name``.

                If there is no ``bus_name`` either, the object is not

                initially available on any Connection.

                For backwards compatibility, if an instance of

                dbus.service.BusName is passed as the first parameter,

                this is equivalent to passing its associated Bus as

                ``conn``, and passing the BusName itself as ``bus_name``.

            `object_path` : str or None

                A D-Bus object path at which to make this Object available

                immediately. If this is not None, a `conn` or `bus_name` must

                also be provided.

            `bus_name` : dbus.service.BusName or None

                Represents a well-known name claimed by this process. A

                reference to the BusName object will be held by this

                Object, preventing the name from being released during this

                Object's lifetime (unless it's released manually).

        """

        if object_path is not None:

            validate_object_path(object_path)

        if isinstance(conn, BusName):

            # someone's using the old API; don't gratuitously break them

            bus_name = conn

            conn = bus_name.get_bus()

        elif conn is None:

            if bus_name is not None:

                # someone's using the old API but naming arguments, probably

                conn = bus_name.get_bus()

        #: Either an object path, None or _MANY

        self._object_path = None

        #: Either a dbus.connection.Connection, None or _MANY

        self._connection = None

        #: A list of tuples (Connection, object path, False) where the False

        #: is for future expansion (to support fallback paths)

        self._locations = []

        #: Lock protecting `_locations`, `_connection` and `_object_path`

        self._locations_lock = threading.Lock()

        #: True if this is a fallback object handling a whole subtree.

        self._fallback = False

        self._name = bus_name

        if conn is None and object_path is not None:

            raise TypeError('If object_path is given, either conn or bus_name '

                            'is required')

        if conn is not None and object_path is not None:

            self.add_to_connection(conn, object_path)

    @property

    def __dbus_object_path__(self):

        """The object-path at which this object is available.

        Access raises AttributeError if there is no object path, or more than

        one object path.

        Changed in 0.82.0: AttributeError can be raised.

        """

        if self._object_path is _MANY:

            raise AttributeError('Object %r has more than one object path: '

                                 'use Object.locations instead' % self)

        elif self._object_path is None:

            raise AttributeError('Object %r has no object path yet' % self)

        else:

            return self._object_path

    @property

    def connection(self):

        """The Connection on which this object is available.

        Access raises AttributeError if there is no Connection, or more than

        one Connection.

        Changed in 0.82.0: AttributeError can be raised.

        """

        if self._connection is _MANY:

            raise AttributeError('Object %r is on more than one Connection: '

                                 'use Object.locations instead' % self)

        elif self._connection is None:

            raise AttributeError('Object %r has no Connection yet' % self)

        else:

            return self._connection

    @property

    def locations(self):

        """An iterable over tuples representing locations at which this

        object is available.

        Each tuple has at least two items, but may have more in future

        versions of dbus-python, so do not rely on their exact length.

        The first two items are the dbus.connection.Connection and the object

        path.

        :Since: 0.82.0

        """

        return iter(self._locations)

    def add_to_connection(self, connection, path):

        """Make this object accessible via the given D-Bus connection and

        object path.

        :Parameters:

            `connection` : dbus.connection.Connection

                Export the object on this connection. If the class attribute

                SUPPORTS_MULTIPLE_CONNECTIONS is False (default), this object

                can only be made available on one connection; if the class

                attribute is set True by a subclass, the object can be made

                available on more than one connection.

            `path` : dbus.ObjectPath or other str

                Place the object at this object path. If the class attribute

                SUPPORTS_MULTIPLE_OBJECT_PATHS is False (default), this object

                can only be made available at one object path; if the class

                attribute is set True by a subclass, the object can be made

                available with more than one object path.

        :Raises ValueError: if the object's class attributes do not allow the

            object to be exported in the desired way.

        :Since: 0.82.0

        """

        if path == LOCAL_PATH:

            raise ValueError('Objects may not be exported on the reserved '

                             'path %s' % LOCAL_PATH)

        self._locations_lock.acquire()

        try:

            if (self._connection is not None and

                self._connection is not connection and

                not self.SUPPORTS_MULTIPLE_CONNECTIONS):

                raise ValueError('%r is already exported on '

                                 'connection %r' % (self, self._connection))

            if (self._object_path is not None and

                not self.SUPPORTS_MULTIPLE_OBJECT_PATHS and

                self._object_path != path):

                raise ValueError('%r is already exported at object '

                                 'path %s' % (self, self._object_path))

            connection._register_object_path(path, self._message_cb,

                                             self._unregister_cb,

                                             self._fallback)

            if self._connection is None:

                self._connection = connection

            elif self._connection is not connection:

                self._connection = _MANY

            if self._object_path is None:

                self._object_path = path

            elif self._object_path != path:

                self._object_path = _MANY

            self._locations.append((connection, path, self._fallback))

        finally:

            self._locations_lock.release()

    def remove_from_connection(self, connection=None, path=None):

        """Make this object inaccessible via the given D-Bus connection

        and object path. If no connection or path is specified,

        the object ceases to be accessible via any connection or path.

        :Parameters:

            `connection` : dbus.connection.Connection or None

                Only remove the object from this Connection. If None,

                remove from all Connections on which it's exported.

            `path` : dbus.ObjectPath or other str, or None

                Only remove the object from this object path. If None,

                remove from all object paths.

        :Raises LookupError:

            if the object was not exported on the requested connection

            or path, or (if both are None) was not exported at all.

        :Since: 0.81.1

        """

        self._locations_lock.acquire()

        try:

            if self._object_path is None or self._connection is None:

                raise LookupError('%r is not exported' % self)

            if connection is not None or path is not None:

                dropped = []

                for location in self._locations:

                    if ((connection is None or location[0] is connection) and

                        (path is None or location[1] == path)):

                        dropped.append(location)

            else:

                dropped = self._locations

                self._locations = []

            if not dropped:

                raise LookupError('%r is not exported at a location matching '

                                  '(%r,%r)' % (self, connection, path))

            for location in dropped:

                try:

                    location[0]._unregister_object_path(location[1])

                except LookupError:

                    pass

                if self._locations:

                    try:

                        self._locations.remove(location)

                    except ValueError:

                        pass

        finally:

            self._locations_lock.release()

    def _unregister_cb(self, connection):

        # there's not really enough information to do anything useful here

        _logger.info('Unregistering exported object %r from some path '

                     'on %r', self, connection)

    def _message_cb(self, connection, message):

        if not isinstance(message, MethodCallMessage):

            return

        try:

            # lookup candidate method and parent method

            method_name = message.get_member()

            interface_name = message.get_interface()

            (candidate_method, parent_method) = _method_lookup(self, method_name, interface_name)

            # set up method call parameters

            args = message.get_args_list(**parent_method._dbus_get_args_options)

            keywords = {}

            if parent_method._dbus_out_signature is not None:

                signature = Signature(parent_method._dbus_out_signature)

            else:

                signature = None

            # set up async callback functions

            if parent_method._dbus_async_callbacks:

                (return_callback, error_callback) = parent_method._dbus_async_callbacks

                keywords[return_callback] = lambda *retval: _method_reply_return(connection, message, method_name, signature, *retval)

                keywords[error_callback] = lambda exception: _method_reply_error(connection, message, exception)

            # include the sender etc. if desired

            if parent_method._dbus_sender_keyword:

                keywords[parent_method._dbus_sender_keyword] = message.get_sender()

            if parent_method._dbus_path_keyword:

                keywords[parent_method._dbus_path_keyword] = message.get_path()

            if parent_method._dbus_rel_path_keyword:

                path = message.get_path()

                rel_path = path

                for exp in self._locations:

                    # pathological case: if we're exported in two places,

                    # one of which is a subtree of the other, then pick the

                    # subtree by preference (i.e. minimize the length of

                    # rel_path)

                    if exp[0] is connection:

                        if path == exp[1]:

                            rel_path = '/'

                            break

                        if exp[1] == '/':

                            # we already have rel_path == path at the beginning

                            continue

                        if path.startswith(exp[1] + '/'):

                            # yes we're in this exported subtree

                            suffix = path[len(exp[1]):]

                            if len(suffix) < len(rel_path):

                                rel_path = suffix

                rel_path = ObjectPath(rel_path)

                keywords[parent_method._dbus_rel_path_keyword] = rel_path

            if parent_method._dbus_destination_keyword:

                keywords[parent_method._dbus_destination_keyword] = message.get_destination()

            if parent_method._dbus_message_keyword:

                keywords[parent_method._dbus_message_keyword] = message

            if parent_method._dbus_connection_keyword:

                keywords[parent_method._dbus_connection_keyword] = connection

            # call method

            retval = candidate_method(self, *args, **keywords)

            # we're done - the method has got callback functions to reply with

            if parent_method._dbus_async_callbacks:

                return

            # otherwise we send the return values in a reply. if we have a

            # signature, use it to turn the return value into a tuple as

            # appropriate

            if signature is not None:

                signature_tuple = tuple(signature)

                # if we have zero or one return values we want make a tuple

                # for the _method_reply_return function, otherwise we need

                # to check we're passing it a sequence

                if len(signature_tuple) == 0:

                    if retval == None:

                        retval = ()

                    else:

                        raise TypeError('%s has an empty output signature but did not return None' %

                            method_name)

                elif len(signature_tuple) == 1:

                    retval = (retval,)

                else:

                    if isinstance(retval, Sequence):

                        # multi-value signature, multi-value return... proceed

                        # unchanged

                        pass

                    else:

                        raise TypeError('%s has multiple output values in signature %s but did not return a sequence' %

                            (method_name, signature))

            # no signature, so just turn the return into a tuple and send it as normal

            else:

                if retval is None:

                    retval = ()

                elif (isinstance(retval, tuple)

                      and not isinstance(retval, Struct)):

                # If the return is a tuple that is not a Struct, we use it

                # as-is on the assumption that there are multiple return

                # values - this is the usual Python idiom. (fd.o #10174)

                    pass

                else:

                    retval = (retval,)

            _method_reply_return(connection, message, method_name, signature, *retval)

        except Exception as exception:

            # send error reply

            _method_reply_error(connection, message, exception)

    @method(INTROSPECTABLE_IFACE, in_signature='', out_signature='s',

            path_keyword='object_path', connection_keyword='connection')

    def Introspect(self, object_path, connection):

        """Return a string of XML encoding this object's supported interfaces,

        methods and signals.

        """

        reflection_data = _dbus_bindings.DBUS_INTROSPECT_1_0_XML_DOCTYPE_DECL_NODE

        reflection_data += '<node name="%s">\n' % object_path

        interfaces = self._dbus_class_table[self.__class__.__module__ + '.' + self.__class__.__name__]

        for (name, funcs) in interfaces.items():

            reflection_data += '  <interface name="%s">\n' % (name)

            for func in funcs.values():

                if getattr(func, '_dbus_is_method', False):

                    reflection_data += self.__class__._reflect_on_method(func)

                elif getattr(func, '_dbus_is_signal', False):

                    reflection_data += self.__class__._reflect_on_signal(func)

            reflection_data += '  </interface>\n'

        for name in connection.list_exported_child_objects(object_path):

            reflection_data += '  <node name="%s"/>\n' % name

        reflection_data += '</node>\n'

        return reflection_data

    def __repr__(self):

        where = ''

        if (self._object_path is not _MANY

            and self._object_path is not None):

            where = ' at %s' % self._object_path

        return '<%s.%s%s at %#x>' % (self.__class__.__module__,

                                   self.__class__.__name__, where,

                                   id(self))

    __str__ = __repr__

class FallbackObject(Object):

    """An object that implements an entire subtree of the object-path

    tree.

    :Since: 0.82.0

    """

    SUPPORTS_MULTIPLE_OBJECT_PATHS = True

    def __init__(self, conn=None, object_path=None):

        """Constructor.

        Note that the superclass' ``bus_name`` __init__ argument is not

        supported here.

        :Parameters:

            `conn` : dbus.connection.Connection or None

                The connection on which to export this object. If this is not

                None, an `object_path` must also be provided.

                If None, the object is not initially available on any

                Connection.

            `object_path` : str or None

                A D-Bus object path at which to make this Object available

                immediately. If this is not None, a `conn` must also be

                provided.

                This object will implements all object-paths in the subtree

                starting at this object-path, except where a more specific

                object has been added.

        """

        super(FallbackObject, self).__init__()

        self._fallback = True

        if conn is None:

            if object_path is not None:

                raise TypeError('If object_path is given, conn is required')

        elif object_path is None:

            raise TypeError('If conn is given, object_path is required')

        else:

            self.add_to_connection(conn, object_path)